An analysis of agarwood trade patterns,historical perspectives,and species identification challenges:repercussions for importing nations

Background:Agarwood,primarily derived from the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera,holds significant economic importance.However,there is a lack of comprehensive investigations providing guidance to importing nations regarding cultivation quantities and expected yields of Agarwood from distinct species.This study aims to address this gap by exploring the historical context and trade evolution of Agarwood,highlighting its global importance,and the challenges associated with securing accurate species information.Method:On-site visits to Agarwood cultivation sites were conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of Aquilaria species and their cultivation requirements.Additionally,a thorough analysis of global export and import data for Agarwood products over the last decade was undertaken.Results:China Mainland emerged as the leading exporter of Agarwood,averaging an annual export value of USD 1 million.India’s substantial exports challenge the prevailing notion of limited Agarwood production within its borders.Hong Kong and Singapore are pivotal distribution hubs,while Hong Kong and Taipei feature prominently as import destinations.Our analysis uncovers anomalies in the representation of Agarwood producers from 2001 to 2008,suggesting potential misclassification of Aquilaria Agarwood as Gyrinops in global export information.These findings underscore the urgency of investigating classification and reporting practices in the Agarwood trade.Furthermore,A.filaria emerges as a notable source,while A.malaccensis is decline in prominence.Conclusion:This study provides crucial insights for policymakers,stakeholders,and industry players seeking to make informed decisions in the Agarwood trade landscape.The results highlight the need for accurate species identification,classification,and reporting practices to ensure sustainable cultivation and trade of Agarwood.

Economic Influencing Factors of Trade Volume Between China and RCEP Member States

This paper examines the impact of key economic factors on trade volumes between China and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP)member states.Studies have shown that gross domestic products(GDP),exchange rate,and inflation have an impact on China’s import and export trade volume with RCEP member states.China’s export trade volume to RCEP member states is deeply affected by China’s GDP,but the import trade volume depends on China’s domestic demand and market.The impact of exchange rates on import and export trade volumes varies from country to country.China’s export volume to RCEP member states is generally more affected by the consumption level of its residents than the consumption level of Chinese residents.

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

The Impact of Trade Deficits and the Burden of Crisis Oriented Economy on the Livelihoods of Nepali People

29,164,578 people are living in Nepal.Out of them,48.96%are men and 51.04%are women.The growth rate of the population is 0.93%annually.However,216,957 individuals had been abroad for employment,education or other reasons.It has developed an addiction to imported products using remittances.The government delays spending the money allotted for capital improvements.The debt incurred by loans received from donors exceeds between 20 trillion and 80 billion of Nepal’s entire yearly budget.Based on statistics from Nepal Rastra Bank fiscal years 2021/2022,export and import contributions to overall Nepal’s foreign commerce were 8.40%and 91.60%,respectively.Due to the burden of debt and increasing trade deficit in the Nepalese economy,it has greatly affected the livelihood of the people.The increase in the prices of goods has made the lives of ordinary and low-income citizens very difficult.To reduce it,it is necessary to increase the production of indigenous products and promote their trade.Nepal needs to improve its ability to balance imports and exports.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens.No nation can be entirely self-sufficient in the open global market of today by producing all the commodities and services it requires.Economic dependency will reduce and the nation’s focus on self-sufficiency will increase if the market is extended by raising the output of locally produced items.There will be an increase in hazards as the state’s ability to function weakens.

Impact of Sino-US Trade Friction on Import and Export Trade Pattern of Soybean in Heilongjiang

Under the background of Sino-US trade friction,soybean,as an important variety in the important and export trade of agricultural products,has become a key bargaining chip. After the Ministry of Commerce of China announced the counter list of agricultural products including soybean,the price fluctuations of domestic soybean and related agricultural products are rapidly expanding. Under the background of SinoUS trade friction,taking the soybean-producing areas in Heilongjiang as an example,the impact of Sino-US trade friction on the important and export pattern of soybean in Heilongjiang was explored to provide a certain theoretical basis for the development of soybean industry in Heilongjiang.

