Commodities Boom and the Structure of Sino-Brazilian Trade: A Study of the Period 2000-2021

The present study aims to analyze the growing Sino-Brazilian trade relationship and how China has contributed to the commodity price boom in the recent period.Throughout the article,it was possible to identify that the export and import agenda between countries differs in terms of number of products and technological intensity,so that imported products are capital intensive,while exported products are predominantly commodities.The text is divided into two main sections,firstly addressing the literature review on the commodities boom and highlighting the“China effect”.The second section analyzes trade between the countries,so that the trade relationship has followed an increasing trajectory since 2003.As of 2009,China has become Brazil’s main trading partner,surpassing historical partners such as the United States and Argentina.

A Full-Scale Optimization of a Crop Spatial Planting Structure and its Associated Effects

Driven by the concept of agricultural sustainable development,crop planting structure optimization(CPSO)has become an effective measure to reduce regional crop water demand,ensure food security,and protect the environment.However,traditional optimization of crop planting structures often ignores the impact on regional food supply–demand relations and interprovincial food trading.Therefore,using a system analysis concept and taking virtual water output as the connecting point,this study proposes a theoretical CPSO framework based on a multi-aspect and full-scale evaluation index system.To this end,a water footprint(WF)simulation module denoted as soil and water assessment tool–water footprint(SWAT-WF)is constructed to simulate the amount and components of regional crop WFs.A multi-objective spatial CPSO model with the objectives of maximizing the regional economic water productivity(EWP),minimizing the blue water dependency(BWFrate),and minimizing the grey water footprint(GWFgrey)is established to achieve an optimal planting layout.Considering various benefits,a fullscale evaluation index system based on region,province,and country scales is constructed.Through an entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)comprehensive evaluation model,the optimal plan is selected from a variety of CPSO plans.The proposed framework is then verified through a case study of the upper–middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin in Gansu province,China.By combining the theory of virtual water trading with system analysis,the optimal planting structure is found.While sacrificing reasonable regional economic benefits,the optimization of the planting structure significantly improves the regional water resource benefits and ecological benefits at different scales.

An Analysis of Trade Structure,Comparative Advantage and Complementarity of Agricultural Products between China and the Main East Asian Countries

On the basis of describing trade value and trade structure of agricultural products between China and main countries in East Asia,this paper uses revealed comparative advantage index and trade complementarity index to calculate the comparative advantage and complementarity between China and Japan,Korea and ASEAN countries. The research shows that the trade complementarity of agricultural products between China and Japan & Korea is weak,but the complementarity of some agricultural products between China and Japan is very strong. The trade competitiveness and complementarity of agricultural products between China and ASEAN coexist,and there is strong cooperative potential between China and ASEAN.

Effects of Commodity Trade Structure Variations on Labor' s Share of Income in China——An Empirical Study Based on Data of Production Industry Sectors

Proceeding from trade structure variations,this paper provides a new perspective on the study of the share of labor income in China.China's commodity trade structure has experienced a step change in recent years.According to theoretical analysis,trade exerts not only a direct effect on the share of labor income through international division of labor and specialization but also an indirect effect through factor intensity variations and technology progress bias.Empirical study discovered that export has a significant negative effect on the share of China's labor income while import has a positive effect.Import and export have different levels and directions of effect on sectors with different factor intensity.

An Economic Analysis of Development and Structure of the Foreign Total Intra-Arab Trade

The foreign intra-Arab trade is an essential tool and important input in order to achieve an important Arab economic integration. However, in spite of the efforts for the Liberation of the Arab Trade and Development, the fact indicates the modest rate of the foreign intra-Arab trade to the foreign total Arab trade with the world, as it does not exceed that percentage to 10.9% in year 2013. The present research is aimed at measuring the efficiency of the total foreign intra-Arab trade during the period (1990-2010). Where, it has been increased sharply, as value of the total foreign intra-Arab trade increases annually by about 12.6%. Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates are considered the most important contributors of the total foreign intra-Arab trade, and a category of manufacturing has dominated the largest relative importance in average value of total Arab trade, which has accounted to 50.8%. Followed by category, metal fuel and other metals are accounted by about 25.3% and there is lower overall contribution to the foreign intra-Arab trade in the total foreign trade of Arab and its amount has increased by 10.58%. Therefore, it is recommended to further coordination among the Arab States in the areas of production and specialization in economic production. This is also recommended to establish the specialized department for greater Arab free trade area in every Arab country in addition to accelerate the establishment of a customs union.

