Effect of the interval between two shocks on ejecta formation from the grooved aluminum surface

This work focuses on the effect of the interval between two shocks on the ejecta formation from the grooved aluminum(Al_(1100))surface by using smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical simulation.Two unsupported shocks are obtained by the plate-impact between sample and two flyers at interval,with a peak pressure of approximately 30 GPa for each shock.When the shock interval varies from 2.11 to 7.67 times the groove depth,the bubble velocity reduces to a constant,and the micro jetting factor R_(J) from spike to bubble exhibits a non-monotonic change that decreases initially and then increases.At a shock interval of 3.6 times the groove depth,micro jetting factor R_(J) from spike to bubble reaches its minimum value of approximately 0.6.While,the micro jetting factor R_(F) from spike to free surface decreases linearly at first,and stabilizes around 0.25 once the shock interval surpasses 4.18 times the groove depth.When the shock interval is less than 4.18 times the groove depth,the unloading wave generated by the breakout of the first shock wave is superimpose with the unloading part of the second shock wave to form a large tensile area.

Global structure stability of impact-induced tensile waves in phase-transforming materials

The global structure stability of the impact-induced tensile waves mentioned by Huang （Huang, S. J. Impact-induced tensile waves in a kind of phase-transforming materials. IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics, 76, 847-858 （2011）） is considered. By introducing Riemann invariants, the governing equations of motion are reduced into a 2 ~ 2 diagonally strictly hyperbolic system. Then, with the aid of the theory on the typical free boundary problem and maximally dissipative kinetics, the global structure stability of the impact-induced tensile waves propagating in a phase-transforming material is proved.

Genetic Classification of Pyroclastic Ejecta Based on Physical Volcanology of Possible Large Cauldron in Bombay Volcanic Complex, Western Deccan Trap Province, India

Many Propositions are made about the mechanism of emplacement of volcanoclastic material in the Bombay volcanic complex. The present paper deals exclusively with the physical features of the deposits laid by a complex tectono-magmatic process by making detailed inventory of the different kind of volcanic ejecta exposed in the Bomay Volcanic Complex (BVC), and an attempt has been made to classify the deposits genetically. A subsidenace which was hinted at earlier, may be a possible cauldron in BVC has been proposed, which might be responsible for producing such a varied and complex lithology.

一种适用于复杂加载状态下微喷射物质面密度测量的Asay膜方法

为了解决传统Asay膜方法不适用于复杂加卸载条件下微喷射物质面密度测量的问题,采用光子多普勒速度计(photonic Doppler velocimetry,PDV)测量微喷射物质速度结合传统Asay膜方法的膜速曲线发展了测试复杂加载条件下微喷射面密度的新方法。采用数值实验和轻气炮实验对新方法进行了分析和评估。针对3种典型微喷射物质速度分布情况,利用数值实验分析评估了实际应用场景下因PDV给出的微喷物速度偏离理论值对面密度测量的影响,通过对PDV给出的微喷物速度线性插值处理,可确保新方法与理论值测量偏差小于20%。通过轻气炮加载预置粉末样品实验对比评估了新方法和传统方法的测量效果,采用2种方法分别处理同一发实验数据,结果显示,新方法相较于传统Asay膜方法的测量偏差小于20%。

Ejecta from periodic grooved Sn surface under unsupported shocks

Dynamic failure and ejection characteristics of a periodic grooved Sn surface under unsupported shock loading are studied using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. An ＂Eiffel Tower＂ spatial structure is observed, which is com- posed of high-speed jet tip, high-density jet slug, longitudinal tensile sparse zone, and complex broken zone between grooves. It is very different from the spike-bubble structure under supported shocks, and has been validated by detonation loading experiments. In comparison with that under supported shocks at the same peak pressure, the high-speed ejecta decreases obviously, whereas the truncated location of ejecta moves towards the interior of the sample and the total mass of ejecta increases due to the vast existence of low-speed broken materials. The shock wave profile determines mainly the total ejection amount, while the variation of V-groove angle will significantly alter the distribution of middle- and high-speed ejecta, and the maximum ejecta velocity has a linear corretation with the groove angle.

