Systemic Inflammation Response Index and weight loss as prognostic factors in metastatic pancreatic cancer: A concept study from the PANTHEIA-SEOM trial

BACKGROUND The prognostic value of the Systemic Inflammation Response Index(SIRI)in advanced pancreatic cancer is recognized,but its correlation with patients´nutritional status and outcomes remains unexplored.AIM To study the prognostic significance of SIRI and weight loss in metastatic pancreatic cancer.METHODS The PANTHEIA-Spanish Society of Medical Oncology(SEOM)study is a multicentric(16 Spanish hospitals),observational,longitudinal,non-interventional initiative,promoted by the SEOM Real World-Evidence work group.This pilot study sought to analyze the association between weight loss and inflammatory status as defined by SIRI.The cohort stems from a proof-of-concept pilot study conducted at one of the coordinating centers.Patients with pathologically confirmed metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma,treated from January 2020 to January 2023,were included.The index was calculated using the product of neutrophil and monocyte counts,divided by lymphocyte counts,obtained within 15 days before initiation chemotherapy.This study evaluated associations between overall survival(OS),SIRI and weight loss.RESULTS A total of 50 patients were included.66%of these patients were male and the median age was 66 years.Metastasis sites:36%liver,12%peritoneal carcinomatosis,10%lung,and 42%multiple locations.Regarding the first line palliative chemotherapy treatments:50%received gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel;28%,modified fluorouracil,leucovorin,irinotecan and oxaliplatin,and 16%were administered gemcitabine.42%had a weight loss>5%in the three months(mo)preceding diagnosis.21 patients with a SIRI≥2.3×10^(3)/L exhibited a trend towards a lower median OS compared to those with a SIRI<2.3×10^(3)/L(4 vs 18 mo;P<0.000).Among 21 patients with>5%weight loss before diagnosis,the median OS was 6 mo,in contrast to 19 mo for those who did not experience such weight loss(P=0.003).Patients with a weight loss>5%showed higher SIRI levels.This difference was statistically significant(P<0.000).For patients with a SIRI<2.3×10^(3)/L,those who did not lose>5%of their weight had an OS of 20 mo,compared to 11 mo for those who did(P<0.001).No association was found between carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels≥1000 U/mL and weight loss.CONCLUSION A higher SIRI was correlated with decreased survival rates in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer and associated with weight loss.An elevated SIRI is suggested as a predictor of survival,emphasizing the need for prospective validation in the upcoming PANTHEIA-SEOM study.

Systemic inflammatory response index is a predictor of prognosis in gastric cancer patients: Retrospective cohort and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND The systemic inflammatory response index(SIRI)has been demonstrated to make a significant difference in assessing the prognosis of patients with different solid neoplasms.However,research is needed to ascertain the accuracy and reliability of applying the SIRI to patients who undergo robotic radical gastric cancer sur-gery.AIM To validate the applicability of the SIRI in assessing the survival of gastric cancer patients and evaluate the clinical contribution of preoperative SIRI levels to predicting long-term tumor outcomes in patients,who received robotic radical gastric cancer surgery.METHODS Initially,an exhaustive retrieval was performed in the PubMed,the Cochrane Library,EMBASE,Web of Science,and Scopus databases to identify relevant studies.Subsequently,a meta-analysis was executed on 6 cohort studies iden-tifying the value of the SIRI in assessing the survival of gastric cancer patients.Additionally,the clinical data of 161 patients undergoing robotic radical gastric cancer surgery were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate their clinicopathological characteristics and relevant laboratory indicators.The association between preoperative SIRI levels and 5-year overall survival(OS)and disease-free survival(DFS)was assessed.RESULTS The findings demonstrated an extensive connection between SIRI values and the outcome of patients with gastric cancer.Preoperative SIRI levels were identified as an independent hazard feature for both OS and DFS among those who received robotic surgery for gastric cancer.SIRI levels in gastric cancer patients were observed to be associated with the presence of comorbidities,T-stage,carcinoembryonic antigen levels,the development of early serious postoperative complications,and the rate of lymph node metastasis.CONCLUSION SIRI values are correlated with adverse in the gastric cancer population and have the potential to be utilized in predicting long-term oncological survival in patients who undergo robotic radical gastric cancer surgery.

