Probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) is important in nuclear safety review and analysis. Because the design and physics of the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor(FHR) differ greatly from the pressurized wat...Probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) is important in nuclear safety review and analysis. Because the design and physics of the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor(FHR) differ greatly from the pressurized water reactor(PWR), the methods and steps of PSA in FHR should be studied. The high-temperature gascooled reactor(HTR-PM) and sodium-cooled fast reactors have built the PSA framework, and the framework to finish the PSA analysis. The FHR is compared with the PWR, HTR-PM and sodium-cooled fast reactors from the physics, design and safety. The PSA framework of FHR is discussed. In the FHR, the fuel and coolant combination provides large thermal margins to fuel damage(hundreds of degrees centigrade). The tristructuralisotropic(TRISO) as the fuel is independent in FHR core and its failure is limited for the core. The core damage in Level 1 PSA is of lower frequency. Levels 1 and 2 PSA are combined in the FHR PSA analysis. The initiating events analysis is the beginning, and the source term analysis and the release types are the target. Finally, Level3 PSA is done.展开更多
Warming of climate system is undisputed as evident from observations of increasing average temperatures of air and ocean, large scale melting of ice and increasing global average sea levels. The effect of climate chan...Warming of climate system is undisputed as evident from observations of increasing average temperatures of air and ocean, large scale melting of ice and increasing global average sea levels. The effect of climate change directly impacts society through the chain of climate-hydrology-water-water resources systems-society. Adaptation and mitigation are the two ways of society to respond the changes in climate. Adaptations may be reactive, anticipatory, autonomous, planned, compliment and substitute type. The adaptations are carried out with the help of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment. The guidelines are subjective or objective. Objective guidelines are step by step procedures to arrive at proper adaptation measures while subjective guidelines are step by step adaptation measures given on the basis of study of area, problem at hand and prerequisites for the adaptation. Many objective guidelines of climate impact and adaptation assessment are given. These objective guidelines can be classified into two approaches: hazard based approach and vulnerability based approach. Both approaches have their own pros and cons, so combined approach with more focus on vulnerability was suggested as the best. In this study based on the lessons learned from the adaptation case studies across the world, the combined approach framework is modified to get modified combined approach framework of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment by adding the components related: 1) explicit mentioning of stakeholders 2) revision, modification and communication of adaptation actions.展开更多
To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming me...To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.展开更多
The public procurement system in Bangladesh has been running by traditional manual process under the flagship of Public Procurement Act (PPA 2006) and Public Procurement Rules (PPR 2008). Public procurement agencies h...The public procurement system in Bangladesh has been running by traditional manual process under the flagship of Public Procurement Act (PPA 2006) and Public Procurement Rules (PPR 2008). Public procurement agencies have been facing challenges in this manual tendering system. To overcome this problem and to bring reality to the “Digital Bangladesh” slogan, the Government of Bangladesh introduced the e-Procurement system under the e-GP (Electronic Government Procurement) guideline 2011. After the inception of e-procurement, there is no e-procurement assessment model to improve the e-GP system. The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual framework and to design an e-procurement assessment model. With this view, we have considered one of the biggest entity Roads and Highways Department (RHD) of the Government of Bangladesh, for field study. Mixed methods along with FGD (Focus Group Discussion), KII (Key Informant Interview), and survey questionnaires are used to collect data from RHD, and then Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software is used for regression analysis and hypothesis testing to develop the e-Procurement assessment model. The novel contribution of the study lies in the test of the hypothesis that focuses on developing the conceptual model of the e-procurement assessment system in Bangladesh. Findings of the study are essential for all Procurement Entity (PE) and suppliers <i>i.e. </i> contractors of RHD who are engaged in the construction of the infrastructure project development project.展开更多
The recent emergence of adaptive language learning systems calls for conceptual work to guide the design of assessment and learning in an adaptive environment.Although adaptive learning might have been touted as a uni...The recent emergence of adaptive language learning systems calls for conceptual work to guide the design of assessment and learning in an adaptive environment.Although adaptive learning might have been touted as a universal cure for learning problems,many adaptive language learning systems fall short of educators’expectations,partly due to a lack of standards and best practices in this area.To fill this gap,this paper proposes some major considerations in designing a high-quality assessment and learning experience in adaptive learning and ways to evaluate an adaptive learning system.The architecture of adaptive learning is decomposed,with a chain of inferences supporting the overall efficacy of an adaptive learning system presented,including user property representation,user property estimation,content representation,user interaction representation,and user interaction impact.A detailed analysis of key validity issues is provided for each inference,which motivates the major considerations in designing and evaluating assessment and learning.The paper first provides an overview of different types of assessment used in adaptive learning and an analysis of the assessment approach,priorities,and design considerations of each to optimize its use in adaptive learning.Then it proposes a framework for evaluating different aspects of an adaptive learning system.Some special connections are made to models,techniques,designs,and technologies specific to language learning and assessment,bringing more relevance to adaptive language learning solutions.Through establishing some guidelines on key aspects to evaluate and how to evaluate them,the work intends to bring more rigor to the field of adaptive language learning systems.展开更多