Sources and Flows of Embodied CO_2 Emissions in Import and Export Trade of China

This paper uses the Global Trade Analysis Project(version 7)database to calculate embodied CO2emissions in bilateral trade between China and other countries(regions)based on input-output methods.The sources and flows of embodied CO2emissions in import and export trade of China are analyzed.Results show that the flows of embodied CO2emissions in export trade are highly concentrated.The main flows to the United States(US)and Japan account for 1/4 and 1/7 of the total CO2emissions in export trade,respectively.Concentrated flows of total exports and small differences in export structure are the main reasons for the highly concentrated export trade.The sources of embodied CO2emissions in import trade have relatively low concentration.Taiwan Province of China,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China,US,Russia,Republic of Korea,and Japan account for around 7.72%–12.67%of the total embodied CO2emissions in import trade.The relative dispersion of import sources,the impact of the import structure,and the level of production technology in importing countries caused low concentration of CO2emissions in import trade.Overall,the embodied CO2emissions in the export trade of China are higher than those in import trade.As a result,production-based CO2emissions are higher than consumption-based CO2emissions.The difference of 8.96×108t of CO2,which comes mainly from the US,Japan,Germany,and the United Kingdom,accounts for 58.70%of the total difference.Some suggestions,such as improving energy efficiency,alerting high carbon-intensive industries transfer,expanding the market for sharing risks,and prompting the accounting system of consumption-based CO2emissions,are proposed based on the results.

Technological Content of the Import of Services and the Transformation of Growth Patterns of China's Industrial Economy

Based on the latest approach for measuring technology content of import of services and with the contribution of total factor productivity(TFP) to gross industrial output as the indicator for measuring the growth pattern of China's industrial economy,this paper provides an empirical study on the effect of import technology content of trade in services on the development pattern of China's industrial economy between 2004 and2011.Result of econometric test reveals that the technology content of import of services has a significant positive effect on transforming the growth pattern of China's industrial economy.Moreover,import of new types of trade in services with high technology such as computer and information services has a much stronger positive effect compared with import of traditional trade in services with relatively low technology content such as transport.In terms of different industrial sectors,technology content of import of services has the greatest effect on transforming the development pattern of China's technologyintensive industrial sectors,followed by capital-intensive,resource-intensive and laborintensive sectors respectively.Transformation of the development pattern of China's industrial economy cannot be isolated from the system of global division of work.Against the backdrop of global service sector fragmentation,China should take the important opportunities in the development of global trade in services and give more attention to improving the quality of import of services in the interest of transforming the development pattern of its industrial economy.

The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate

The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking,the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports,while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities,so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports.Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad.

服务业进出口、OFDI和全要素生产率的动态关系研究——基于VAR模型的实证分析

研究服务业贸易、投资与服务业之间的影响关系,对提升我国服务行业国际竞争力、促进其高质量发展具有重要意义。论文使用我国2000—2021年数据,构建VAR模型对服务业进出口、服务业对外直接投资(OFDI)和全要素生产率的动态交互关系进行实证分析。研究结果显示,服务业进出口对服务业对外直接投资具有正相关关系,且长期支持效果明显;服务业进出口对OFDI、全要素生产率提升具有促进作用;在短期内,全要素生产率与OFDI之间存在双向促进作用,从长期来看则存在一定负向影响。基于实证研究结论,文中提出制定政策鼓励服务企业参与国际化竞争、发挥服务业进出口对OFDI的促进效应、提升服务企业自主创新能力等相关对策建议。

Measuring Global Supply Chain Vulnerabilities Using Trade Network Analysis Method

