Recent advancement in diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence

Several dynamic tests with vasoactive drags are available for evaluating penile vascular inflows and outflows,ranging from simple pharmacologic test to more invasive radiologic sets. However, there is still no perfect single testto reflect the penile vascular flow. All possible efforts should be exerted to get the greatest erectile effect to avoid anunderestimation of blood flow to the corpora due to incomplete relaxation of the trabecular smooth muscle.Appreciation of the type and frequency of anatomical variations and potential collateral routes is important in interpretingpenile arterograms and in evaluating the hemodynamic significance of suspected arterial disease. Choice of the vasculartests should always depend on the purpose of testing.

A PARALLEL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS IN TREATMENT OF IMPOTENCE BY TONIFYING THE KIDNEY WITH AND THAT WITHOUT IMPROVING BLOOD CIRCULATION

141 cases of functional impotence of the kidney-deficiency type were treated by tonifying the kidney. On them, 103 cases at the same time were treated by improving blood circulation and the other 38 cases by the former only. As a result the total effective rate and the markedly effective rate in the former were 84.46% and 46.60% respectively; but in the latter, 60.55% and 13.15%. A significant difference was found in Ridit analysis (P

AN OBSERVATION ON CURATIVE EFFECTS IN 76 CASES OF IMPOTENCE TREATED WITH ACUPUNCTURE AND ACUPOINT-INJECTION

76 patients of impotence were randomly divided into two groups.Of 28 cases inacupuncture group,18 were cured,5 effective and 5 ineffective.Of 48 cases in acupuncture plus acu-point-injection group,41 were cured,5 effective and 2 ineffective.The curative effect in the acupunc-ture plus acupoint-injeetion group was superior to that in the acupuncture group(P【0.01).

Treatment of Impotence by Point-through-point Acupuncture plus Tuina

Sixty-eight impotence patients were treated by needling Guanyuan（CV 4） through Zhongji（CV 3） and routine acupuncture at Huiyin（CV 1） and Sanyinjiao（SP 6） in cooperation with loin, sole and hypogastrium Tuina. The results showed that cure occurred in 28 cases, marked effectiveness in 29 cases, effectiveness in 8 cases and ineffectiveness in 3 cases, with a total efficacy rate of 95.6%.

nfertility, impotence, and emasculation - psychosocia ：ontexts for abandoning reproduction

From a Darwinian perspective we live to reproduce, but in various situations genetic males elect not to reproduce by choosing medical treatments leading to infertility, impotence, and, in the extreme, emasculation. For many men, infertility can be psychologically distressing. However, for certain genetic males, being infertile may improve their quality of life. Examples include （1） men who seek vasectomy, （2） individuals with Gender Dysphoria （e.g., transwomen, and modern day voluntary eunuchs）, （3） most gay men, and （4） men treated for testicular and prostate cancer. Men who desire vasectomy typically have a Darwinian fitness W 〉1 at the time of their vasectomies; i.e., after they have their desired number of offspring or consider themselves past an age for parenting newborns. In contrast, prostate and testicular cancer patients, along with individuals with extreme Gender Dysphoria, do not necessarily seek to be sterile, but accept it as an unavoidable consequence of the treatment for their condition undertaken for survival （in case of cancer patients） or to achieve a better quality of life （for those with Gender Dysphoria）. Most gay men do not father children, but they may play an avuncular role, providing for their siblings＇ offspring＇s welfare, thus improving their inclusive fitness through kin selection. In a strictly Darwinian model, the primary motivation for all individuals is to reproduce, but there are many situations for men to remove themselves from the breeding populations because they have achieved a fitness W 〉1, or have stronger medical or psychological needs that preclude remaining fertile.

