Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from edible fungus:a review

The polysaccharides from edible fungus showed many kinds of biological activities,including anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,anti-diabetes,improving functional constipation activities.In particular,the immunomodulatory effects have been paid more and more attention by scholars,but there was no systematic introduction of their immunomodulatory mechanism.So,this review introduced the immunomodulatory effects and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in recent years,and then the relationships between structure and immunomodulatory effect were also discussed.

Studies on Male Antifertilitic and Immunomodulatory Effects of TW19

TW19 is a diterpene compound isolated from the root cortex of Tripterygium Wil- fordii Hood. F.. Its effects on the immune function in ICR mice and the male fertility in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice were evaluated. TW19 was given orally for 5 weeks. Then the antifertilitic effect was assessed by mating test. The results showed that ED50, for anti-fertilitic were 332μg/kg, 369. 9μg/kg and 286. 8 μg/kg per day in SD rats, ICR mice and Kunming mice respectively. After the treatment of TW19 at antifertility dose for 5 weeks consecutively, the spermatozoa density and motility of trial animals reduced significantly, The weight of testic also declined in SD rats and Kunming mice, but no effects were observed in ICR mice. TW19 inhibited prolifera- tion of splenic T and B-lymphocytes of ICR mice in vitro and hence inhibited the anti- body formation in vivo, but compared with T 4, the immunosuppressive effect of TW19 was less obvious.

Immunoregulatory effects of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Background:The immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)and their exosomes have been receiving increasing attention.This study investigated the immunoregulatory effects of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells(hAMSCs)and their exosomes on phytohemagglutinin(PHA)-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs).Methods:The hAMSCs used in the experiment were identified by light microscopy and flow cytometry,and the differentiation ability of the cells was determined by Oil Red O and Alizarin Red staining.The expressions of transforming growth factor(TGF)-β,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),hepatocyte growth factor(HGF),and interleukin(IL)-6 were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.PBMCs,hAMSCs,and their exosomes were collected for in vitro group culture.Then the immunoregulatory ability of hAMSCs and their exosomes were analyzed by flow cytometry and Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay.Results:The hAMSCs and exosomes were successfully extracted from the human amniotic membrane.TGF-β,IDO,COX-2,HGF,and IL-6 were significantly expressed in hAMSCs.In vitro co-culture showed that hAMSCs promoted the proliferation of Th2 cells in PHA-induced PBMCs,while hAMSCs and exosomes inhibited the secretion of TNF-αin PHA-induced PBMCs,and promoted the secretion of IL-4 and IL-10,and hAMSCs had more significant effects than exosomes.Conclusions:hAMSCs or exosomes could exert immunoregulatory effects on PHA-induced PBMCs by affecting Th2 cell proliferation and cytokine secretion.

Immunomodulatory effects of flazin from Crassostrea sikamea on splenic lymphocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats

Crassostrea sikamea(C.sikamea)is an important edible and medicinal seafood in China.In the present study,a compound named flazin was separated and identified from the ethyl acetate extract of C.sikamea(EAECs)for the first time.In addition,the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetra zolium(MTS)assay revealed that EAECs and flazin inhibited the transformation of splenic lymphocytes in vitro.Moreover,flazin(20μg·mL^(−1))altered the populations of splenic lymphocyte subtypes.Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)showed that flazin suppressed the mRNA expression and secretion of TNF-αand IL-2,and reversed Concanavalin A(ConA)-induced mRNA up-regulation and protein secretion of TNF-αand IL-2.Western blot results showed that flazin reversed ConA-induced increases in p-ERK1/2 and p-p38 in splenocytes.In conclusion,flazin exhibits effective immunomodulatory function and may be useful for treating immune-related disorders,which indicates the application potential of C.sikamea as a functional food or immunomodulator.

Adipocyte Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell and Platelet Lysate: Ideal Cell and Supplement for the Treatment of Immune-Inflammatory Diseases?

Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are being tested for the treatment of immune diseases. MSC are present in several adult tissues which milieu may influence MSC behavior particularly under inflammatory conditions. Additionally, culture conditions also can modify cell function or state of activation. Methods: To address the influence of the MSC source on its characteristics, we studied a xenofree, platelet lysate supplemented MSC from dental pulp, adipose tissue and bone marrow, co-cultured with isolated T cells and PBMC subset, and studied the effect of culture animal or human supplements immunomodulatory effect. Results: All three sources were efficient in inhibiting T cells. Among all MSC sources, as also described by others, adipose MSC was capable to significantly induce Treg phenotype and decrease T CD8+. Furthermore, comparing fetal bovine serum and platelet lysate, results demonstrate that platelet lysate alone is capable to induce immunomodulatory phenotype. Additional studies have to be made to elucidate the PL immunomodulatory effect.

Unique regulation of TiO_(2)nanoporous topography on macrophage polarization via MSC-derived exosomes

The comprehensive recognition of communications between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(bm-MSCs)and macrophages in the peri-implant microenvironment is crucial for implantation prognosis.Our previous studies have clarified the indirect influence of Ti surface topography in the osteogenic differentiation of bm-MSCs through modulating macrophage polarization.However,cell communication is commutative and multi-directional.As the immune regulatory properties of MSCs have become increasingly prominent,whether bm-MSCs could also play an immunomodulatory role on macrophages under the influence of Ti surface topography is unclear.To further illuminate the communications between bm-MSCs and macrophages,the bm-MSCs inoculated on Ti with nanoporous topography were indirectly co-cultured with macrophages,and by blocking exosome secretion or extracting the purified exosomes to induce independently,we bidirectionally confirmed that under the influence of TiO_(2)nanoporous topography with 80-100 nm tube diameters,bm-MSCs can exert immunomodulatory effects through exosome-mediated paracrine actions and induce M1 polarization of macrophages,adversely affecting the osteogenic microenvironment around the implant.This finding provides a reference for the optimal design of the implant surface topography for inducing better bone regeneration.