Metagenomic next-generation sequencing may assist diagnosis of osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium houstonense:A case report

BACKGROUND Mycobacterium houstonense(M.houstonense)belongs to the nontuberculous mycobacterium group.Infection caused by M.houstonense is prone to recurrence.CASE SUMMARY We present a patient who was diagnosed with osteomyelitis caused by M.houstonense and treated with a combination of cefoxitin,and amikacin combined with linezolid.CONCLUSION The emergence of metagenomic next-generation sequencing(NGS)has brought new hope for the diagnosis and treatment of listeria meningitis.NGS can analyze a large number of nucleic acid sequences in a short time and quickly determine the pathogen species in the sample.Compared with traditional cerebrospinal fluid culture,NGS can greatly shorten the diagnosis time and provide strong support for the timely treatment of patients.Regarding treatment,NGS can also play an important role.Rapid and accurate diagnosis can enable patients to start targeted treatment as soon as possible and improve the treatment effect.At the same time,by monitoring the changes in pathogen resistance,the treatment plan can be adjusted in time to avoid treatment failure.

Diagnosis and treatment of chronic osteomyelitis based on nanomaterials

Chronic osteomyelitis is a painful and serious disease caused by infected surgical prostheses or infected fractures.Traditional treatment includes surgical debridement followed by prolonged systemic antibiotics.However,excessive antibiotic use has been inducing rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria worldwide.Additionally,it is difficult for antibiotics to penetrate internal sites of infection such as bone,thus limiting their efficacy.New approaches to treat chronic osteomyelitis remain a major challenge for orthopedic surgeons.Luckily,the development of nanotechnology has brought new antimicrobial options with high specificity to infection sites,offering a possible way to address these challenges.Substantial progress has been made in constructing antibacterial nanomaterials for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.Here,we review some current strategies for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis and their underlying mechanisms.

Subacute osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus caprae in a teenager:A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Staphylococcus caprae(S.caprae)is a human commensal bacterium which can be detected in the nose,nails,and skin.It can be responsible for heterogeneous infections such as bacteremia,endocarditis,pneumonia,acute otitis externa,peritonitis,and urinary tract infections.Bone and joint infections due to S.caprae have also been reported,but most of them resulted from the infection of orthopedic devices,especially joint prostheses and internal osteosynthesis devices.Rare cases of primary osteoarticular infections caused by S.caprae have been described,including osteitis,arthritis,or spondylodiscitis.CASE SUMMARY We report an unusual case of subacute osteomyelitis in a toe phalanx caused by S.caprae in a 14.5-year-old girl.CONCLUSION Subacute S.caprae osteomyelitis is a little-known and probably underestimated community-acquired infectious disease.This microorganism’s pathogenicity should be seen as more than a classic nosocomial orthopedic device infection.

First Ever Documented Total Calcaneus Replacement with 3D Printed Metallic Implant for Chronic Osteomyelitis after a Calcaneal Fracture in a Young, Healthy Individual—A Literature Review and Preliminary Case Report

Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus can be a limb threatening diagnosis, which is typically treated with antibiotic therapy with or without partial resection of the bone. Extensive infection of the bone commonly results in limb amputation via transtibial or transfemoral amputation, which can increase morbidity and mortality. This case report involves a 29-year-old male who sustained bilateral calcaneal fracture after a fall, who developed osteomyelitis of the right calcaneus after being treated with internal/external fixation and antibiotic therapy. In order to preserve the limb total calcaneal replacement with 3D printed implant was done.

Skull Base Osteomyelitis: A Rare Cause of Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies—A Case Report from Ghana

Introduction: Skull Base Osteomyelitis (SBO) is an infectious inflammation of the skull bones that is often caused by malignant otitis externa (MOE) and affects the temporal bone. This condition commonly affects immunocompromised individuals and the elderly, particularly those with a history of diabetes mellitus. Diagnosis is challenging because of non-specific symptoms that lead to late detection and complications. This report discusses a case of SBO with multiple bilateral cranial nerve abnormalities and highlights the diagnostic and management challenges in high-risk individuals with subtle clinical signs. Case presentation: This report describes a 63-year-old patient with hypertension and diabetes who underwent surgical debridement of the left ear due to malignant otitis externa 4 months prior to presentation. The patient presented with significant dysarthria, dysphagia, ptosis of the left eye with double vision, and hearing impairment in the left ear. Examination revealed bilateral CN VI palsy, right CN VII palsy, left CN VIII palsy, and a right CN XII deficit. Initial tests were unremarkable, but a high Fungitell assay and a second review of the CT scan and MRI revealed a pathological process in the base of the skull involving bony structures and cranial nerves bilaterally, which helped diagnose SBO. The patient was subsequently discharged with oral voriconazole and continued his usual medications. The patient requested further management abroad, because he did not notice resolution of his symptoms. Surgical treatment was employed abroad to relieve his symptoms, as he recovered slowly. Conclusion: This case report underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to address SBO. Collaboration between specialists in infectious diseases, otolaryngology, radiology, and neurology plays a pivotal role in achieving an accurate diagnosis and developing a tailored treatment plan. Although SBO may be infrequent, this case report highlights the need to maintain heightened clinical suspicion in high-risk individuals.

