Multi-objective optimization linked with an urban stormwater model is used in this study to identify cost-effective low impact development (LID) implementation designs for small urbanizing watersheds. The epsilon-Non-...Multi-objective optimization linked with an urban stormwater model is used in this study to identify cost-effective low impact development (LID) implementation designs for small urbanizing watersheds. The epsilon-Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (ε-NSGAII) has been coupled with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to balance the costs and the hydrologic benefits of candidate LID solutions. Our objective in this study is to identify the near-optimal tradeoff between the total LID costs and the total watershed runoff volume constrained by pre-development peak flow rates. This study contributes a detailed analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the use of green roofs, porous pavement, and bioretention basins within a small urbanizing watershed inState College,Pennsylvania. Beyond multi-objective analysis, this paper also contributes improved SWMM representations of LID alternatives and demonstrates their usefulness for screening alternative site layouts for LID technologies.展开更多
The great Lisbon earthquake Nov.1,1755 devastated the city and Portuguese coastlines down to Morocco.Many details of the event are typical signs of chaotic terrane caused by an antipodal impact.A faint but fresh-looki...The great Lisbon earthquake Nov.1,1755 devastated the city and Portuguese coastlines down to Morocco.Many details of the event are typical signs of chaotic terrane caused by an antipodal impact.A faint but fresh-looking antipodal impact structure centered at 35°39′S,168°26′E is found in the Tasman Sea,or about 405 km WSW(West-Southwest)of Cape Reinga,North Island,NZ(North Island).By conventional geological methods,the epicenter has been inferred to be on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean,in an area known as the Horseshoe Plain WSW of Cape St.Vincent,Portugal,at a distance of about 200 km from the cape,a round figure estimate.The impact antipode at 35°39′N,11°34′W also is located in the Horseshoe Plain at 277 km WSW of Cape St.Vincent,the implied antipodal impact quake epicenter.展开更多
Several significant events of a geological nature occurred approximately 800 ka before the present: (1) Australasian tektite fall (AA), (2) Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic reversal (BMR), (3) mid-Pleistocene changes in i...Several significant events of a geological nature occurred approximately 800 ka before the present: (1) Australasian tektite fall (AA), (2) Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic reversal (BMR), (3) mid-Pleistocene changes in ice age cycles. Add to these the undated fault system (4) in the South-West (SW) of the South China Sea (SCS). Here we offer a unified cause for all four of these in (5), an impact in the SCS of a large, massive cosmic object, likely a comet, obliquely coming from the SW at an extremely shallow angle, striking the Sunda shelf yet unexploded with the shock of its compressed air bow wave, and causing the continual shelf and slope to collapse, resulting in the fault system (4), then traveling almost tangentially to the surface, exploding at impact with the sea surface, ejecting the tektites (1), creating the formation underlying the later atolls of Spratlies Archipelago (6), Nansha Islands in Chinese, & causing the BMR (2). An explanation of event (3) was Richard Muller’s hypothesis of planet Earth passing through an interplanetary dust cloud periodically due to ecliptic precession. Here we hypothesize this cloud actually is a belt of Australasian tektites ejected into space at super-orbital velocities that Earth encounters about every 100 ka.展开更多
文摘Multi-objective optimization linked with an urban stormwater model is used in this study to identify cost-effective low impact development (LID) implementation designs for small urbanizing watersheds. The epsilon-Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (ε-NSGAII) has been coupled with the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) to balance the costs and the hydrologic benefits of candidate LID solutions. Our objective in this study is to identify the near-optimal tradeoff between the total LID costs and the total watershed runoff volume constrained by pre-development peak flow rates. This study contributes a detailed analysis of the costs and benefits associated with the use of green roofs, porous pavement, and bioretention basins within a small urbanizing watershed inState College,Pennsylvania. Beyond multi-objective analysis, this paper also contributes improved SWMM representations of LID alternatives and demonstrates their usefulness for screening alternative site layouts for LID technologies.
文摘The great Lisbon earthquake Nov.1,1755 devastated the city and Portuguese coastlines down to Morocco.Many details of the event are typical signs of chaotic terrane caused by an antipodal impact.A faint but fresh-looking antipodal impact structure centered at 35°39′S,168°26′E is found in the Tasman Sea,or about 405 km WSW(West-Southwest)of Cape Reinga,North Island,NZ(North Island).By conventional geological methods,the epicenter has been inferred to be on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean,in an area known as the Horseshoe Plain WSW of Cape St.Vincent,Portugal,at a distance of about 200 km from the cape,a round figure estimate.The impact antipode at 35°39′N,11°34′W also is located in the Horseshoe Plain at 277 km WSW of Cape St.Vincent,the implied antipodal impact quake epicenter.
文摘Several significant events of a geological nature occurred approximately 800 ka before the present: (1) Australasian tektite fall (AA), (2) Brunhes-Matuyama geomagnetic reversal (BMR), (3) mid-Pleistocene changes in ice age cycles. Add to these the undated fault system (4) in the South-West (SW) of the South China Sea (SCS). Here we offer a unified cause for all four of these in (5), an impact in the SCS of a large, massive cosmic object, likely a comet, obliquely coming from the SW at an extremely shallow angle, striking the Sunda shelf yet unexploded with the shock of its compressed air bow wave, and causing the continual shelf and slope to collapse, resulting in the fault system (4), then traveling almost tangentially to the surface, exploding at impact with the sea surface, ejecting the tektites (1), creating the formation underlying the later atolls of Spratlies Archipelago (6), Nansha Islands in Chinese, & causing the BMR (2). An explanation of event (3) was Richard Muller’s hypothesis of planet Earth passing through an interplanetary dust cloud periodically due to ecliptic precession. Here we hypothesize this cloud actually is a belt of Australasian tektites ejected into space at super-orbital velocities that Earth encounters about every 100 ka.