Preoperative systemic inflammatory response index as a prognostic marker for distal cholangiocarcinoma after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND The relationship between preoperative inflammation status and tumorigenesis as well as tumor progression is widely acknowledged.AIM To assess the prognostic significance of preoperative inflammatory biomarkers in patients with distal cholangiocarcinoma(dCCA)who underwent pancreat-oduodenectomy(PD).METHODS This single-center study included 216 patients with dCCA after PD between January 1,2011,and December 31,2022.The individuals were categorized into two sets based on their systemic inflammatory response index(SIRI)levels:A low SIRI group(SIRI<1.5,n=123)and a high SIRI group(SIRI≥1.5,n=93).Inflam-matory biomarkers were evaluated for predictive accuracy using receiver operating characteristic curves.Both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to estimate SIRI for overall survival(OS)and recurrence-free survival(RFS).RESULTS The study included a total of 216 patients,with 58.3%being male and a mean age of 65.6±9.6 years.123 patients were in the low SIRI group and 93 were in the high SIRI group after PD for dCCA.SIRI had an area under the curve value of 0.674 for diagnosing dCCA,showing better performance than other inflammatory biomarkers.Multivariate analysis indicated that having a SIRI greater than 1.5 independently increased the risk of dCCA following PD,leading to lower OS[hazard ratios(HR)=1.868,P=0.006]and RFS(HR=0.949,P<0.001).Additionally,survival analysis indicated a significantly better prognosis for patients in the low SIRI group(P<0.001).CONCLUSION It is determined that a high SIRI before surgery is a significant risk factor for dCCA after PD.

Dynamic response of buildings under debris flow impact

This study employs the smoothed particle hydrodynamics–finite element method(SPH–FEM) coupling numerical method to investigate the impact of debris flow on reinforced concrete(RC)-frame buildings. The methodology considers the variables of debris flow depth and velocity and introduces the intensity index IDV(IDV = DV) to evaluate three different levels of debris flow impact intensity. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the dynamic response and failure mechanism of RC-frame buildings under debris flow impact, including structural failure patterns, impact force and column displacement. The results show that under a highintensity impact, a gradual collapse process of the RCframe building can be observed, and the damage mode of the frame column reflects shear failure or plastic hinge failure mechanism. First, the longitudinal infill walls are damaged owing to their low out-of-plane flexural capacity;the critical failure intensity index IDV value is approximately 7.5 m2/s. The structure cannot withstand debris flows with an intensity index IDV greater than 16 m2/s, and it is recommended that the peak impact force should not exceed 2100 k N. The impact damage ability of debris flow on buildings mostly originates from the impact force of the frontal debris flow, with the impact force of the debris flow body being approximately 42% lower than that of the debris flow head. Finally, a five-level classification system for evaluating the damage status of buildings is proposed based on the numerical simulation and investigation results of the disaster site.

Assessment of systemic immune-inflammatory index and other inflammatory parameters in predicting mortality in patients with acute cholecystitis:A retrospective observational study

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of the systemic immune-inflammatory(SII)index and other inflammatory parameters in predicting mortality among patients with acute cholecystitis(AC).Methods:279 Patients presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and diagnosis of AC between September 2021 and September 2023 were included in the study.Demographic data,laboratory parameters,clinical follow-ups,and outcomes of the patients were recorded.Results:The mean age of the patients was(55.0±16.3)years and 36.6%were male.63.8%Had gallbladder/choledochal stones and 49.5%underwent surgery.The mortality rate was 6.1%.Advanced age(P=0.170)and prolonged hospitalization(P=0.011)were statistically significant risk factors for mortality.Decreased lymphocyte count(P=0.020)and increased C-reactive protein(CRP)levels(P=0.033)were found to be risk factors for mortality.According to the mortality predictor ROC analysis results,the cut-off for SII index was 3138(AUC=0.817,sensitivity=70.5%,specificity=84.7%),the cut-off for neutrophil count was 15.28×10^(3)/mm^(3)(AUC=0.761,sensitivity=52.9%,specificity=95.0%),the cut-off for leukocyte count was 19.0×10^(3)/mm^(3)(AUC=0.714,sensitivity=52.9%,specificity=98.0%),cut-off for CRP was 74.55(AUC=0.758,sensitivity=70.5%,specificity=79.0%),cut-off for aspartate transaminase(AST)was 33.0 IU/L(AUC=0.658,sensitivity=82.3%,specificity=50.3%).Conclusions:The SII index may be a good predictor of mortality with high sensitivity and specificity.Elevated levels of neutrophils,leukocytes,CRP,and AST are other inflammatory parameters that can be used to predict mortality associated with AC.