Non-coding RNAs:an emerging player in osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a debilitating bone infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.Despite advancements in surgery and chemotherapy,the treatment of osteomyelitis remains unsatisfactory,characterized by antibiotic resistance and recurrent relapses.Numerous studies have confirmed that non-coding RNAs could play an emerging role in regulating gene expression,as well as in the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts,along with bone formation.In this context,we provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the roles of non-coding RNAs in osteomyelitis and explore the potential therapeutic applications of these molecules in disease management,aiming to uncover novel diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Research Progress on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Osteomyelitis

We review the representatives literatures on chronic osteomyelitis,sum up the new insights in recent years into diagnostic options and treatment regimens,analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies,and propose areas of interest to make current diagnostic and treatment strategies more specific.

Role of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients

Osteomyelitis is a significant cause of morbidity in children throughout the world. Multiple imaging modalities can be used to evaluate for suspected osteomyelitis, however magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has distinct advantages over other modalities given its ability to detect early changes related to osteomyelitis, evaluate the true extent of disease, depict extraosseous spread of infection, and help guide surgical manage-ment. MRI has assumed a greater role in the evaluation of osteomyelitis with the increase in musculoskeletal infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus which have unique imaging features that are well-demonstrated with MRI. This review focuses primarily on the use of MRI in the evaluation of osteo-myelitis in children and will include a discussion of the clinically important and characteristic findings on MRI of acute bacterial osteomyelitis and related conditions.

Chronic traumatic ankle and foot osteomyelitis: a nationwide case-control study

Background: Osteomyelitis(OM) is an atypical consequence of ankle-foot trauma which is associated with long-term mental and physical morbidity and persistent pain. This study aimed to assess the health status of OM patients with war-related ankle-foot injuries.Methods: A total of 1129 veterans with ankle-foot injuries participated in a case-control study(2014–2016). Thirty patients with chronic OM of the ankle-foot were compared with 90 non-OM participants as the control group. Quality of life(QOL), life satisfaction and the ability to perform basic and instrumental activities of daily living were measured using the following questionnaires: short-form health survey(SF-36), satisfaction with life scale(SWLS), activity of daily living(ADL) and instrumental activity of daily living(IADL), respectively. OM patients were categorized according to their risk factors as A, B and C hosts using a modified version of the Cierny and Mader classification system. The one sample t-test, 2-independent sample t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses were applied to analyze the data.Results: Ankle-foot pain leading to surgery(P <0.001) and orthosis usage(P =0.039) were more common in OM patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the prevalence of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases or kidney failure and other related diseases. OM patients showed a significantly lower level of mental health compared to non-OM respondents(P=0.025). Approximately, 70.0% of ankle-foot injured veterans were dissatisfied with their life, and there was no difference between the two groups(P>0.05). Mobility was significantly lower in the OM patients than in the control group(P=0.023). Life satisfaction(P=0.001) and the ability to perform daily activities were the determinants for poor physical(P=0.018) and mental health-related quality of life(P=0.012). According to the Cierny and Mader classification system, they were all included in the type C host classification, with one major and/or three or more minor risk factors.Conclusion: A low level of quality and satisfaction of life and ability to perform activities of daily living were observed in OM patients with war-related ankle-foot injuries. Surgeries of the ankle and foot due to pain were much more common in OM patients than in non-OM participants. Since all the participants were classified as the C-host, health policy planning seems to be necessary.

Osteomyelitis in diabetic foot:A comprehensive overview

Foot infection is a well recognized risk factor for major amputation in diabetic patients. The osteomyelitis is one of the most common expression of diabetic foot infection, being present approximately in present in 10%-15% of moderate and in 50% of severe infectious process. An early and accurate diagnosis is required to ensure a targeted treatment and reduce the risk of major amputation. The aim of this review is to report a complete overview about the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. Epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment are widely described according to scientific reccomendations and our experience.

