Combined hybrid energy storage system and transmission grid model for peak shaving based on time series operation simulation

This study proposes a combined hybrid energy storage system(HESS) and transmission grid(TG) model, and a corresponding time series operation simulation(TSOS) model is established to relieve the peak-shaving pressure of power systems under the integration of renewable energy. First, a linear model for the optimal operation of the HESS is established, which considers the different power-efficiency characteristics of the pumped storage system, electrochemical storage system, and a new type of liquid compressed air energy storage. Second, a TSOS simulation model for peak shaving is built to maximize the power entering the grid from the wind farms and HESS. Based on the proposed model, this study considers the transmission capacity of a TG. By adding the power-flow constraints of the TG, a TSOS-based HESS and TG combination model for peak shaving is established. Finally, the improved IEEE-39 and IEEE-118 bus systems were considered as examples to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model.

Class of modified parallel combined methods of real-time numerical simulation for a stiff system

A class of modified parallel combined methods of real-time numerical simulation are presented for a stiff dynamic system. By combining the parallelism across the system with the parallelism across the method, and relaxing the dependence of stage value computation on sampling time of input function, a class of modified real-time parallel combined methods are constructed. Stiff and nonstiff subsystems are solved in parallel on a parallel computer by a parallel Rosen-brock method and a parallel RK method, respectively. Their order conditions and convergences are discussed. The numerical simulation experiments show that this class of modified algorithms can get high speed and efficiency.

The simulation of gas production from oceanic gas hydrate reservoir by the combination of ocean surface warm water flooding with depressurization

A new method is proposed to produce gas from oceanic gas hydrate reservoir by combining the ocean surface warm water flooding with depressurization which can efficiently utilize the synthetic effects of thermal, salt and depressurization on gas hydrate dissociation. The method has the advantage of high efficiency, low cost and enhanced safety. Based on the proposed conceptual method, the physical and mathematical models are established, in which the effects of the flow of multiphase fluid, the kinetic process of hydrate dissociation, the endothermic process of hydrate dissociation, ice-water phase equilibrium, salt inhibition, dispersion, convection and conduction on the hydrate disso- ciation and gas and water production are considered. The gas and water rates, formation pressure for the combination method are compared with that of the single depressurization, which is referred to the method in which only depres- surization is used. The results show that the combination method can remedy the deficiency of individual producing methods. It has the advantage of longer stable period of high gas rate than the single depressurization. It can also reduce the geologic hazard caused by the formation defor- mation due to the maintaining of the formation pressure by injected ocean warm water.

Numerical simulation and combination optimization of aluminum holding furnace linings based on simulated annealing

To reduce heat loss and save cost, a combination decision model of reverb aluminum holding furnace linings in aluminum casting industry was established based on economic thickness method, and was resolved using simulated annealing. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional mathematical model of aluminum holding furnace linings was developed and integrated with user-defined heat load distribution regime model. The optimal combination was as follows: side wall with 80 mm alumino-silicate fiber felts, 232 mm diatomite brick and 116 mm chamotte brick; top wall with 50 mm clay castables, 110 mm alumino-silicate fiber felts and 200 mm refractory concrete;and bottom wall with 232 mm high-alumina brick, 60 mm clay castables and 68 mm diatomite brick. Lining temperature from high to low was successively bottom wall, side wall, and top wall. Lining temperature gradient in increasing order of magnitude was refractory layer and insulation layer. It was indicated that the results of combination optimization of aluminum holding furnace linings were valid and feasible, and its thermo-physical mechanism and cost characteristics were reasonably revealed.

Control effect and optimization scheme of combined rockboltecable support for a tunnel in horizontally layered limestone:A case study

This study focused on the mechanical behavior of a deep-buried tunnel constructed in horizontally layered limestone,and investigated the effect of a new combined rockboltecable support system on the tunnel response.The Yujingshan Tunnel,excavated through a giant karst cave,was used as a case study.Firstly,a multi-objective optimization model for the rockboltecable support was proposed by using fuzzy mathematics and multi-objective comprehensive decision-making principles.Subsequently,the parameters of the surrounding rock were calibrated by comparing the simulation results obtained by the discrete element method(DEM)with the field monitoring data to obtain an optimized support scheme based on the optimization model.Finally,the optimization scheme was applied to the karst cave section,which was divided into the B-and C-shaped sections.The distribution range of the rockboltecable support in the C-shaped section was larger than that in the B-shaped section.The field monitoring results,including tunnel crown settlement,horizontal convergence,and axial force of the rockboltecable system,were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the optimization scheme.The maximum crown settlement and horizontal convergence were measured to be 25.9 mm and 35 mm,accounting for 0.1%and 0.2%of the tunnel height and span,respectively.Although the C-shaped section had poorer rock properties than the B-shaped section,the crown settlement and horizontal convergence in the C-shaped section ranged from 46%to 97%of those observed in the B-shaped section.The cable axial force in the Bshaped section was approximately 60%of that in the C-shaped section.The axial force in the crown rockbolt was much smaller than that in the sidewall rockbolt.Field monitoring results demonstrated that the optimized scheme effectively controlled the deformation of the layered surrounding rock,ensuring that it remained within a safe range.These results provide valuable references for the design of support systems in deep-buried tunnels situated in layered rock masses.