Misuse Of Viagra Could Cause Permanent Impotence

【选注者言:Viagra(注:香港人将它译成“伟哥”)是美国辉瑞制药公司制造的一种治疗阳痿的新药。5年前,美国科研人员在研制治疗心绞痛的新药“伟哥”时,意外发现它有壮阳的功效。1997年3月,“伟哥”获美国食品与药品管理局批准生产上市,现已成为美国治疗阳痿的首选药物,并向一些国家出口。但是目前在美国,患者必须到医院看病,并在医生的指导下才能用药。辉瑞制药公司也证实,在医生开出600万张处方后,在美国服用“伟哥”的患者已有130人死亡,其中大多数是死于心力衰竭。 本文向我们提供了这样一个可怕的事实:But the recreational use of Viagra in discos and nightclubs(舞厅和夜总会)among potent(有性交能力的)men has sparked concern among doctors.换言之,某些人并不是阳痿患者却将“伟哥”当作增强性生活快感的“兴奋剂”来使用。其中的形容词recreational就说明了这个意思。 我是一个泌尿科的医生,在网上读到此文,觉得很有必要将它介绍给广大读者。因为,在我接触的患者中,已有误服“伟哥”而出现严重副作用的患者。有些人从境外得到此药,出于好奇和无知,不适当地服用,危害极大! 特别是那些患有心力衰竭、中风、心律不齐、不定期心绞痛、冠心病以及有心脏病病史者要严格控制使用。高血压、低血压?

Bayer Impotence Drug Rivals Viagra

1998年美国辉瑞公司研制成功抗阳痿的Viagra(正式译名:万可艾。俗称“伟哥”)成为当年的一大新闻。此药的研制成功,不仅为“痿哥”一扫心头的阴霾,而且为辉瑞公司赢得了巨大的利润。残酷的商业竞争令“一枝独秀”的商品成为短命。本文告诉我们,继Viagra之后。又有两种治阳痿的药物问世,它们是:美国另一家公司研制的Cialis以及德国拜耳公司研制的vardenafil。本文不仅可以让读者作语言学习之用,还让我们感受到商业竞争中的“刀光剑影”。本文的一句难句是: Krensavage predicted Viagra, with its familiar brand name and Pfizer'smarketing might behind it, will continue to enjoy growing sales even if vardenafil and Cialis are approved and become popular. 译文:Krensavage预言,由于Viagra已经打响的品牌和辉瑞公司的市场营销能力,Viagra的销售量将继续增长,即使vardenafil和Cialis获得核准并走红市场。 难点在于原句里的with+复合宾语的结构的理解: with its familiar brand name and Pfizer's marketing might behind it 句中的might用作名词,含义是“力量”,而不能理解为情态动词。

Golding's Language View in Lord of the Flies and Darkness Visible

Beyond the stories,Golding spends much effort on an issue called"impotence of language"in his works,especially Lord of the Flies and Darkness Visible.Thus Golding's language view is worthwhile to research.With help of Lacan's theory of signifier and signified,this paper made a primary glance about Golding's language view within the two novels.

The effect of platelet-rich plasma on cavernous nerve regeneration in a rat model

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma(PRP)on cavernous nerve(CN)regeneration and functional status in a nerve-crush rat model.Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three equal groups:eight had a sham operation,eight underwent bilateral nerve crushing with no further intervention and eight underwent bilateral nerve crushing with an immediate application of PRP on the site of injury.Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 3 months and nerve regeneration was assessed by toluidine blue staining of CN and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-diaphorase staining of penile tissue.Three months after surgery,in the group that underwent bilateral nerve crushing with no further intervention,the functional evaluation showed a lower mean maximal intracavernous pressure(ICP)and maximal ICP per mean arterial pressure(MAP)with CN stimulation than those in the sham group.In the group with an immediate application of PRP,the mean maximal ICP and maximal ICP/MAP were significantly higher than those in the injured control group.Histologically,the group with the application of PRP had more myelinated axons of CNs and more NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibres than the injured control group but fewer than the sham group.These results show that the application of PRP to the site of CN-crush injury facilitates nerve regeneration and recovery of erectile function.Our research indicates that clinical application of PRP has potential repairing effect on CN and peripheral nerves.

Erectile dysfunction and central obesity： an Italian perspective

Erectile dysfunction （ED） is a frequent complication of obesity. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the framework of obesity and ED, dissecting the connections between the two pathological entities. Current clinical evidence shows that obesity, and in particular central obesity, is associated with both arteriogenic ED and reduced testosterone （T） levels. It is conceivable that obesity-associated hypogonadism and increased cardiovascular risk might partially justify the higher prevalence of ED in overweight and obese individuals. Conversely, the psychological disturbances related to obesity do not seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related ED. However, both clinical and preclinical data show that the association between ED and visceral fat accumulation is independent from known obesity-associated comorbidities. Therefore, how visceral fat could impair penile microcirculation still remains unknown. This point is particularly relevant since central obesity in ED subjects categorizes individuals at high cardiovascular risk, especially in the youngest ones. The presence of ED in obese subjects might help healthcare professionals in convincing them to initiate a virtuous cycle, where the correction of sexual dysfunction will be the reward for improved lifestyle behavior. Unsatisfying sexual activity represents a meaningful, straightforward motivation for consulting healthcare professionals, who, in turn, should take advantage of the opportunity to encourage obese patients to treat, besides ED, the underlying unfavorable conditions, thus not only restoring erectile function, but also overall health.