Vertebral Osteomyelitis Due to <i>Candida</i>Species: A Cohort Study and Review of the Literature

Objective: To describe the demographics and outcome of patients with candidal vertebral osteomyelitis (CVO). CVO is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed condition. It may lead to destruction of the vertebral bodies, spinal cord compression and neurological deficits. Methods: The medical records of all patients diagnosed with CVO at our institution between 01/01/1990-12/31/2009 were reviewed. The cumulative probability of treatment success was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier survival method. Patients were followed until death, failure, or loss of follow-up. Results: Nine patients developed CVO during the 20 year study period. The cervical spine was involved in 5 cases. Seven patients presented with mechanical-type pain, while 2 patients had an elevated temperature at diagnosis. A contiguous infection between the upper airways and the cervical spine was present in 4 patients. One patient presented with concomitant candidemia. Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata were cultured in 3 of 9 cases respectively. Eight of 9 were treated with azole-based therapy. Patients were followed for an average of 20 months (range 1 - 75 months). The cumulative incidence of success was 66% ± 19% at 1 year and 55% ± 20% at 2 years of follow-up. Conclusions: CVO presents insidiously and is associated with a long duration of symptoms. It most frequently affects the cervical spine and is associated with a poor outcome.

Innovations in osteomyelitis research:A review of animal models

Infection of bone tissue,or osteomyelitis,has become a growing concern in modern healthcare due in no small part to a rise in antibiotic resistance among bacteria,notably Staphylococcus aureus.The current standard of care involves aggressive,prolonged antibiotic therapy combined with surgical debridement of infected tissues.While this treatment may be sufficient for resolving a portion of cases,recurrences of the infection and associated risks including toxicity with long-term antibiotic usage have been reported.Therefore,there exists a need to produce safer,more efficacious options of treatment for osteomyelitis.In order to test treatment regimens,animal models that closely mimic the clinical condition and allow for accurate evaluation of therapeutics are necessary.Establishing a model that replicates features of osteomyelitis in humans continues to be a challenge to scientists,as there are many variables involved,including choosing an appropriate species and method to establish infection.This review addresses the refinement of animal models of osteomyelitis to reflect the clinical disease and test prospective therapeutics.The aim of this review is to explore studies regarding the use of animals for osteomyelitis therapeutics research and encourage further development of such animal models for the translation of results from the animal experiment to human medicine.

Transitioning antimicrobials from intravenous to oral in pediatric acute uncomplicated osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that requires prolonged antibiotic treatment and potential surgical intervention.If left untreated,acute osteomyelitis can lead to chronic osteomyelitis and overwhelming sepsis.Early treatment is necessary to prevent complications,and the standard of care is progressing to a shorter duration of intravenous(Ⅳ) antibiotics and transitioning to oral therapy for the rest of the treatment course.We systematically reviewed the current literature on pediatric patients with acute osteomyelitis to determine when and how to transition to oral antibiotics from a short Ⅳ course.Studies have shown that switching to oral after a short course(i.e.,3-7 d) of Ⅳ therapy has similar cure rates to continuing long-term Ⅳ therapy.Prolonged Ⅳ use is also associated with increased risk of complications.Parameters that help guide clinicians on making the switch include a downward trend in fever,improvement in local tenderness,and a normalization in C-reactive protein concentration.Based on the available literature,we recommend transitioning antibiotics to oral after 3-7 d of Ⅳ therapy for pediatric patients(except neonates) with acute uncomplicated osteomyelitis if there are signs of clinical improvement,and such regimen should be continued for a total antibiotic duration of four to six weeks.

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in a 9-year-old with osteomyelitis of the knee:A case report

BACKGROUND Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease(CPPD),or pseudogout,is an inflammatory arthritis common among elderly patients,but rarely seen in patients under the age of 40.In the rare cases presented of young patients with CPPD,genetic predisposition or related metabolic conditions were almost always identified.CASE SUMMARY The authors report the case of a 9-year-old boy with no past medical history who presented with acute knee pain and swelling after a cat scratch injury 5 d prior.Synovial fluid analysis identified calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals.Further MRI analysis identified osteomyelitis and a small soft tissue abscess.CONCLUSION This case presents the extremely rare diagnostic finding of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in a previously healthy pediatric patient.The presence of osteomyelitis presents a unique insight into the pathogenesis of these crystals in pediatric patients.More research needs to be done on the role of CPPD in pediatric arthritis and joint infection.