Modular Combination Design of Mine Rescue Capsule Based on Load Simulation

Mine rescue capsule is a typical emergency equipment in a coal mine.It provides a safe and confined space for miners when mining disasters occurred.The length of the passenger survival cell is suitable to be adjusted with several predefined modular cells according to various numbers of passengers.Aiming at the shortage of guidance rules for the modular combination design of mine rescue capsule,the configuration situations of survival cells are experimented with static and impact load analysis in ANSYS Workbench.The length range of a single cell,the combination schemes of miner survival section,and the effectiveness proof of assembled rescue capsules were solved sequentially by simulated load analysis on constructed structural models.The modular combination rules of the survival section are developed for variant passenger number ranging from 8 to 20.It also provides a reference for the optimal selection of rescue capsules with the same capacity.The proposed modular rules are effective for the rapid configuration design for mine rescue capsule driven by the number of passengers.

The computer simulation of the communication system that combines data and power down a common twisted wire pair

A peculiarity of control network systems is the automatic implementation mode of monitoring and control, without outside intervention in a control process. This mode imposes rigid restrictions upon transmitted data. All circulating data should comply to the defined time interval in which their reliability is definite. In other word communication has to be predictable and time-constrained in order to produce control output in time. This characteristic corresponds to concept 《determinism》 that characterizes an ability of a protocol to guarantee equivalent and opportune network access with the delay not exceeding definite time interval. For development of a deterministic and noise-resistant protocol is necessary to carry out analysis of an error model obtained by the computer simulation of an electromagnetic process in conditions of variety and intensity of interference. The formalization of the error model gives computer simulation an ability to get the error sequence directly without simulation of the electromagnetic process. The results of the simulation of an error sequence can be used for the expediency analysis of a noise-resistant encoding and the analysis of an error-correcting ability.

Responses of antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis in rape seedling to the combined stresses of acid rain and ultraviolet-B radiation

Effects of the simulated acid rain（AR） and ultraviolet-B（UV-B, 280-320 nm） radiation with a single or two ways simultaneously （AR ＋ UV-B） on the antioxidant enzyme and photosynthesis of the rape seedlings were investigated by the hydroponic culture. The results of static experiment indicated that the tolerance of rape seedling to single stress（AR or UV-B） is stronger than that to dual stresses（AR ＋ UV-B）. Furthermore, the dual stresses had additive effect on catalase activity, and a synergistic effect on MDA content, net photosynthesis rate, water use efficiency as well as intercellular CO2 concentration. Meanwhile, it has an independent effect on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate as well as membrane permeability. During 64 h restoration course, the dynamic change in the curves of physiological and biochemical indices were not identical, and none of them show a simple linear variation. According to the static and dynamic experiments, it was found that a responsive sequence of catalase activity, membrane permeability, MDA content and photosynthetic characteristics to the above-mentioned stresses was as follows： AR ＋ UV-B 〉 UV-B 〉 AR.

Stability and reliability of pit slopes in surface mining combined with underground mining in Tonglushan mine

Slope stability is of critical importance in the process of surface-underground mining combination. The influence of underground mining on pit slope stability was mainly discussed, and the self-stabilization of underground stopes was also studied. The random finite element method was used to analyze the probability of the rock mass stability degree of both pit slopes and underground stopes. Meanwhile, 3D elasto-plastic finite element method was used to research into the stress, strain and rock mass failure resulting from mining. The results of numerical simulation indicate that the mining of the underground test stope has certain influence on the stability of the pit slope, but the influence is not great. The safety factor of pit slope is decreased by 0.06, and the failure probability of the pit slope is increased by 1.84%. In addition, the strata yielding zone exists around the underground test stope. The results basically conform to the information coming from the field monitoring.

THE METHOD OF PHOTOPLASTIC SIMULATION AND ITS APPLICATION ON COMPLICATED DEFORMATION

The paper concisely introduced the hoopment of photoplastic simulation and the principle of its appli- cation.Deformations of combine extrusion and strain distributin in the process of upsetting the cylinder with void were studied by this physical photoplasic simulation method. Some important informations obtained from the simulation experiment are helpful to understand the deformation law and the charac- teristics of material flowing.The validity of the physical simulation method and the importance of com- bining the physical simulation method with numerical simulation method together were proposed in the paper.

Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of Alkali Metals in a Combined Wick of High-Temperature Heat Pipe

To study the heat and mass transfer characteristics of alkali metals in a combined porous wick in high-temperature heat pipes,a three-dimensional(3-D)numerical model is constructed by using the finite volume method,Darcy’s theory,and the theory of local thermal equilibrium.The research finds that the pressure drop of fluids flowing through a combined porous wick exhibits an increasing trend with increasing flow velocity at the inlet and with decreasing permeability of the porous media;a combined porous wick of lower porosity and permeability and larger fluid velocity at the inlet is found to have a less uniformly distributed fluid velocity;the different temperatures of the fluid at the inlet mainly influence the inlet section of the computational model,while having negligible effect thereon in the axial direction(this embodies the thermal homogeneity of such heat pipes).The result reveals that the temperature change in fluids at the inlet does not significantly affect the overall temperature distribution in a combined wick.

Numerical Simulation of Interaction Between Laminar Flow and Elastic Sheet

A numerical simulation of the interaction between laminar flow with low Reynolds number and a highly flexible elastic sheet is presented. The mathematical model for the simulation includes a three-dimensional finitevolume based fluid solver for incompressible viscous flow and a combined finite-discrete element method for the three-dimensional deformation of solid. An immersed boundary method is used to couple the simulation of fluid and solid. It is implemented through a set of immersed boundary points scattered on the solid surface. These points provide a deformable solid wall boundary for the fluid by adding body force to Navier-Stokes equations. The force from the fluid is also obtained for each point and then applied on the boundary nodes of the solid. The vortex-induced vibration of the highly flexible elastic sheet is simulated with the established mathematical model. The simulated results for both swing pattern and oscillation frequency of the elastic sheet in low Reynolds number flow agree well with experimental data.

Research on seismic performance and design method of combined steel lead energy dissipation structure(Ⅰ)

A new combined steel lead damper (NCSLD) was presented. Construction and working mechanism of NCSLD were introduced,pseudo-static tests of the small size dampers which would be used in the subsequent shaking table tests were carried out for the study of mechanical properties of NCSLD using electro-hydraulic servo press-shear machine. Processing technology of the damper was improved. Shaking table tests under two-dimensional excitation on structural aseismic control of a one-story structure model were carried out using the small size NCSLD; parameters of the structure and shaking table were also introduced. Results indicate that process improvement is beneficial to the implementation of working mechanism of the damper,NCSLD has full hysteresis loop which takes on bilinearity,NCSLD has obvious energy dissipation effect and it can control structural seismic response effectively.

Combined iterative cross-correlation demodulation scheme for mixing space borne automatic identification system signals

Aiming at the potential presence of mixing automatic identification system(AIS) signals,a new demodulation scheme was proposed for separating other interfering signals in satellite systems.The combined iterative cross-correlation demodulation scheme,referred to as CICCD,yielded a set of single short signals based on the prior information of AIS,after the frequency,code rate and modulation index were estimated.It demodulates the corresponding short codes according to the maximum peak of cross-correlation,which is simple and easy to implement.Numerical simulations show that the bit error rate of proposed algorithm improves by about 40% compared with existing ones,and about 3 dB beyond the standard AIS receiver.In addition,the proposed demodulation scheme shows the satisfying performance and engineering value in mixing AIS environment and can also perform well in low signal-to-noise conditions.

Dynamic response of UHMWPE plates under combined shock and fragment loading

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)fiber composite has been extensively used to construct lightweight protective structures against ballistic impacts,yet little is known about its performance when subjected to combined blast and fragment impacts.Built upon a recently developed laboratory-scale experimental technique to generate simulated combined loading through the impact of a fragment-foam composite projectile launched from a light gas gun,the dynamic responses of fullyclamped UHMWPE plates subjected to combined loading were characterized experimentally,with corresponding deformation and failure modes compared with those measured with simulated blast loading alone.Subsequently,to explore the underlying physical mechanisms,three-dimensional(3D)numerical simulations with the method of finite elements(FE)were systematically carried out.Numerical predictions compared favorably well with experimental measurements,thus validating the feasibility of the established FE model.Relative to the case of blast loading alone,combined blast and fragment loading led to larger maximum deflections of clamped UHMWPE plates.The position of the FSP in the foam sabot affected significantly the performance of a UHMWPE target,either enhancing or decreasing its ballistic resistance.When the blast loading and fragment impact arrived simultaneously at the target,its ballistic resistance was superior to that achieved when subjected to fragment impact alone,and benefited from the accelerated movement of the target due to simultaneous blast loading.