Study of the efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the treatment of erectile dysfunction

Aim： To examine the treatment efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng （KRG） in impotent men with erectile dysfunction （ED）. Methods： A total of 60 patients presenting mild or mild to moderate ED were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which the efficacies of KRG and a placebo were compared. The patients received either 1 000 mg （3 times daily） of KRG or a placebo. Results： The five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function （IIEF-5） score after the treatment was significantly higher in the KRG group compared with that before the treatment （from 16.4±2.9 to 21.0±6.3, P 〈 0.0001）. In contrast, there was no difference before and after the treatment in the placebo group （from 17.0±3.1 to 17.7±5.6, P 〉 0.05）. In the KRG group, 20 patients （66.6%）, reported improved erection, significant in the global efficacy question （P 〈 0.01）; in the placebo group there was no significance. Scores on questions 2 （rigidity）, 3 （penetration）, 4 and 5 （maintenance）, were significantly higher for KRG than those for the placebo when those questions were answered after 12 weeks of each treatment （P 〈 0.01）. When the score in the KRG group was compared to the placebo group after the treatment, there was a significant improvement in total score （IIEF-5 score） in questions 3 and 5 for the KRG-treated group （P 〈 0.001 and P 〈 0.0001, respectively）. The levels of serum testosterone, prolactine and cholesterol after the treatment were not statistically significant different between the KRG and the placebo group （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusion： Our data show that KRG can be an effective alternative to the invasive approaches for treating male ED.

Determinants of male health： the interaction of biological and social factors

This review discusses the social and biological factors that may influence male development from conception to adulthood and also underlie the development of health disorders. It will provide assistance to those who may be considering the formulation of a male health policy. It aims to emphasize that social determinants function on a bio- logical background that is profoundly influenced by a male＇s genome, inherited from his parents. The importance of the male-specific reproductive disorders is emphasized, but these also affect somatic structures through the secretion of androgens secreted from the testes. In turn, the function of the cardiovascular and nervous systems can signifi- cantly influence reproductive processes such as erectile dysfunction.

Different hemodynamic responses by color Doppler ultrasonography studies between sildenafil non-responders and responders

Aim： To determine if there are different penile hemodynamic patterns between sildenafil non-responders and responders by using color Doppler ultrasonography. Methods： A total of 69 erectile dysfunction （ED） patients aged 22-79 years were enrolled into the present study. Thirty-eight （55.1%） men with ED who did not respond to four attempts of treatment with 100 mg sildenafil after re-education were classified as sildenafil non-responders. A com- bination of three vasodilator drugs, 1.25 mg papaverine, 0.4 mg phentolamine and 5 ug prostaglandin E1, was given by intracavernous injection before penile Doppler ultrasonography was carried out. The erectile response to intracavernous injection and vascular parameters including peak systolic velocity （PSV）, resistance index （RI）, end diastolic velocity （EDV） and cavernosa artery diameter （CD） were measured and the results between sildenafil nonresponders and responders were compared. Results： No statistical difference in vascular parameters measured by Doppler ultrasonography studies between non-responders and responders was noted. Sildenafil non-responders had a poorer penile rigidity response to intracavernous injection than responders （P 〈 0.05）. Among patients with adequate PSV （〉 30 cm/s） and abnormal EDV （〉 5 cm/s）, individuals in the non-responder group had fewer positive responses to intracavernous vasodilator injection than in the responder group （35.3% vs. 72.2%, P 〈 0.05）. Advanced age and comorbidity with diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with sildenafil non-response （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Sildenafil non-responders were characterized by a poorer penile rigidity response to intracavernous injection and had an associated impaired veno-occlusive mechanism. Advanced age and comorbidity with diabetes mellitus were two common factors associated with non-response.