Prognostic value of preoperative prognostic nutritional index and its associations with systemic inflammatory response markers in patients with stage Ⅲ colon cancer

Background: The prognostic nutritional index(PNI) has been widely applied for predicting survival outcomes of patients with various malignant tumors. Although a low PNI predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer after tumor resection, the prognostic value remains unknown in patients with stage Ⅲ colon cancer undergoing curative tumor resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of PNI in patients with stage III colon cancer.Methods: Medical records of 274 consecutive patients with stage Ⅲ colon cancer undergoing curative tumor resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine between December 2007 and December2013 were reviewed. The optimal PNI cutoff value was determined using receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis. The associations of PNI with systemic inflammatory response markers, including lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio(LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR), and C-reactive protein(CRP)level, and clinicopathologic characteristics were assessed using the Chi square or Fisher's exact test. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS)stratified by PNI were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, and prognostic factors were identified by Cox regression analyses.Results: The preoperative PNI was positively correlated with LMR(r= 0.483, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with NLR(r =-0.441, P < 0.001), PLR(r =-0.607, P < 0.001), and CRP level(r =-0.333, P < 0.001). A low PNI(≤49.22)was significantly associated with short OS and DFS in patients with stage ⅢC colon cancer but not in patients with stage ⅢA/ⅢB colon cancer.In addition, patients with a low PNI achieved a longer OS and DFS after being treated with6-8 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy than did those with < 6 cycles. Multivariate analyses revealed that PNI was independently associated with DFS(hazard ratios 2.001; 95% confidence interval 1.157-3.462; P = 0.013).Conclusion: The present study identified preoperative PNI as a valuable predictor for survival outcomes in patients with stage Ⅲ colon cancer receiving curative tumor resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF ROLLER GEAR INDEXING CAM SYSTEM CONSIDERING CLEARANCE AND MOTOR CHARACTERISTIC

The dynamic responses of roller gear indexing cam mechanism are investigated .With applying Lagarange equation and Gear method,motion equations of this mechanism including clearance,motor characteristic,torsion flexibility are developed and solved.The results show that clearance affects primarily the response on turret,and has little effects on the responses on rotary table.At the same time,the velocity fluctuation of motor shaft is not serious for the existence of inertia of reducer,and the high frequency of velocity fluctuation of camshaft is related with the torsion stiffness of shaft and the clearance between pairs.

Development of a location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum hydrological response unit

The changing patterns of watersheds in a landscape, driven by human activities, play an important role in non-point source pollution processes. This paper aims to improve the location-weighted landscape contrast index using remote sensing and GIS technology to account for the effects of scale and ecological processes. The hydrological response unit(HRU) with a single land use and soil type was used as the smallest unit. The relationship between the landscape index and typical ecological processes was established by describing the influence of the landscape pattern on non-point source pollution. To verify the research method, this paper used the Yanshi River basin as a study area. The results showed that the relative intensity of non-point source pollution in different regions of the watershed and the location-weighted landscape contrast index based on the minimum HRU can qualitatively reflect the risk of regional nutrient loss.

Shock index of patients with sepsis after continuous blood purification treatment and its relationship with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and immune response

Objective:To study the shock index of patients with sepsis after continuous blood purification (CBP) treatment and its relationship with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and immune response.Methods:A total of 88 patients with sepsis who underwent continuous blood purification treatment in our hospital between June 2012 and May 2016 were chosen as research subjects, shock index (SI) was compared before and after the treatment, and according to the level of SI after treatment, all patients were divided into shock group (n=27) with SI>0.5 points and no shock group (n=61) with SI≤0.5 points. Serum contents of inflammatory mediators, Th1/Th2 cellular immunity indexes, immunoglobulin and complement were compared between two groups of patients after treatment.Results: The level of SI in patients with sepsis was significantly lower than that before treatment. Serum contents of inflammatory mediators PCT, CRP and HMGB1 in no shock group were lower than those in shock group, contents of Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ were higher than those in shock group, contents of Th2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 were lower than those in shock group, and contents of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 and C4 were higher than those in shock group.Conclusion: The level of SI decreases in the patients with sepsis after CBP treatment, and SI level is directly correlated with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and immune response levels.

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Artificial Wetland Plant under Electric Field

By measuring wetland plants chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity,the changes of wetland plant physiological characeristics under different power strength were studied,and the mechanism of electric field on plant physiological characteristics was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the pollutant removal ability strengthening of artificial wetland under electricfield.The results showed that compared with the control plants,low-intensity-voltage(1 V and 3 V) had no significant effect on the normal physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants,and the growth trend was better than the control group;with the voltage increasing,plant chlorophyll content,MDA content and SOD activity were greatly affected,indicating that plants were under strong oxidative stress,and the growth was damaged.Therefore,a suitable electric field could enhance the sewage treatment effect of constructed wetland.