Deformation coordination analysis of CC-RCC combined dam structures under dynamic loads

A combined dam structure using different concrete materials offers many practical benefits.There are several real-world cases where largevolume heterogeneous concrete materials have been used together.From the engineering design standpoint,it is crucial to understand the deformation coordination characteristics and mechanical properties of large-volume heterogeneous concrete,which affect dam safety and stability.In this study,a large dam facility was selected for a case study,and various design schemes of the combined dam structure were developed by changing the configurations of material zoning and material types for a given dam shape.Elastoplastic analysis of the damfoundation-reservoir system for six schemes was carried out under dynamic conditions,in which the concrete damaged plasticity(CDP)model,the Lagrangian finite element formulation,and a surface-to-surface contact model were utilized.To evaluate the mechanical properties of zoning interfaces and coordination characteristics,the vertical distribution of the first principal stress at the longitudinal joint was used as the critical index of deformation coordination control,and the overall deformation and damage characteristics of the dam were also investigated.Through a comparative study of the design schemes,an optimal scheme of the combined dam structure was identified:large-volume roller-compacted concrete(RCC)is recommended for the dam body upstream of the longitudinal joint,and high-volume fly ash conventional concrete(CC)for the dam body downstream of the longitudinal joint.This study provides engineers with a reference basis for combined dam structure design.

INVESTIG ATIONS OF WAKE FLOWS OF A FLAT PLATE IN STEADY, OSCILLATORY AND COMBINED FLOWS

Numerical study on near wake flows of a flat plate in three kinds of oncoming flows is made by using the discrete vortex model and improved vorticity creation method. For steady oncoming flow, both gross and detailed features of the wake flow are calculated and discussed. Then, in harmonic oscillatory oncoming flow two different wake flow patterns with K_c=2,4 and 10 are obtained respectively. Our results present a new wake flow pattern for low K_c numbers (K_c<5) describing vortex shedding, pairing and moving in a period of the oscillatory flow starting from rest. The calculated drag and inertia force coefficients are closer to experimental data from the U-tube than the previous results of vortex simulation. For in-line combined oncoming flow the vortex lock-in and dynamic characteristics are simulated. The results are shown to be in good agreement with experiments.

Numerical and experimental study on coherent beam combining of fibre amplifiers using simulated annealing algorithm

We present the numerical and experimental study on the coherent beam combining of fibre amplifiers by means of simulated annealing （SA） algorithm. The feasibility is validated by the Monte Carlo simulation of correcting static phase distortion using SA algorithm. The performance of SA algorithm under time-varying phase noise is numerically studied by dynamic simulation. It is revealed that the influence of phase noise on the performance of SA algorithm gets stronger with an increase in amplitude or frequency of phase noise; and the laser array that contains more lasers will be more affected from phase noise. The performance of SA algorithm for coherent beam combining is also compared with a widely used stochastic optimization algorithm, i.e., the stochastic parallel gradient descent （SPGD） algorithm. In a proof-of-concept experiment we demonstrate the coherent beam combining of two 1083~nm fibre amplifiers with a total output power of 12~W and 93% combining efficiency. The contrast of the far-field coherently combined beam profiles is calculated to be as high as 95%.

Quantum simulation of τ-anti-pseudo-Hermitian two-level systems

Different from the Hermitian case, non-Hermitian(NH) systems have novel properties and strongly relate to open and dissipative quantum systems. In this work, we investigate how to simulate τ-anti-pseudo-Hermitian systems in a Hermitian quantum device using linear combinations of unitaries and duality quantum algorithm. Specifying the τ to time-reversal(T) and parity-time-reversal(PT) operators, we construct the two NH two-level systems, design quantum circuits including three qubits, and decide the quantum gates explicitly in detail. We also calculate the success probabilities of the simulation.Experimental implementation can be expected in small quantum simulator.

Improved Approach to Determine the Material Parameters for a Combined Hardening Model

For the simulation of isothermal mechanically loaded components, it is indispensable to have a material model, which describes the material behavior very accurately. In this case, a combined hardening model was chosen in order to reflect the prevalent deformation behavior. The combined hardening model enables simulation independent of the number of load cycles and the chosen strain amplitude. The main point is the declaration of the parameters from the chosen material model. This work deals with the estimation of the parameters. For validation and as input data of the here defined approach low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were performed on cast aluminum and at 250°C. The comparison of the test results and the simulations indicated that σmax from the simulated hysteresis lies inside a range of ±5% referred to the test results.