With the trade network analysis method and bilateral country-product level trade data of 2017-2020,this paper reveals the overall characteristics and intrinsic vulnerabilities of China’s global supply chains.Our research finds that first,most global supply-chain-vulnerable products are from technology-intensive sectors.For advanced economies,their supply chain vulnerabilities are primarily exposed to political and economic alliances.In comparison,developing economies are more dependent on regional communities.Second,China has a significant export advantage with over 80%of highly vulnerable intermediate inputs relying on imports of high-end electrical,mechanical and chemical products from advanced economies or their multinational companies.China also relies on developing economies for the import of some resource products.Third,during the trade frictions from 2018 to 2019 and the subsequent COVID-19 pandemic,there was a significant reduction in the supply chain vulnerabilities of China and the US for critical products compared with other products,which reflects a shift in the layout of critical product supply chains to ensure not just efficiency but security.China should address supply chain vulnerabilities by bolstering supply-side weaknesses,diversifying import sources,and promoting international coordination and cooperation.

Exploring the complex structural evolution of global primary product trade network

The production and trade of primary products had a growing impact on the economic security of all countries and regions,and the strategic position of these products in the global trade network was becoming increasingly prominent.Based on complex network theory,this paper explored the spatial pattern and complex structural evolution of the global primary product trade network(GPPTN)during 1985-2015 by using index methods,such as centrality,Sankey diagram,and structure entropy,focusing on the diversified spatial structure of China’s import and export markets for primary products(with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)and their geographical implications for China’s energy security.The research offered the following key findings.The GPPTN showed an obvious spatial heterogeneity pattern,and the area of import consumption was more concentrated;however,the overall trend was decentralized.The trade center of gravity shifted eastwards and reflected the rise of emerging markets.The overall flow of the GPPTN was from west to east and from south to north.In terms of the community detection of the GPPTN,North America,Europe,and Asia increasingly presented an unbalanced“tripartite confrontation”.China’s exports of primary products were mainly concentrated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and other peripheral regions of Asia,and its imports undergone a major transformation,gradually expanding from the peripheral regions of Asia to Africa,the Middle East,Latin America,and other parts of the world.Energy fuels also became the largest imported primary products.Based on the changing trend of structural entropy and main market share,the analysis showed that the stable supply of China’s energy diversification was gradually realized.In particular,the cooperation dividend proposed by the Belt and Road initiative became an important turning point and a strong support for the expansion of China’s energy market diversification pattern and guarantee of energy security.

Influence of International Trade on the Urbanization in the Pearl River Delta

The Pearl River Delta is a typical representative of China s coastal economic belt and one of the most active regions for international trade.It has important reference value for the urbanization of other coastal economic regions in China to study the impact of international trade on the urbanization of the Pearl River Delta.This paper constructs the theoretical model of the three factors of export trade,import trade and industrial scale affecting the urbanization of the Pearl River Delta.It is empirically found that the international trade has positive effects on the total effect of urbanization in which export trade and import intermediate product trade have a positive effect on urbanization,and import trade and export intermediate product trade have a negative effect on urbanization.

Changes in Net Barter Terms of Trade for Sino-Australian Agricultural Products after China's Accession to the WTO

Using " chain-based and constant-based" two-step method,this paper measured Paasche net barter terms of trade index for SinoAustralian agricultural products from 2001 to 2013,and further calculated contribution of each category of agricultural products to changes in overall net barter terms of trade. The results showed that since 2001,the overall net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products fluctuated between deterioration and improvement. In 2013,the net barter terms of trade index was 1. 02,and its improvement is not significant. From 2001 to 2013,the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products improved about 16. 44%,which dominated by the category 0 agricultural products whose influence degree is 6 times and 28 times the degree of category 4 and category 1. In years when the net barter terms of trade for Sino-Australian agricultural products deteriorated,category 2 agricultural products were the root cause for the deterioration.