Effects of ovarian response prediction index and follicle-oocyte index on pregnancy outcomes:a retrospective cohort study of 12,218 fresh transfer cycles

Objective:To investigate the potential relationships among the ovarian response prediction index(ORPI),follicle-oocyte index(FOI),and clinical pregnancy rate(CPR)in women undergoing their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injectionembryo transfer(IVF/ICSI-ET)fresh cycle transfer.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study,we included 12,218 women who underwent their first IVF/ICSI-ET cycle between December 2014 and January 2021.The primary and secondary outcomes of our study were CPR and cumulative live birth rate(CLBR),respectively.The data were divided into three groups according to the ORPI and FOI tertiles.Multivariate logistic regression analyses,stratification analyses,interaction,restricted cubic splines,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were constructed to identify the relationships among ORPI,FOI,and CPR.Results:A statistically significant increase in CPR was detected from the lowest to the highest tertile group(ORPI:48.12%,54.07%,and 53.47%,P<0.001;FOI:49.99%,52.95%,and 52.71%,P=0.012).A higher CLBR was observed in the high group(ORPI:38.63%,44.62%,and 44.19%,P<0.001;FOI:41.02%,43.78%,and 42.59%,P=0.039).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between ORPI,FOI,and neither CPR(odds ratio[OR][95%confidence interval{CI}],0.99[0.97–1.00]vs.[1.02{0.84–1.24}])nor CLBR(OR[95%CI],0.99[0.97–1.01]vs.0.99[0.81–1.20]).No significant association was found among FOI,ORPI,and CPR,even in the subgroups.Restricted cubic spline analyses indicated the existence of a non-linear relationship across the entire range of FOI and ORPI.The ORPI and FOI variables had poor predictive ability(AUC<0.60)for CPR.Conclusions:Both ORPI and FOI are not reliable predictors of clinical pregnancy or live birth outcomes in fresh ETs.Clinicians and researchers should avoid using FOI and ORPI to assess pregnancy outcomes after fresh ET because of their limited relevance and predictive value.

Screening of Rice Cultivars for Morpho-Physiological Responses to Early-Season Soil Moisture Stress

The majority of rice(Oryza sativa L.) produced in the southern USA is drill-seeded and grown under upland-like conditions because permanent flooding is established after the four-leaf stage. Therefore, rice during the seedling growth stage will be subjected to variable soil moisture content. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of 15 rice cultivars commonly grown in Mississippi of USA under early-season soil moisture stress. Twenty morpho-physiological parameters of rice seedlings subjected to three different levels(100%, 66% and 33% field capacity) of soil moisture, from 10 to 30 d after sowing, were measured. Significant moisture stress × treatment interaction(P < 0.001) was observed for most of the parameters. Further, the total drought response index(TDRI) was developed to score the cultivars for drought tolerance with the variation from 26.88 to 36.21. Accordingly, the cultivars were classified into different groups of tolerance. The cultivars CL152 and CL142-AR were classified as the least and the most tolerant to drought based on TDRI and standard deviation, respectively. Even though both total root(R^2 = 0.98) or shoot(R^2 = 0.76) drought responses indices were positively correlated with TDRI, root traits were important in deriving the indices. Therefore, TDRI could be used to select cultivars for drought tolerance in a given environment and develop rice varieties with early-season drought tolerance. However, further research is needed to identify and characterize tolerance at other stages to assist breeding programs in rice.

Damping modification factors for acceleration response spectra

DMF （Damping modification factors） are used to modify elastic response spectral values corresponding to damping ratio 5% to other damping levels. The influence of seismological parameters （magnitude, epicentral distances and site conditions） on DMF for acceleration spectra was analysed. The results show that for a given period as the magnitude or distance increase, the effect of damping on the seismic response will also increase, which indicates the response reduction from the structural damping will become more efficient. In the near-field of small earthquakes, the influence of site conditions on DMF is obvious, but it does not show a consistent rule. Furthermore, the DMF corresponding to different site conditions gradually close to unity with increasing magnitude and distance. The influence of the above mentioned parameters is related to the relative attenuation of the frequency components of the ground motion. The attenuation index alone is sufficient to take into account the influence. Based on these features, this paper roDoses a formula of DMF for acceleration response spectra.

