Nanomaterial‑Based Repurposing of Macrophage Metabolism and Its Applications

Macrophage immunotherapy represents an emerging therapeutic approach aimed at modulating the immune response to alleviate disease symptoms.Nanomaterials(NMs)have been engineered to monitor macrophage metabolism,enabling the evaluation of disease progression and the replication of intricate physiological signal patterns.They achieve this either directly or by delivering regulatory signals,thereby mapping phenotype to effector functions through metabolic repurposing to customize macrophage fate for therapy.However,a comprehensive summary regarding NM-mediated macrophage visualization and coordinated metabolic rewiring to maintain phenotypic equilibrium is currently lacking.This review aims to address this gap by outlining recent advancements in NM-based metabolic immunotherapy.We initially explore the relationship between metabolism,polarization,and disease,before delving into recent NM innovations that visualize macrophage activity to elucidate disease onset and fine-tune its fate through metabolic remodeling for macrophage-centered immunotherapy.Finally,we discuss the prospects and challenges of NM-mediated metabolic immunotherapy,aiming to accelerate clinical translation.We anticipate that this review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers seeking to leverage novel metabolic intervention-matched immunomodulators in macrophages or other fields of immune engineering.

Advancements in adoptive CAR immune cell immunotherapy synergistically combined with multimodal approaches for tumor treatment

Adoptive immunotherapy,notably involving chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cells,has obtained Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approval as a treatment for various hematological malignancies,demonstrating promising preclinical efficacy against cancers.However,the intricate and resource-intensive autologous cell processing,encompassing collection,expansion,engineering,isolation,and administration,hamper the efficacy of this therapeutic modality.Furthermore,conventional CAR T therapy is presently confined to addressing solid tumors due to impediments posed by physical barriers,the potential for cytokine release syndrome,and cellular exhaustion induced by the immunosuppressive and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment.Consequently,a strategic integration of adoptive immunotherapy with synergistic multimodal treatments,such as chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and vaccine therapy etc.,emerges as a pivotal approach to surmount these inherent challenges.This collaborative strategy holds the key to addressing the limitations delineated above,thereby facilitating the realization of more precise personalized therapies characterized by heightened therapeutic efficacy.Such synergistic strategy not only serves to mitigate the constraints associated with adoptive immunotherapy but also fosters enhanced clinical applicability,thereby advancing the frontiers of therapeutic precision and effectiveness.

Tuning macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and a leading cause of death worldwide.Macrophages play an important role in inflammatory responses,cell-cell communications,plaque growth and plaque rupture in atherosclerotic lesions.Here,we review the sources,functions and complex phenotypes of macrophages in the progression of atherosclerosis,and discuss the recent approaches in modulating macrophage phenotype and autophagy for atherosclerosis treatment.We then focus on the drug delivery strategies that target macrophages or use macrophage membrane-coated particles to deliver therapeutics to the lesion sites.These biomaterial-based approaches that target,modulate or engineer macrophages have broad applications for disease therapies and tissue regeneration.