Estimation of the embodied carbon in China's wood products trade using input–output methodology

This study calculates the embodied carbon in imports,exports,net exports,and the processing trade of China's wood product sector between 2001 and 2016 using a non-competitive input-output(I-O)model.The results demonstrate that embodied carbon showed a decreasing trend between 2001 and 2016.Embodied carbon was lowest in wood furniture imports and highest in paper and paperboard imports.The embodied carbon in sawnwood and veneer sheet exports was the lowest and paper and paperboard exports was the highest.The embodied carbon in the processing trade of paper and paperboard was the highest.To reduce the embodied carbon in China's wood products,the government should promote technological transformation and upgrading and encourage the implementation of green technology innovation.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between China's Maize Price and Maize Import and Export Trade

Based on the time series of China’s maize trade and domestic maize price,the article analyzes the relationship between domestic maize price and China’s maize international trade by using empirical methods.The results show that there is a connection between domestic maize prices and China's maize international trade,but the link is not very close.Domestic maize price is the cause of China’s maize international trade change,but its impact is very limited;China's maize international trade also can make some difference on the domestic maize price.Based on the results of research,the article brings three suggestion and expectation to adjust China’s maize international trade and the cost control reasonably in order to stabilize domestic maize price and maize yield,and to protect domestic grain security.

Analysis of Foreign Trade Among Slovakia and the Country V4 After the Changeover

The article presents the situation in foreign trade among Slovakia and the country V4 （Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovak Republic） after the changeover in 2009. At a time of economic crisis, Slovakia acceded to the adoption of a common currency--the euro. Prior to the adoption of the euro, apprehensions were raised due to currency decreased export from Slovakia to countries V4. In this article, author analyses the mutual foreign trade of Slovakia with countries of V4 for all commodities in standard international trade classification （SITC） codes. The analysis covers the time before the adoption of the euro from 2004 to 2008 and after the adoption of the euro in the years from 2009 to 2013. It compares the percentage change over the previous year, the balance of foreign trade, and foreign trade turnover. The same analysis is also done for the period prior to the adoption of the euro as a whole and after the adoption of the euro. In the calculations, data from UN Comtrade Database were used, which are indicated in USD. The results indicate that in the transition to the common currency, the euro did not mean for Slovakia worsening trade with V4 countries. Economies of these countries have long been linked and even the possibility of its own monetary policy does not endanger Slovakia＇s export to these countries.

Trade Development and Global Crisis Influence

The purpose of this paper is to create a comprehensive analysis of the development of foreign trade in the global world, the process of divergence of exports and imports under the influence political and economic changes in Europe and the economic crisis in the world. Data from world public databases are summarized to a clear and understandable form. We analyzed the share of imports and exports （due to the global trade is presented） and its potential impact on the development of current account balance （CAB） for the United States of America （USA）, the European Union （EU）, and China. Correlation coefficient timeline for the last decade of CAB and world trade is also presented to show the influence of trade flow in the world and the EU with respect to current account. The work emphasizes the clear and understandable processing of the required data, which are then formulated to make arguments and then used to make predictions of further development of world trade. From summarized data, future crisis can be predicted and impacts can be evaluated.

Expand Trade to Adapt to Market Competition——China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation

Founded in 1950, the China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation (CMC) is a large national foreign trade enterprise directly under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, specializing in the import and export of electromechanical products. It is one of our country’s first and largest foreign trade corporations. Since its founding 45 years ago, the corporation has been consistently endeavoring to develop and expand foreign trade in electromechanical products, and

A Study of Relationship between RMB Exchange Rate and Import-Export Trade Relations before and after Exchange Reform

Exchange rate, as a link between international markets, integrates the economies of all countries. In today's economic globalization, exchange rate plays an important role. It is one of the most effective ways to regulate the international economy, and also one of the most direct means. In this paper, based on the definition, classification and role of exchange rate, the impacts of RMB exchange rate on China's export trade after the "exchange rate reform" were studied, and the measures that China should take to deal with the impact of the continuous appreciation of RMB on imports and exports under the current environment were proposed. This paper hopes to further expand China's foreign trade.

Import and Export Quality Guaranteed for the Steady Development of Foreign Trade

Under the good situation of the reform and opening to the outside world, the rapid development of foreign economic and trade has resulted in enhancing the inspection work of import and export commodities in China. The commodity inspection organs at all level adhere to the work policy of guaranteeing quality and offering better service, making import and export commodity quality as their central task. They strictly implement national laws and regulations to serve commodity inspection and management, thus achieving great success.