An analysis of agarwood trade patterns,historical perspectives,and species identification challenges:repercussions for importing nations

Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.

Water pollution footprints induced by industrial import and export in China

With the rapid development of foreign trade in China, industrial import and export has been an absolute subject in recent years. The huge trade surplus of import and export trade of industrial products brings not only high profits, but also pollution costs as well. Based on the concept of water pollution footprints(WPFs), this study applies the input-output method and calculates pollutant-producing coefficients of 20 major industrial sectors in China and investigates the WPFs caused by the import and export trades of these industrial sectors. The research results show that WPF resulting from exports exceeds that of imports from 2011 to 2015 in China. The net inflow of pollution footprint is mainly from paper mills, printing and stationery manufacturing, and textile industry; whereas a great number of WPFs are transferred to other countries by these sectors,such as metal mining and dressing industry and oil and natural gas exploitation industry.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between China's Maize Price and Maize Import and Export Trade

Based on the time series of China’s maize trade and domestic maize price,the article analyzes the relationship between domestic maize price and China’s maize international trade by using empirical methods.The results show that there is a connection between domestic maize prices and China's maize international trade,but the link is not very close.Domestic maize price is the cause of China’s maize international trade change,but its impact is very limited;China's maize international trade also can make some difference on the domestic maize price.Based on the results of research,the article brings three suggestion and expectation to adjust China’s maize international trade and the cost control reasonably in order to stabilize domestic maize price and maize yield,and to protect domestic grain security.

China Import and Export Commodity Quality Certificate Centre (CQC)

The CQC is an independent and impartial quality certificate organization with third party status established by the State Import and Export Commodity Inspection Administration (SCIA) in accordance with the Law of Commodity Inspection and granted its duties and obligations by the State Council.The main aspects of its duties and obligations include: implementing the certification of import commodity safety and quality; the certification of the quality control system and the

Jiangsu's Top Enterprises with Import and Export Value of More Than US$ 200 Million in 1995

Name of the Enterprise1. Jiangsu Overseas Enterprises (Group) Co. Ltd2. Yizheng Chemical Fibers Co. Ltd3. Jiangsu Silk Products Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co. Ltd4. Jiangsu Garments Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co. Ltd5. Zhangjiagang Foreign Trading Company6. Jiangsu Textiles Imp. & Exp. (Group) Co.

The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate

The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking,the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports,while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities,so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports.Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad.

Beijing Light Industrial Products Import and Export Corporation

The Beijing Light Industrial Products Import and Export Corporation is under the Beijing Municipal Foreign Economic and Trade Commission. It is a state-owned specialized foreign trading corporation founded in 1964. Through constant development and growth, the corporation has established business relations with over 2,000 customers in over 100 countries and regions worldwide. Domestically,

Remarkable Growth of China's Food Import and Export

Along with the rapid development of its foreign trade, China’s food imports and exports have also increased by a large margin in recent years. In 1994, the total value of imports and exports of food in the country reached US$12.

Import and Export Quality Guaranteed for the Steady Development of Foreign Trade

Under the good situation of the reform and opening to the outside world, the rapid development of foreign economic and trade has resulted in enhancing the inspection work of import and export commodities in China. The commodity inspection organs at all level adhere to the work policy of guaranteeing quality and offering better service, making import and export commodity quality as their central task. They strictly implement national laws and regulations to serve commodity inspection and management, thus achieving great success.

Theoretical Research on the Import and Export of Iron Ore and Harmful Element Detection Method based on Microwave Digestion Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Approach

In this paper, we conduct research on the import and export of iron ore and harmful element detection method based on microwave digestion inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry approach. Our country gradually increased demand for iron ore, iron ore trade, in order to ensure that the quality of the iron ore and taste which must be tested for total iron content. At the same time it also increased the demand for iron ore, although China＇ s iron ore production has been greatly improved. Our proposed approach optimizes the traditional detection method which will be meaningful.

NEW REGULATIONS ON IMPORT AND EXPORT MANAGEMENT RIGHTS GRANTED TO COMMERCIAL AND MATERIAL SUPPLY ENTERPRISES

With the approval of the State Council, State Economicand Trade Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade and EconomicCooperation and Ministry of Internal Trade recently issued theCircular Regarding Some Relevant Issues in Granting Import andExport Management Rights to Commercial and Material SupplyEnterprises. It means that work ofgranting import and exportmanagement rights has from a trial been led onto the right path ofexamination and approval. The principle of examination and ap-proval, conditions, and the procedure of reporting to a higher in-stitution shall still be in conformity with the relevant regulationsprescribed in Decree No.76 (1993) of the State Council.In November 1993, the State Council approved and trans-mitted Opinions on Experiment of Granting Import and ExportManagement Rights to Some Commercial and Material Enterprisesby State Economic and Trade Commision, Ministry of ForeignTrade and Economic Cooperation and Ministry of Internal Trade.Totaling 206 commercial (including grain and supply and sale)and material supply enterprises are put to trial and granted

CMC Baili Import and Export Company

The CMC Baili Import and Export Company previously was the No.7 Export Business Department of the China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation,but now a subsidiary of the corporation.Rapid business development has enabled it to become an independent cerporate entity with businese autonomy since 1993. With group of experienced staff with pioneering and creative spirit and stable supply and sales channels at home and abroad the company has its business expanded to the United States,the Commonwealth of Independent States,Czech Republic,Slovakia,Poland,Hungary,

Beijing Chemical Group Import and Export Corp.

The Beijing Chemical Group Import and Export Corporation previously the Beijing Jinghuan Corporation, Ltd. was founded in September 1988 with the approval of the Beijing municipal government. A specialized foreign trade corporation under the Beijing Chemical Group, the corporation handles its own exports, mainly engaged in the import and export of the products produced individually or jointly by various enterprises in the group. Since it began operation in January 1989, the corporation has displayed the superiority of combined industry and trade and expanded

New Category List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection

In light of the needs of China’s foreign economic and trade development and the regulations of the Law of Commodity Inspection, the State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection issued a readjusted Category List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection, and it is implemented officially on July 1, 1995. The new category list is compiled on the classified basis of the Commodity Names and Code Coordination System used widely around the world. The commodity code and name are identical to the Commodity List of the Custom Statisticsrelating to which there are 2。

Category List of Import and Export Commodities Subject to Inspection Implemented by the Institutions of Commodity Inspection (Ⅱ)

Issued on April 26, 1995 by the State Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection of

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON ADMINISTRATION OF IMPORT AND EXPORT ENTERPRISE IDENTIFICATION DIGITS

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economy Co-operation (hereinafter called the MOFFEC)willintroduce throughout the country "the Importand Export Enterprise Identification Digits of thePeople’s Republic of China" (hereinafter called"IEEID") for the purpose of pushing forward the de-velopment of foreign economy and trade, strength-ening macro-administration by the governments andimproving working efficiency and service. ThisRegulation has been enacted to ensure

Tentative tariff rate for partial import and export products adjusted

The tentative tariff rate for partial import and export products was adjusted since November 1^(st) of 2006.Total 58 imported commodities will be imposed lower tentative