Yohimbine in the treatment of orgasmic dysfunction

Aim： To study the effect of yohimbine in the treatment of men with orgasmic dysfunction. Methods： A 20-mg dose of yohimbine was first given to 29 men with orgasmic dysfunction of different aetiology in the clinic. Patients were then allowed to increase the dose at home （titration） under more favourable circumstances. The outcome and side effects were subsequently assessed. Results： The patients were classified into three groups of orgasmic dysfunction： primary complete （13）, primary incomplete （8） and secondary （8）. Nocturnal emissions were present in 75%, 40% and 50% of patients in the above groups, respectively （overall average 62%）. The men presented because of fertility problems （52%） or because they wanted to experience the pleasure of orgasm （48%）. Of the 29 patients who completed the treatment, 16 managed to reach orgasm and were able to ejaculate either during masturbation or sexual intercourse. A further three achieved orgasm, but only with the additional stimulation of a vibrator. A history of preceding nocturnal emissions was present in 69% of the men in whom orgasm was induced but only 50% who failed treatment. Of the patients, two have subsequently fathered children （one set of twins） and another 3 men were also cured. Side effects were not sufficient to cause the men to cease treatment. Conclusion： Yohimbine is a useful treatment option in orgasmic dysfunction.

Efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil in Asian men with erectile dysfunction

Aim： To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 （PDE-5） inhibitor, in men of Asian ethnicity with erectile dysfunction （ED）. Methods： In this prospective, double-blind, multinational study, Asian men were randomized to receive vardenafil （10 mg） or placebo （4：1 ratio） for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were the International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain （IIEF-EF）, and Sexual Encounter Profile （SEP） questions related to penetration and intercourse completion. Significant mean improvements were required in all three measures to show positive benefits of vardenafil treatment. Secondary efficacy variables included the Global Assessment Question （GAQ） on erection improvement. Results： Least-squares mean baseline IIEF-EF domain scores （vardenafil 14.6, placebo 13.4） were consistent with moderate ED. After 12 weeks, vardenafil treatment was associated with significant increases from the baseline in IIEF-EF domain scores compared with the placebo （22.4 vs. 14.3; P 〈 0.001）. Vardenafil was associated with significant improvements from baseline in least squares （LS） mean success rates for SEP-2 （vardenafil 82.2 vs. placebo 43.6; P 〈 0.001） and SEP-3 （vardenafil 66.1 vs. placebo 24.0; P 〈 0.001）. Positive GAQ responses were reported by 81.8% of vardenafil recipients vs. 24.3% of placebo recipients. Adverse events were reported by 25.4% of the vardenafil group, the majority mild and transient. Conclusion： Vardenafil （10 mg） is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate ED in Asian men. These results add to the increasing amount of data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of vardenafil for the treatment of ED in a range of patient populations.

Ventral phalloplasty

Aim： To present a simple technique during penile prosthesis implantation that promotes the perception of increased phallic length. Methods： The penoscrotal web is defined. A ＂check mark＂ incision is made with excision of scrotal tissue. Excellent exposure is provided for implantation of the cylinders, pump and reservoir. Wound closure is performed longitudinally. Results： This technique is a modified extension of surgeries described in the pediatric literature for webbed penis. Loss of penile length following penile implantation surgery is worrisome for patients suffering from erectile dysfunction （ED）. This technique helps with patient satisfaction, cosmetic results, and improves perception of penile length. Conclusion： Ventral phalloplasty is a safe, technically simple procedure that may be performed in concert with penile prosthesis implantation or as a stand alone procedure under＇certain circumstances.