Climate change adaptation is the process of preparing and actively adjusting to meet the climate change (negative effects and potential opportunities). Urban adaptation is aimed at the sensitivity level of risks and s...Climate change adaptation is the process of preparing and actively adjusting to meet the climate change (negative effects and potential opportunities). Urban adaptation is aimed at the sensitivity level of risks and specific impacts of cities under the impact of climate change, and to develop policies and investment programs to reduce the vulnerability of cities to climate change risk. Urban adaptive action provides the basis and direction for the construction of urban resilience and sustainable development. Identifying the demand of adaption technologies, promoting the practical implementation of international technology transfer and reducing domestic emissions have important significance for the global response to climate change and improvement of the ability of urban adaptation. In this paper, through in-depth analysis on the concept and connotation of climate change, climate disasters and urban adaptation to climate change, the evaluation framework and steps of urban adaptation to climate change technology are determined, and six priority application technologies which can maximize the overall efficiency of sustainable development, improve the ability to adapt to climate change and at the same time reduce the cost at the greatest extent are identified.展开更多
Background:Capturing general aspects of the occupational subculture of nursing is needed in long-term care(LTC)given its latent influence on the quality of care that residents receive and on the ability of nursing sta...Background:Capturing general aspects of the occupational subculture of nursing is needed in long-term care(LTC)given its latent influence on the quality of care that residents receive and on the ability of nursing staff(licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants)to implement evidence-based practice innovations.The psychometrically validated Nursing Culture Assessment Tool(NCAT)provides a comprehensive assessment using six dimensions(teamwork,communication,satisfaction,professional commitment,behaviors,and expectations),and evaluation of these dimensions could help positively reshape the culture before any change implementation.Purpose:Aims were to:(1)assess the validity and reliability of the NCAT across nursing staff in a single type of clinical setting e LTC facilities,and(2)present a refined theoretical model of the interaction of culture and practice implementation.Methods:A cross-sectional,exploratory investigation of the NCAT in LTC settings was conducted.Empirical construct validity of the 19-item NCAT's six subscales was investigated by confirmatory factor analysis using a sample of licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants(n?318).Results:The model fit was judged using the comparative fit index(0.94)and standardized root mean-square residual(0.05).Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficients of items in each subscale and in the overall scale ranged from 0.76 to 0.94.Conclusion:A summary of the NCAT development and report on its psychometric properties when administered in LTC settings is provided,extending previous findings of the NCAT's enhanced stability when used in assessing nursing staff perceptions in LTC and by demonstrating that the NCAT is a reliable and valid psychometric screening tool for nursing culture.展开更多
This work focuses on an integrated approach for lake ecological status assessment, elaborated according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Data from five lowland and semi-mountain lak...This work focuses on an integrated approach for lake ecological status assessment, elaborated according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Data from five lowland and semi-mountain lakes in Bulgaria (Southeast Europe) collected from two years (2011-2012) form the basis for an integrated assessment and the definition of reference conditions. Several metrics were applied in combination, to classify lakes into five ecological status classes. Assemblages of aquatic organisms: phytoplankton, macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates, together with 11 supporting physico-chemical parameters were studied. The assessed unique conditions suggested that reference conditions of Bulgarian lakes have natural variability. This first baseline study illustrated specific cases within the lake types that should be assessed in details before providing standardized classification systems in compliance with the requirements of WFD.展开更多
Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance o...Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.展开更多