The Response of Climatic Jump in Summer in North China to Global Warming

To reveal climatic variation over North China, the climatic jumps in summer in Beijing are analyzed using the data of precipitation of summer (June, July, August) during the period of 1841-1993, in which those missed before 1950 were reconstructed by the stepwise regression method with minimum forecast error. The climatic jumps at different scales are analyzed using different diagnostic methods with different decade (10-100 years) windows. Some new methods and ideas are proposed. The variance difference, the linear tendency difference, and the difference of power spectral distribution between the samples before and after the period at the moving point in the center of the series are compared with other methods (for example, Mann—Kendall test, t— test, and accumulative anomaly etc.). Considering the differences among the statistics above, a synthetic jump index is also proposed in order to get the definite jump points in the moving series. The results show that the climatic jumps in the area occurred in the 1890s, the 1910s and the 1920s, and mostly in the 1920s, which suggests that the local climatic jumps in North China have a simultaneous response to the global warming in the hundred-year scales. Key words Climatic jump - New diagnostic statistics - Synthetic jump index - Response to global warming This Study was supported by the “ National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040901-1.

Study on slope reliability method Response Surface Method based on Morgenstern-Price Method

The combination of Morgenstern-Price Method （MPM） with Response Surface Method （RSM） improves the eonventional RSM by replacing Finite-Element Method （FEM） with MPM, which is a type of reliability analysis method-RSM based on MPM, and makes the computing process simpler. The stability of the slope was re-evaluated by use of Monte Carlo method （MCM） and the result contrasted with the fore is the conclusion. The reliability analysis of the artificial slope in Donggang Power Station was carried on, and obtained the reliable charaeteristics, which provided basis for the project.

Wheat Yield Response to Water Deficit under Central Pivot Irrigation System Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Scarcity of rainfall and limited irrigation water resources is the main challenge for agricultural expanding policies and strategies. At the same time, there is a high concern to increase the area of wheat cultivation in order to meet the increasing local consumption. The big challenge is to incerese wheat production using same or less amount of irrigation water. In this trend, the study was carried out to analyze the sensitivity of wheat yield to water deficit using remotely sensed data in El-Salhia agricultural project which located in the eastern part of Nile delta. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were extracted from Landsat 7. Water Deficit Index (WDI) used both LST minus air temperature (Tair) and vegetation index to estimate the relative water status. Yield response factor (ky) was derived from relationship between relative yield decrease and relative evapotranspiration deficit. The relative Evapotranspiration deficit was replaced by WDI. Linear regression was found between predicted wheat yield and actual wheat yield with 0.2?6, 0.025, 0.252 and 0.76 as correlation coefficient on 30th of Dec. 2012, 15th of Jan. 2013, 16th of Feb. 2013 and 20th of Mar. 2013 respectively. The main objective of this study is using a combination between FAO 33 paper approach and remote sensing techniques to estimate wheat yield response to water.

Trends in Vegetation Response to Drought in Sudano-Sahelian Part of Northern Nigeria

This study was carried out to evaluate the drought occurrence and its implication on vegetation cover over the Sudano-Sahelian zone of the Northern part of Nigeria. Monthly mean Rainfall data for the period 40 years (1971-2010) were obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for each of the meteorological stations present and functioning in this region for climatic analysis. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to analyze drought occurrence on a time scale of five (5) months that cover the period of raining season over the study area. Also Satellite data over the selected part of the study area for three different epochs, 1986, 2000 and 2005 were used for vegetation response analysis. The SPI values were interpolated using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique in ArcGIS 9.3 to generate Drought Spatial Pattern Map for each selected modeled years. The vegetation response indicators used are land cover maps and Greenness Index (GI) maps. Land cover categories were classified into five levels: Dense Vegetation, less dense Vegetation, Settlement/built up, Bare Surface and Water body. The results based on the ground truth (rainfall) data show that many years of drought episode were experienced over the study area. On the other hand, the prime indicators (Land cover and GI maps) used in this study also depicts the changes that took place over the study area in response to this climatic anomaly (drought) and it could be noted that there was dramatic reduction in the occurrence towards the end of the last two decade, 1990-1999, which simply indicated improvement in rainfall even in 2000 and the later years.