A rocky hill on the continuous ejecta of Ziwei crater revealed by the Chang’e-3 mission

The Chinese Chang’e-3 mission landed close to the eastern rim of the ~450 m diameter Ziwei crater. Regional stratigraphy of the landing site and impact excavation model suggest that the bulk continuous ejecta deposits of the Ziwei crater are composed by Erathothenian-aged mare basalts. Along the traverse of the Yutu rover, the western segment features a gentle topographic uplift(~0.5 m high over ~4 m), which is spatially connected with the structurally-uplifted crater rim. Assuming that this broad topographic uplift has physical properties discontinuous with materials below, we use data returned by the high-frequency lunar penetrating radar onboard the Yutu rover to estimate the possible range of relative permittivity for this topographic uplift. Only when the relative permittivity is ~9 is the observed radar reflection consistent with the observed topography, suggesting that the topographic uplift is composed of basaltic blocks that were excavated by the Ziwei crater. This result is consistent both with the impact excavation model that predicts deeper basaltic materials being deposited closer to the crater rim, and with observation of numerous half-buried boulders on the surface of this hill. We note that this study is the first to use topography and radargram data to estimate the relative permittivity of lunar surface uplifts, an approach that has had many successful applications on Mars. Similar approaches can apply other ground penetrating radar data for the Moon, such as will be available from the ongoing Chang’e-4 mission.

Influence of shockwave profile on ejecta from shocked Pb surface:Atomistic calculations

We conduct molecular dynamics simulations of the ejection process from a grooved Pb surface subjected to supported and unsupported shock waves with various shock-breakout pressures（PSB） inducing a solid–liquid phase transition upon shock or release. It is found that the total ejecta mass changing with PSBunder a supported shock reveals a similar trend with that under an unsupported shock and the former is always less than the latter at the same PSB. The origin of such a discrepancy could be unraveled that for an unsupported shock, a larger velocity difference between the jet tip and its bottom at an early stage of jet formation results in more serious damage, and therefore a greater amount of ejected particles are produced. The cumulative areal density distributions also display the discrepancy. In addition, we discuss the difference of these simulated results compared to the experimental findings.

Computational Analysis of the Metal Free-Surface Instability, Fragmentation, and Ejecta under Shock

We conducted numerical simulations of the related processes of interface instability, tensile fragmentation, and jetting resulting from four kinds of typical macro defect perturbations (chevron, sine wave, rectangle, and square) on a Cu free surface under a reflected shock wave when Cu impacts a solid wall at a speed of 2.5 km/s and found that, for the chevron and sine wave cases, the ejecta velocities of the head are 6.28 and 5.88 km/s, respectively. Some parts of the inner material are in a tensile state without any fragmentation, which is observed only in the main body of the material owing to the tension effect. Furthermore, for the other two initial perturbations (rectangle and square), the highest ejecta velocities may even reach 9.14 and 9.59 km/s, respectively. Fragmentation caused by multilayer spallation can be observed on a large scale in the Cu main body, and there are granules in the front area of the ejecta but the degree to which fragmentation occurs is much less in the Cu main body and there is a notable high-speed, low-density granule area in the ejecta head. Finally, we present a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of the granules, ejecta mass, pressure, temperature, and grid convergence.

Groove formation on Phobos from reimpacting orbital ejecta of the Stickney crater

Numerous linear grooves have long been recognized as covering the surface of Phobos, but the mechanisms of their formation are still unclear. One possible mechanism is related to the largest crater on Phobos, the Stickney crater, whose impact ejecta may slide,roll, bounce, and engrave groove-like features on Phobos. When the launch velocity is higher than the escape velocity, the impact ejecta can escape Phobos. A portion of these high-velocity ejecta are dragged by the gravitational force of Mars, fall back, and reimpact Phobos.In this research, we numerically test the hypothesis that the orbital ejecta of the Stickney crater that reimpact Phobos could be responsible for a particular subset of the observed grooves on Phobos. We adopt impact hydrocode i SALE-2 D(impact-Simplified Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian, two-dimensional) to simulate the formation of the Stickney crater and track its impact ejecta, with a focus on orbital ejecta with launch velocities greater than the escape velocity of Phobos. The launch velocity distribution of the ejecta particles is then used to calculate their trajectories in space and determine their fates. For orbital ejecta reimpacting Phobos, we then apply the sliding boulder model to calculate the ejecta paths, which are compared with the observed groove distribution and length to search for causal relationships. Our ejecta trajectory calculations suggest that only ~1% of the orbital ejecta from the Stickney crater can reimpact Phobos. Applying the sliding boulder model, we predict ejecta sliding paths of 9-20 km in a westward direction to the east of the zone of avoidance, closely matching the observed grooves in that region. The best-fit model assumes an ejecta radius of ~150 m and a speed restitution coefficient of 0.3, consistent with the expected ejecta and regolith properties. Our calculations thus suggest the groove class located to the east of the zone of avoidance may have been caused by reimpact orbital ejecta from the Stickney crater.

