Lumbar vertebra motion analysis provides objective measurement of lumbar disorder. The automatic tracking algorithm has been applied to Digitalized Video Fluoroscopy (DVF) sequence. This paper proposes a new Auto-Trac...Lumbar vertebra motion analysis provides objective measurement of lumbar disorder. The automatic tracking algorithm has been applied to Digitalized Video Fluoroscopy (DVF) sequence. This paper proposes a new Auto-Tracking System (ATS) with a guide device and a motion analysis to automatically measure human lumbar motion. Digitalized Video Fluoroscopy (DVF) sequence was obtained during flexion-extension lumbar movement under guide device. An extraction of human vertebral body and its motion tracking were developed by particle filter. The results showed a good repeatability, reliability and robustness. In model test, the maximum fiducial error is 3.7% and the repeatability error is 1.2% in translation and the maximal repeatability error is 2.6% in rotation angle. In this simulation study, we employed a lumbar model to simulate the motion of lumber flexion- extension with the stepping translation of 1.3 mm and rotation angle of 1°. Results showed that the fiducial error was measured as 1.0%, while the repeatability error was 0.7%. The sequence can be detected even noise contamination as more as 0.5 of the density. The result demonstrates that the data from the auto-tracking algorithm shows a strong correlation with the actual measurement and that the Vertebral Auto-Tracking System (VATS) is highly repetitive. In the human lumbar spine evaluation, the study not only shows the reliability of Auto-Tracking Analysis System (ATAS), but also reveals that it is robust and variable in vivo. The VATS is evaluated by the model, the simulated sequence and the human subject. It could be concluded that the developed system could provide a reliable and robust system to detect spinal motion in future medical application.展开更多
本文旨在研究"营改增"对进出口的影响效应。现有文献在理论分析中常将"营改增"试点的生产性服务业视为产业链最终环节,而本文将其视为制造业产业链的中间环节,其提供的产品为制造业的中间投入品,这样的分析角度更...本文旨在研究"营改增"对进出口的影响效应。现有文献在理论分析中常将"营改增"试点的生产性服务业视为产业链最终环节,而本文将其视为制造业产业链的中间环节,其提供的产品为制造业的中间投入品,这样的分析角度更有利于分析营改增与制造业进出口的关系。根据本文的理论分析,"营改增"对进出口的影响可分为"增/减税效应"、"税负转嫁效应"以及"进项税抵扣效应",而总效应的正负取决于试点后试点企业为增值税一般纳税企业或小规模纳税企业的比例,以及其试点企业的税负转嫁能力。在理论研究基础上,本文应用Hsiao et al.(2012)政策评估方法,以上海和北京为例,对"营改增"的进出口效应进行实证评估。展开更多
文摘Lumbar vertebra motion analysis provides objective measurement of lumbar disorder. The automatic tracking algorithm has been applied to Digitalized Video Fluoroscopy (DVF) sequence. This paper proposes a new Auto-Tracking System (ATS) with a guide device and a motion analysis to automatically measure human lumbar motion. Digitalized Video Fluoroscopy (DVF) sequence was obtained during flexion-extension lumbar movement under guide device. An extraction of human vertebral body and its motion tracking were developed by particle filter. The results showed a good repeatability, reliability and robustness. In model test, the maximum fiducial error is 3.7% and the repeatability error is 1.2% in translation and the maximal repeatability error is 2.6% in rotation angle. In this simulation study, we employed a lumbar model to simulate the motion of lumber flexion- extension with the stepping translation of 1.3 mm and rotation angle of 1°. Results showed that the fiducial error was measured as 1.0%, while the repeatability error was 0.7%. The sequence can be detected even noise contamination as more as 0.5 of the density. The result demonstrates that the data from the auto-tracking algorithm shows a strong correlation with the actual measurement and that the Vertebral Auto-Tracking System (VATS) is highly repetitive. In the human lumbar spine evaluation, the study not only shows the reliability of Auto-Tracking Analysis System (ATAS), but also reveals that it is robust and variable in vivo. The VATS is evaluated by the model, the simulated sequence and the human subject. It could be concluded that the developed system could provide a reliable and robust system to detect spinal motion in future medical application.
文摘本文旨在研究"营改增"对进出口的影响效应。现有文献在理论分析中常将"营改增"试点的生产性服务业视为产业链最终环节,而本文将其视为制造业产业链的中间环节,其提供的产品为制造业的中间投入品,这样的分析角度更有利于分析营改增与制造业进出口的关系。根据本文的理论分析,"营改增"对进出口的影响可分为"增/减税效应"、"税负转嫁效应"以及"进项税抵扣效应",而总效应的正负取决于试点后试点企业为增值税一般纳税企业或小规模纳税企业的比例,以及其试点企业的税负转嫁能力。在理论研究基础上,本文应用Hsiao et al.(2012)政策评估方法,以上海和北京为例,对"营改增"的进出口效应进行实证评估。