Rural households’livelihood responses to industry-based poverty alleviation as a sustainable route out of poverty

Industrialization is one way to achieve a sustainable route out of poverty.During the implementation of industry-based poverty alleviation projects,rural households’livelihood responses to change are crucial.A stronger livelihood response is conducive to multidimensional poverty relief due to industry-based poverty alleviation projects.Effective poverty alleviation can also stimulate stronger household responses.There is a positive cycle between livelihood response and multidimensional poverty relief effects that can help achieve sustainable poverty alleviation goals.Using a synergistic perspective on the relationship between“people–industry–land”,this paper explains the poverty alleviation logic connecting livelihood response,multidimensional poverty relief,and sustainable routes out of poverty by constructing a four-dimensional livelihood response measurement system with three elements of intensity.We analyzed survey data collected from 2363 households from 4 sample counties in 4 contiguous poverty-stricken areas,and measured and compared the characteristics of rural households’livelihood responses and the factors influencing poverty alleviation projects.Rural households’livelihood responses in four sample counties were moderate.The four dimensions of responses were ranked as livelihood strategy response,livelihood space response,livelihood output response,and livelihood capital response.The three intensities indicated that the perception and willingness elements of livelihood response were very similar,but there was a big gap between those elements and livelihood response actions.At the group level,poor households had higher and more consistent livelihood response than non-poor households.External environment factors(such as location,industry type,village organizational ability,and village atmosphere)and internal family factors(such as resource endowment,income sources,health,education,labor quantity,policy trust,credit availability,and social networks)had a significant impact on households’livelihood response.However,this impact varied across different dimensions and had different intensities.This paper proposes a multidimensional poverty relief mechanism and suggests sustainable routes out of poverty.

Representation of the ENSO Combination Mode and its Asymmetric SST Response in Different Resolutions of HadGEM3

Previous studies have revealed a combination mode （C-mode） occurring in the Indo-Pacific region, arising from nonlinear interactions between ENSO and the western Pacific warm pool annual cycle. This paper evaluates the simulation of this C-mode and its asymmetric SST response in HadGEM3 and its resolution sensitivity using three sets of simulations at horizontal resolutions of N96, N216 and N512. The results show that HadGEM3 can capture well the spatial pattern of the C-mode associated surface wind anomalies, as well as the asymmetric response of SST in the tropical Pacific, but it strongly overestimates the explained variability of the C-mode compared to the ENSO mode. The model with the three resolutions is able to reproduce the distinct spectral peaks of the C-mode at the near annual combination frequencies, but the performance in simulating the longer periods is not satisfactory, presumably due to the unrealistic simulation of the ENSO mode. Increasing the horizontal resolution can improve the consistency between atmospheric and oceanic representations of the C-mode, but not necessarily enhance the accuracy of C-mode simulation compared with observation.

Physiological Response to High Temperature and Evaluation of Heat Tolerance of Different Grape Cultivars

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the differences in the physiological responses of different grape cultivars to high temperature.[Methods]The 19 tested cultivars were selected from the grape germplasm resources pool of Turpan Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Twelve physiological indexes including gas exchange parameters,chlorophyll content,antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content were determined in grape leaves under field conditions during the middle period of local natural high temperature period(July,daily maximum air temperature>35℃).The heat tolerance of different cultivars was evaluated by fuzzy membership function analysis and optimum partitioning clustering of ordered samples.[Results](1)Under natural high temperature conditions in Turpan,the 19 tested grape cultivars responded differently to high temperature.‘Red Globe’,‘Fujiminori’,‘Beta’,‘Hetianhuang’had strong heat tolerance,while‘Thompson Seedless’,‘Hongqi Tezaomeigui’,‘Shuijing Wuhe’,‘Victoria’,‘Yatomi Rosa’and‘Crimson Seedless’had weak heat tolerance.(2)Among the 12 physiological indexes,malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzyme activity were mostly different among various grape cultivars.The grape cultivars with strong heat tolerance,‘Red Globe’and‘Fujiminori’,had relatively lower malondialdehyde contents,while‘Beta’and‘Hetianhuang’had relatively higher malondialdehyde contents.But they had higher activity of antioxidant enzymes.(3)The results of fuzzy membership function analysis showed that the cumulative membership value(AR)of each physiological index was consistent with its apparent heat tolerance performance,suggesting that AR can be a potential index for the evaluation of heat tolerance of grape cultivars.Further cluster analysis classified the tested cultivars as strong,medium and weak.‘Red Globe’,‘Fujiminori’,‘Beta’and‘Hetianhuang’had strong heat tolerance.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for grape cultivation under high temperature and stress and breeding of heat-tolerant varieties.