Reconstruction and interpretation of photon Doppler velocimetry spectrum for ejecta particles from shock-loaded sample in vacuum

The photon Doppler velocimetry(PDV) spectrum is investigated in an attempt to reveal the particle parameters of ejecta from shock-loaded samples in a vacuum. A GPU-accelerated Monte–Carlo algorithm, which considers the multiplescattering effects of light, is applied to reconstruct the light field of the ejecta and simulate the corresponding PDV spectrum.The influence of the velocity profile, total area mass, and particle size of the ejecta on the simulated spectra is discussed qualitatively. To facilitate a quantitative discussion, a novel theoretical optical model is proposed in which the singlescattering assumption is applied. With this model, the relationships between the particle parameters of ejecta and the peak information of the PDV spectrum are derived, enabling direct extraction of the particle parameters from the PDV spectrum.The values of the ejecta parameters estimated from the experimental spectrum are in good agreement with those measured by a piezoelectric probe.

砾石堆结构超高速撞击溅射物特性

动能撞击偏转是小行星防御可实施性与成熟度较高的方案,且已在相关深空探测任务得到了应用。面向不同类型的小行星,如何在撞击过程中产生更大的动量传递并利用溅射物观测数据评估撞击效果是该技术待解决的关键问题。建立了不同粒径与质量占比的砾石堆靶体模型,开展了铝制撞击体超高速撞击砾石堆靶体的数值模拟研究,分析了砾石粒径与质量占比对撞击溅射物特性的影响规律与机制。结果显示:砾石堆结构在超高速撞击作用下,形成非对称形貌溅射物,且在砾石缝隙区域可形成射线形溅射物;射线部分溅射物具有更大的溅射角,射线长度、射线数量与砾石直径及其质量占比相关,针对建立的砾石堆靶体模型,大粒径砾石靶体产生的沿撞击速度反方向的溅射物动量最大,可为未来动能撞击任务的区域选取提供参考。

基于YOLO V3算法改进的月表砾石检测优化方法

月球表面溅射物中的砾石检测可用于实现自主着陆、航天器和月球车自动避障等任务。针对与月表背景差异不明显的砾石检测问题,提出一种检测方法,该方法基于改进后的YOLO V3模型对美国月球侦察轨道器(Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,LRO)窄角相机(Narrow Angle Camera,NAC)高分辨率月球遥感影像进行训练和测试。实验对比了原始YOLO V3和改进后的YOLO V3方法的检测效果。结果表明,改进后的YOLO V3模型较原始模型的准确率提高了10.5%,召回率提升22.8%,检测速度提升1.69倍,在数据集中的漏检和误检现象也轻于原始YOLO V3网络。

用高速摄影和脉冲同轴全息照相联合诊断微射流

针对强冲击载荷下金属材料的微物质喷射中微射流的实验研究,提出了高速摄影与脉冲同轴全息照相联合诊断的测试方案,并组建了由微射流产生装置、高速摄影系统、脉冲同轴全息照相系统和高精度时序控制同步系统组成的测试系统。动态实验结果表明,高速摄影和脉冲同轴全息照相联合诊断微射流能在一次实验获得微射流的发展图像和微射流头部低动态模糊图像。

琼北火山喷发物风化特征的研究与应用

通过X光衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析发现 ,琼北雷虎岭 -马鞍岭地区火山喷发物风化形成的次生黏土主要是球状和不规则球状富铁埃洛石 ,随着风化时间的增长 ,埃洛石的转变顺序为 10 埃洛石→ ( 10 + 7 )埃洛石→ 7 埃洛石 ,据此推测该地区火山喷发的先后顺序为雷虎岭东南→儒红村北→儒红村东。喷发年代在 6 0 0 0～ 12 0 0 0aBP之间。

太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现及其意义

太湖冲击成因说由来已久,但始终未成定论。近几年在太湖及周边湖泊的淤泥层中发现了许多形态各异的奇石,经多种方法测试研究,确定为太湖冲击坑的溅射物。根据成份,溅射物分为两大类。一类富铁质,以菱铁矿及其胶结的碎屑为主,包括微小球粒、棍状及各种形态的块状和片状体;另一类贫铁质,以方解石及其胶结的长英质碎屑为主,碎屑为锐角状的石英晶屑及少量粘土和长英质岩屑。溅射物的大小从厘米级块体到毫米级球粒,再至微米级尘粉都有。溅射物外形多具有旋转扭曲形态及熔壳特征,显示了熔融、塑性-半塑性特征。这些特征显示其成因经历了冲击震碎、熔融、挖掘抛射、空中飞行,最后溅落在冲击坑及其周围。溅射物的成分反映了太湖靶岩基岩岩性特征。太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现是继太湖诸岛石英砂岩中石英晶体的冲击变质微结构发现之后,又一重大突破。综合其它特征,可以确定太湖为一冲击坑。