China’s Imports Technology Structure and Its Relationship with Trade Partners:1995-2011

This paper uses the latest data to analyze the historical patterns and the current situation of the technology structure of China＇ commodities imports, the structure of China＇s commodities imports from 19 countries and regions, and China＇s interdependent relationship with its trade partners on the basis of studying 230 kinds of manufactured products categorized by their technological intensity. The results show that during the period of 1995-2011, the share of low technology （low-tech） products and medium technology （medium-tech） products declined,＂ the share of primary products, resource- based products, and high technology （high-tech） products increased; high-tech products had taken the largest share, bypassing low-tech and medium-tech products, as early as 2000; different types of countries exported different kinds of commodities to China and had different positions in China＇s imports; China had relatively high interdependent relations with Japan, South Korea and China＇s Taiwan; China had relatively low interdependent relations with the United States, Germany, France and the Netherlands; China＇s import dependence on major developing countries and emerging developing countries was less than these countries＇ export dependence on China; China was the leading export destination for major developing countries and emerging developing countries. Generally speaking, the development of China＇s import trade is inclusive, and China shares its growth with other countries. It not only promotes developing countries＇exports but also enhances developed countries＇ exports.

SWOT Analysis and Recommendations for Enhancing Sino-Russian Agricultural Trade Cooperation

With the outbreak of the Russian-Ukraine conflict,the changes in agricultural trade between China and Russia are receiving more and more attention.This study analyzes the current status of Sino-Russian agricultural trade and employs a SWOT analysis to explore the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities,and threats within their agricultural trading activities.The findings suggest there are opportunities for further optimization and enhancement in the Sino-Russian agricultural trade.Based on this,suggestions proposed include accelerating the development of transportation hubs,facilitating agricultural trade,refining legal frameworks for agricultural exports,and expediting the establishment of economic cooperation zones.

ADJUSTMENT IN CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE AND ITS FOREIGN TRADE

Of its total export volume,the proportion of China’s new andhigh technology products and highvalue-added products is extremelylow. Its pure technological exportrate is only 2 percent of the total.Therefore,along with thetransformation of the mode ofgrowth of China’s nationaleconomy, a corresponding growthmode transformation should takeplace in its foreign trade sector,and it is necessary to achieve asignificant change in its importand export product mix.

Deepening Retorm of Foreign Trade Structure to Expand Foreign Trade Delevlopment

To speed up the reform of the foreigntrade structure for meeting the needsof the international trade plan in ac-cordance with the demands of socialist marketeconomy is an important measure to realizethe intensive management of the nationaleconomy in Jiangsu Province during theNinth Five Year Plan from 1996 to 2000. In the period of the Eighth

Beijing's Foreign Trade——Readjusting the Structure for New Growth Points in Beijing's Foreign Trade

At a working conference, Vice Mayor Lu Yucheng presented a plan for Beijing’s 1997 work in foreign trade and economic cooperation. The general task is to carry out the strategy of great economy and trade, expand exports, use foreign funds reasonably and effectively, and conduct international economic and technical cooperation. The major target is to complete export volume of US$2.3 billion. Last year’s import and

Seven Decades of China’s Foreign Trade:Growth and Structural Improvement

Over the past seven decades since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China has continuously increased its import and export volumes along with improving its trade structure,becoming a major trading nation and making progress toward a trading power.In the 13th Five-Year Plan period(2016-2020),China has experienced acceleration in its foreign trade structural adjustment under its opening-up strategy,and the function of foreign trade has shifted from being a driver for growth to being a way to balance development.China is expected to continue its trade growth momentum and structural improvement and strengthen its trade competitiveness.In achieving this vision,China should make efforts to increase structural equilibrium,create a favorable external trade environment,and pave the way for trade growth and sustainable development.