Penile venous anatomy：application to surgery for erectile disturbance

AIM: The structure of the human penile venous system has been well studied, but disappointing outcomes of penile venous surgery in certain patients have called into question on the anatomy. We planned to extend the anatomic knowledge with the ultimate goal of improving operative success. METHODS: Thirty-five patients, who had undergone penile venous surgery, complained of poor erection developed gradually 6 months to 7 years postoperatively. Cavernosography was performed again during their return visit. Seven new patients underwent spongiosography followed by immediate cavernosography. Eleven male cadavers were carefully dissected. The anatomical findings were applied to venous surgery in 155 patients, who were then followed with the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire-5 (IIEF-5). RESULTS: Imaging observation demonstrated that the deep dorsal vein served as a common vessel of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum. A prominent cavernosal vein was found coursing along each corpus cavernosum distally to the glans, in contrast to its reported description as a short segment at the penile hilum. All cadavers had two sets of para-arterial veins sandwiching the dorsal artery. In 148 men available for follow-up, their mean IIEF-5 score was 9.3 preoperative and increased to 22.7 after the operation. The 88.5% (131/148) of the patients believed that venous stripping was a worthy treatment modality. Five cases required sildenafil to maintain their potentia, which was not working preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The failure of penile venous surgery has traditionally been ascribed to penile vein regeneration. However, our finding of a long and independent cavernosal vein and an independent set of para-arterial veins may be the principal cause in patients experiencing poor postoperative results.

Animal models for studying penile hemodynamics

Animal models for the study of erectile function monitoring the changes in intracavernous pressure (ICP) during penile erection was reviewed. The development of new models using small commercially-available experimental animals, rats and mice, in the last decade facilitated in vivo investigation of erectile physiology. The techniqueenabled to evaluate even subtle erectile responses by analyzing ICP and systemic blood pressure. Moreover, the method has been well improved and studies using conscious animal models without the influence of any drug or anesthesia are more appropriate in exploring the precise physiological and pharmacological mechanisms in erection. Also, more natural and physiological sexual arousal instead of electrical or pharmacological stimulation is desirable in most of the studies.This article reviewed the development of ICP studies in rats and mice.

Combination therapy for male erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence （UI） and erectile dysfunction （ED） are both very prevalent conditions. Insertion of an artificial urinary sphincter （AUS） and penile prosthesis （PP） is an effective and proven method of treatment for both conditions. With advancing age, as well as with increasing populations of patients radically treated for prostate cancer, the occurrence of both conditions found in the same patient is increasing. The purpose of this article was to analyze the available evidence for simultaneous surgical management of male ED and UI using prosthetic devices. The existing literature pertaining to dual implantation of AUS and PP was reviewed. The concomitant insertion of the PP with the male perineal sling was also considered. Concurrent ED and UI are increasingly seen in the post radical prostatectomy population, who are often younger and less willing to suffer with these conditions. Insertion of an AUS and PP, either simultaneously or as a two-stage procedure, appears to be a safe, efficacious and long-lasting method of treatment. The improvements in design of both the AUS and PP as well as the development of the single transverse scrotal incision have made simultaneous insertion of these prostheses possible. Dual implantation of the PP and male sling looks promising in a selected population. In conclusion, the insertion of the AUS and PP for the treatment of concurrent UI and ED is safe and effective. Simultaneous insertion of these prostheses in the same patient offers potential advantages in operative and recovery time and is associated with high patient satisfaction. Combination therapy should therefore be included in the arsenal of treatment of these conditions.

Long-term treatment with intracavernosal injections in diabetic men with erectile dysfunction

Aim： To assess the behavior of patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） and erectile dysfunction （ED） during 10 consecutive years of treatment with self-injection of vasoactive drugs. Methods： Thirty-eight diabetic men, including 12 with type Ⅰ and 26 with type Ⅱ diabetes, were followed up regularly for 10 years after they began self-injecting for severe ED. Real time rigidity assessment was used for the objective determination of the initial dosage and then doses were regulated in order to introduce an erection suitable for penetration and maintenance of erection for approximately 30 min. Patients were followed up every two months, and doses were increased only when the treatment response was not satisfactory. Results： The number of injections used per year by the patients was reduced each year （mean numbers： 50 in the first year and 22.5 in the 10th） and treatment shifted towards stronger therapeutic modalities （mixtures of vasoactive drugs instead of prostaglandin E1 alone）. Type Ⅰ diabetic men were standardized to a level of treatment as early as 5 years after the initiation of treatment. That level was finally reached by type Ⅱ patients after another 4-5 years. Conclusion： Treatment with self-injections of vasoactive drugs in diabetic men with severe El） is a safe and effective alternative in the long term. Diabetic men of both types show the same preferences in quality and quantity of treatment after 10 years. The key point for maintenance in treatment is the adjustment of the therapeutic method and dosage to optimal levels for satisfactory erections. （Asian J Androl 2006 Mar; 8： 219-224）