Tuberculous osteomyelitis/arthritis of the first costoclavicular joint and sternum

A young Somali immigrant presents with a two-year history of a large, firm, painful right anterolateral chest wall sternal mass. The patient denied any history of trauma or infection at the site and did not have a fever, erythematous lesion at the site, clubbing, or lymphadenopathy. A lateral chest radiograph demonstrated a low density mass isolated to the subcutaneous soft tissue overlying the sternum, ribs and clavicle. Computed tomography(CT) with contrast demonstrated a cystic lesion in the right anterolateral chest wall deep to the pectoralis muscle. Enhanced CT of the chest demonstrated sclerosis and destruction of the rib and costochondral joint and manubrio-sternal joint narrowing. Ultrasound-guided biopsy and aspiration returned 500 cc of purulent, cloudy yellow, foul-smelling fluid. Acidfact bacilli stain and the nucleic acid amplification test identified and confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A diagnosis of tuberculous osteomyelitis/septic arthritis was made and antibiotic coverage for tuberculosis was initiated.

A Case of Ankle Osteomyelitis Caused by <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>

The proportion of non-tuberculous mycobacteria to Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultivated in the laboratory has been recently increasing. Numerous skin and soft tissue infections have been reported, while osteomyelitis is reported very rarely. A delayed diagnosis can cause a wide range of bone destruction and joint contracture, which highlights the importance of early recognition of osteomyelitis. Here we report a case of ankle osteomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and treatment failure due to delayed diagnosis.

Sonographic Diagnosis of Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in the Early Stage

This article presents sonographic diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in early stage.24 clildren with clinically suspected acute hematogtnous osteomyelits were detected to have subptrosteal abscesses by ultrasond during four to fourteen days after onset.The mean length and anteroposterior distance of the subperiosteal abscesses were 86.4 mm and 10.7 mm,respectively.Of 24 cases of subperiosteal atscesses,aspiration performed under ultrasound guidance revealed purulent fluid in al and 23 were verified surgically.The results obtained indicate that ultrasound can be used it diagnosis of actue hematogerous osteomyelitis in the early stage.the earliest case was diagrosed by ultrasound 4 days afttr onset.By use of ultrasound, differentiation diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis from other diseases such as cellulitis,soff tissue abscess,acutt septic arthritis and maignant bone tumors is also discussed.

Osteomyelitis of the pubis in a young athlete revealed by severe abdominal pain

Acute osteomyelitis is a common condition in children. Only early diagnosis prevents complications. The location at the pubic bones is very rare, even exceptional at the pubis symphis. We report a case of osteomyelitis of the pubis in a young athlete of 14 years old whose symptoms were discussing an acute abdomen, to illustrate the unusual clinical presentation, so as not to miss the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary laparotomy.

Billateral Femoral Osteomyelitis Following Venous Cutdown

Obtaining rapid access in emergency situations for infusion of IV fluids, blood and blood products or medications is vital in using various methods. These include venopuncture, intraosseous infusion, percutanous central venous access and peripheral venous cut-down. We report a case of a 30-year-old woman who developed severe obstetric hemorrhage and had peripheral venous cut-down that was complicated by bilateral femoral osteomyelitis. This is a rare occurrence and this case report shows the need for strict adherence to safety precautions to prevent complications such as that from the procedure.

Septic Chronic Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children: A Challenging Presentation of Osteomylitis in a Low Income Country

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, biological and x-ray presentation of Septic Chronic Multifocal Osteomyelitis (SCMO) and discuss the therapeutic difficulties of this pathology in an African Sub-Saharan teaching hospital. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the Orthopedics and Trauma department of the university teaching hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Over a period of two years, we selected all cases of chronic osteomyelitis. We studied the epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of SCMO cases. Results: Eleven cases of SCMO were identified. The mean age of the patients was 11.8 years and the sex ratio was 1.75. There were 7 rural patients. The mean time to visit the hospital was 158 days. The most common reasons for consultation were pain (10 cases), swelling (9 cases), and fever (7 cases). Two were sickle cell patients. The most affected bones were the femur (10 cases), the tibia (9 cases) and the fibula (6 cases). The most frequent specific radiological lesions were sequestra (6 cases) followed by pandiaphysitis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common aetiology. Treatment combined antibiotherapy and surgery (sequestrectomy and/or bone curettage and/or fistulectomy). Hip dislocations, pathological fractures and bone defect complicated the course of this disease. The therapeutic results was good in 3 patients and bad in 5 patients;the other 3 patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusion: Septic chronic multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare but formidable form of osteomyelitis in children. Therapeutic outcomes are often poor in hospitals with limited resources. The best strategy is prevention through early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of acute osteomyelitis.