Exploring the complex structural evolution of global primary product trade network

The production and trade of primary products had a growing impact on the economic security of all countries and regions,and the strategic position of these products in the global trade network was becoming increasingly prominent.Based on complex network theory,this paper explored the spatial pattern and complex structural evolution of the global primary product trade network(GPPTN)during 1985-2015 by using index methods,such as centrality,Sankey diagram,and structure entropy,focusing on the diversified spatial structure of China’s import and export markets for primary products(with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)and their geographical implications for China’s energy security.The research offered the following key findings.The GPPTN showed an obvious spatial heterogeneity pattern,and the area of import consumption was more concentrated;however,the overall trend was decentralized.The trade center of gravity shifted eastwards and reflected the rise of emerging markets.The overall flow of the GPPTN was from west to east and from south to north.In terms of the community detection of the GPPTN,North America,Europe,and Asia increasingly presented an unbalanced“tripartite confrontation”.China’s exports of primary products were mainly concentrated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and other peripheral regions of Asia,and its imports undergone a major transformation,gradually expanding from the peripheral regions of Asia to Africa,the Middle East,Latin America,and other parts of the world.Energy fuels also became the largest imported primary products.Based on the changing trend of structural entropy and main market share,the analysis showed that the stable supply of China’s energy diversification was gradually realized.In particular,the cooperation dividend proposed by the Belt and Road initiative became an important turning point and a strong support for the expansion of China’s energy market diversification pattern and guarantee of energy security.

三个拉丁方的Fine-structure的一些结果

如果存在三个v阶拉丁方有fine-structure(t,s),将所有这样的整数对(t,s)的集合记为Fin(v)。证明了(2,14),(2,15),(2,16)■Fin(v),v=5,6,7。

Structural Upgrade of China's Commodity Trade during 1987-2014

This paper investigates the structural upgrade of China's commodity trade over the past two decades from the perspectives of commodity categories, technical value-added and quality level. Based on the analysis of commodity categories, technical value-added and quality, this paper arrives at the following findings: High technology manufactures accounted for a growing share of China's commodity export, the overall technical level of Chinese exports significantly upgraded, and most of Chinese commodities upgraded from low quality to medium-and high-quality levels. As can be seen from the structure of China's bilateral trade with its five major trading partners, China's exporting goods remained inferior to importing goods in terms of technology and quality despite their quality upgrades.

International Trade Barriers Complaints and Structural Employment： A Conceptual and Quantitative Macro-perspective

Free trade is beneficial for all nations. Pareto optimality can be reached by trade without barriers, leading to maximizing total welfare of nations involved. Yet there are clear cases of complaining at the World Trade Organization （WTO） in which home bias is plausibly the reason for complaining, rather than objective criteria of the rules of trade agreements. Next to home bias in individual cases induced home bias leading to complaining at WTO might also be a trend. Using correlation and stepwise regression analysis a dataset on 28 complaining countries is analysed. The number of complaints at the WTO is the dependent variable in exploratory modeling. Independent variables are various variables on economic structure. Structural unemployment （SUN）, agricultural import share, current account balance, international property rights （IPR）, and foreign direct investment （FDI） turned out to be significantly related to the number of complaints. This is a strong indicator that complaining at the WTO is at least partly induced by other than objective factors. One of these factors other than objective factors could be considered as an induced home bias which leads to disruptive trade. The established relationship with one of these factors indicates the existence of induced home bias as an actual trend based on the outcomes of the analysis presented.

THE WAY FOR STATE FOREIGN TRADE ENTERPRISES TO ADOPT STRUCTURAL REFORM

The Sichuan Provincial ChangjiangEnterprise Company, the former ofSichuan Provincial ChangjiangEnterprise (Group) Holdings Co.(SPCEGHC), is a comprehensive foreigntrade enterprise under the direct leadershipof the provincial government, mainly engagedin various kinds of foreign trade businessand as an agent for clients, involving deliveryof goods to foreign countries, the exchangeof technology, and the repair and leasing ofdomestic equipment. It was restructured tobecome an enterprise group in 1988, a"window" corporation on the province.