内蒙古达里诺尔晚新生代火山群喷发特征研究

达里诺尔火山群有近百座晚新生代单成因火山,其地质地貌形态各异,喷发形式多样。这些火山既有爆破式喷发,如:夏威夷式喷发,斯通博利式喷发,强斯通博利式喷发和射汽岩浆喷发;也有溢流式喷发,如盾状火山;还有岩浆缓慢侵出,如大黑山。火山群内典型火山机构表明,不同的喷发方式穿插于火山喷发过程:早期火山活动多以侵出和溢流为主,逐渐转变为岩浆爆破式喷发(强斯通博利式,斯通博利式),晚期又过渡为溢流式喷发,喷发过程大体经历一个爆破强度弱-强-弱的转变。射汽岩浆型的火山则是以剧烈的射汽岩浆爆炸开始,后期逐渐转弱为岩浆爆破喷发和溢流喷发。火山喷发过程中火山产物出现牛顿流体,宾汉流体,层流,颗粒流,涌流,空降等不同类型的运动形式,自火口向远源运动,形成差异化的火山产物。岩浆的输送速率、上升速度,以及围岩的类型,可能是造成达里诺尔火山群多样化喷发的主要因素。

玻璃陨石的彗星撞击成因

玻璃陨石是火流星或慧星超速撞击地球表面期间，靶岩熔融体的溅射物．但目前绝大部分撞击坑，特别是新生代近６０个撞击坑，没有找到与之有密切关系的玻璃陨石．本文根据这一事实研究玻璃陨石的形成机制提出存慧星撞击成因．这种成因机制能较好地解释其大范围分布和多层沉积的特征．

激光加载下金属锡材料微喷颗粒与低密度泡沫混合实验研究

金属材料的微喷是冲击加载下金属表面发生的一种动态破碎现象,微喷研究在很多领域都具有重要意义,包括惯性约束聚变(ICF)和烟火制造等.由于激光实验特有的优势,近几年国内外开展了很多利用强激光驱动冲击加载研究材料微喷过程的实验.利用泡沫材料对微喷颗粒进行静态软回收虽然可以获得颗粒的形态分布、颗粒尺寸及颗粒质量等定量结果,但并不能反演微喷颗粒从进入泡沫到停滞过程中的动态混合过程.为此,在神光Ⅱ升级装置上利用皮秒脉冲激光照射金丝产生高能X射线,实现了对锡微喷颗粒与低密度泡沫混合过程的高时间分辨和高空间分辨背光照相.背光图像面密度结果证实微喷颗粒在泡沫中并没有发生二次破碎.静态回收结果表明,在锡材料与泡沫紧贴放置的情况下,微喷颗粒在泡沫中的穿透深度随着加载压强升高呈现先增大后减小的规律,与非紧贴放置的实验结果有明显的差别.

微喷加载装置中爆轰波阵面的测量

根据金属材料微喷射激光全息诊断技术的要求,提出了一种测量微喷加载装置中爆轰波波前形状的实验方法,利用快响应光纤探针阵列来测量传爆药柱加载飞片的冲击波波前形状,并根据所得的实验数据用计算机模拟出爆轰波波前的形状,给出冲击波到达飞片上表面的时间分散性曲线。

长白山山脉火山喷出物发育土壤的特性及系统分类研究

以长白山、龙岗、宽甸火山喷出物发育土壤为研究对象，对供试土壤形态特征进行描述，并对其pH、有机碳、磷酸盐吸持量、铁铝氧化物、火山玻璃等性质进行测定，按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第三版）》的原则和方法并结合美国《土壤系统分类检索》第11版，讨论了土壤的诊断层、诊断特性，并进行了分类检索。结果表明：火山喷出物发育的土壤未必就是火山灰土。长白山天池火山锥顶部的土壤发育程度极弱，属于新成土；天池火山锥底部的土壤已经形成土壤结构体，且具有火山灰特性，属于火山灰土；宽甸青椅山顶部土壤以及龙岗金龙顶子底部土壤均具有火山灰特性，检索为火山灰土；宽甸大川头底部土壤0．02～2mm粒级含量未达到火山灰特性的要求，但具有雏形层，检索为雏形土。