Research on the Impact of Low Carbon Economy on China’s Foreign Trade

Considering the growing prominence of global environmental issues,a low-carbon economy has emerged as a crucial direction for economic development across various countries.As the world’s second-largest economy,China has also witnessed the influence of a low-carbon economy on its international trade development.This article aims to commence with an exploration of the development background,meaning,and significance of a low-carbon economy.Subsequently,it delves into an in-depth analysis of the impact that a low-carbon economy has on China’s international trade.The article concludes by proposing pertinent countermeasures and suggestions.

全球生物柴油产业发展现状及其对我国植物油安全的影响

近年来,全球生物柴油产业快速发展,用于生产生物柴油的植物油消费量持续增加,对我国植物油供给稳定造成影响。对全球生物柴油整体发展情况、生物柴油产业发展影响因素、主要生产国生物柴油政策、生物柴油产业发展前景等进行研究,分析了全球生物柴油产业发展对我国植物油安全的影响,并提出相关建议。生物柴油产业发展改变了全球植物油消费结构、贸易流向,对我国油脂油料进口构成威胁,影响我国植物油供给安全。建议发展中国特色的生物柴油产业,提高我国油脂油料自给率,推动植物油多元化进口,确保我国植物油供给安全,同时呼吁生物柴油生产国优先保障食用消费,合理发展生物柴油。

中国制造业数字化对贸易竞争力的影响研究

利用WIOTs结合中国制造业行业2003-2014年的面板数据,研究了制造业数字化对贸易竞争力的影响。研究结果表明:制造业数字化可以促进贸易竞争力的提升,制造业数字化水平每提升1%,就会拉动贸易竞争力提升0.478%。异质性分析结果表明:制造业数字化显著提升了技术密集型行业的贸易竞争力但抑制了劳动密集型行业的贸易竞争力;国内数字化投入对贸易竞争力具有显著的提升效应,但国外数字化投入对其并无显著影响。机制检验的结果表明:制造业数字化可以通过技术创新以及人力资本结构升级的中介效应来提升其贸易竞争力。最后根据研究结论,提出了我国要提升制造业行业数字化水平、加大国内数字化投入、推动技术创新以及加强高素质劳动力培养等政策建议。

用能权交易政策对地区产业结构优化升级的影响

中共二十大报告中提及中国现有资源环境约束趋紧、环境污染等问题,而用能权交易政策是中国实现绿色、循环、低碳发展的关键举措,是推进可持续发展和生态文明建设的重大制度创新,那么在生态效益和经济效益的双重考虑下,该政策能否对产业结构产生影响效果?基于此,该研究以用能权交易试点启动为准自然实验,采用31个省份2009—2020年的面板数据,运用双重差分法探究该政策对产业结构优化升级的影响与作用机制。研究结果表明:①整体上看,用能权交易政策能够显著促进产业结构优化升级,对产业结构高级化的促进作用大于对产业结构合理化的不利影响,且在通过一系列平行趋势假设检验、安慰剂检验等稳健性检验后该结论仍成立。②进一步的机制分析表明,用能权政策促进产业结构高级化的实现路径为技术创新水平的提升和能源消费结构的升级,并且该政策通过改善部分产业部门的投入结构和产出结构来抑制对产业结构合理化的不利影响。③异质性分析表明,用能权试点对于产业结构优化升级的影响存在明显的区域异质性显著促进了中西部地区产业结构高级化和东部地区产业结构合理化。由此该研究提出相应建议:在现有用能权交易试点的基础上,深入推进用能权交易市场的建立健全,逐步完善市场的制度建设,建立健全相关法律法规和监管制度;通过增加研发经费投入等方式,切实有效激励产业行业提升技术创新水平,带动产业结构优化升级;有序扩大全国范围内政策试点地区,探索该政策与其他市场化环境规制的协同发展下产业结构优化升级的路径方法。该研究从完善用能权交易市场的角度为产业结构优化升级提供了一定的政策参考。