Background:Measuring the performance of a health system is an essential requirement in creating systems that generate efficient,equitable,patient-focused,accessible and sustainable results.A fundamental requirement fo...Background:Measuring the performance of a health system is an essential requirement in creating systems that generate efficient,equitable,patient-focused,accessible and sustainable results.A fundamental requirement for a performance measurement system is the development of an assessment framework within which specific performance measures could be defined and applied regularly.This paper examines the comprehensiveness of Ghana’s health system assessment framework called the Holistic Assessment Tool in relation to some of the internationally recognized frameworks.The paper also analyzes trends in the performance of the health system to understand whether or not an improvement has been recorded following the adoption and implementation of the Holistic Assessment Tool.Methods:Mainly secondary data were used in this analysis.Searches were conducted on Google Scholar,PubMed,Scopus and Science Direct between May and July,2019 for published documents on health system performance assessment.We also obtained unpublished documents from Ghana’s Ministry of Health,Ghana Health Service website,and Ghana Statistical Service database.Descriptive statistics were used to examine trends in the performance of the Ghanaian health system.Results:While the tool provides a national framework for evaluating the performance of the Ghana Health system in several domains,the Holistic Assessment Tool does not cover key health system domains such as information systems for health,access to essential medicines,and patient-centeredness.Also,the scope of the assessment program seems limited to the evaluation of the Ministry of Health’s annual plans,programs and projects.However,the health system has recorded improvements in population health indicators,such as life expectancy at birth,infant mortality,under-5 mortality,HIV prevalence and disease burden(in terms of disability adjusted life years).Conclusions:The Holistic Assessment Tool is a useful framework,but needs further refinement,both in scope and in conceptual robustness.Future studies should consider exploring factors influencing performance of the Ghanaian health system.Such information will help in strategizing for better and more improvements.展开更多
近年来,通信技术的持续演进导致通信网络的能耗显著增加。随着人工智能(AI,artificial intelligence)技术与算法在通信网络中的广泛应用和深度部署,未来6G智能通信网络架构和技术演进将对通信网络的节能减排带来更为严峻的挑战。基于边...近年来,通信技术的持续演进导致通信网络的能耗显著增加。随着人工智能(AI,artificial intelligence)技术与算法在通信网络中的广泛应用和深度部署,未来6G智能通信网络架构和技术演进将对通信网络的节能减排带来更为严峻的挑战。基于边缘计算和分布式联邦学习的联邦边缘智能(FEI,federated edge intelligence)网络已被普遍认为是实现6G网络内生智能的关键路径之一。然而,如何评估和优化联邦边缘智能网络的综合碳排放量仍然是一大难题。为解决该问题,首先,提出了一种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放评估框架和方法。其次,基于该评估框架和方法提出3种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放优化方案,包括动态能量交易(DET,dynamic energy trading)、动态任务分配(DTA,dynamic task allocation)和动态能量交易与任务分配(DETA,dynamic energy trading and task allocation)。最后,通过自行搭建的真实硬件平台,并利用真实世界的碳强度数据集进行联邦边缘智能网络生命周期碳排放仿真。实验结果表明,3种优化方案均能在不同场景和约束条件下显著减少联邦边缘智能网络的碳排放,为下一代智能通信网络的可持续发展和实现绿色低碳6G网络提供了依据。展开更多
基金Supported by Chinese Academy of Science Strategy Precursor Science and Technology Project(No.XDA0205050)
文摘Probabilistic safety assessment(PSA) is important in nuclear safety review and analysis. Because the design and physics of the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor(FHR) differ greatly from the pressurized water reactor(PWR), the methods and steps of PSA in FHR should be studied. The high-temperature gascooled reactor(HTR-PM) and sodium-cooled fast reactors have built the PSA framework, and the framework to finish the PSA analysis. The FHR is compared with the PWR, HTR-PM and sodium-cooled fast reactors from the physics, design and safety. The PSA framework of FHR is discussed. In the FHR, the fuel and coolant combination provides large thermal margins to fuel damage(hundreds of degrees centigrade). The tristructuralisotropic(TRISO) as the fuel is independent in FHR core and its failure is limited for the core. The core damage in Level 1 PSA is of lower frequency. Levels 1 and 2 PSA are combined in the FHR PSA analysis. The initiating events analysis is the beginning, and the source term analysis and the release types are the target. Finally, Level3 PSA is done.
文摘Warming of climate system is undisputed as evident from observations of increasing average temperatures of air and ocean, large scale melting of ice and increasing global average sea levels. The effect of climate change directly impacts society through the chain of climate-hydrology-water-water resources systems-society. Adaptation and mitigation are the two ways of society to respond the changes in climate. Adaptations may be reactive, anticipatory, autonomous, planned, compliment and substitute type. The adaptations are carried out with the help of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment. The guidelines are subjective or objective. Objective guidelines are step by step procedures to arrive at proper adaptation measures while subjective guidelines are step by step adaptation measures given on the basis of study of area, problem at hand and prerequisites for the adaptation. Many objective guidelines of climate impact and adaptation assessment are given. These objective guidelines can be classified into two approaches: hazard based approach and vulnerability based approach. Both approaches have their own pros and cons, so combined approach with more focus on vulnerability was suggested as the best. In this study based on the lessons learned from the adaptation case studies across the world, the combined approach framework is modified to get modified combined approach framework of guidelines for climate impact and adaptation assessment by adding the components related: 1) explicit mentioning of stakeholders 2) revision, modification and communication of adaptation actions.
文摘To evaluate the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） in China's Mainland, a risk assessment framework was built. Risk factors were determined by analyzing the epidemic data using the brainstorming method; the analytic hierarchy process was designed to weigh risk factors, and the integrated multicriteria analysis was used to evaluate the final result. The completed framework included the risk factor system, data standards for risk factors, weights of risk factors, and integrated assessment methods. This risk assessment framework can be used to quantitatively analyze the outbreak and spread of HPAI in China's Mainland.
文摘The public procurement system in Bangladesh has been running by traditional manual process under the flagship of Public Procurement Act (PPA 2006) and Public Procurement Rules (PPR 2008). Public procurement agencies have been facing challenges in this manual tendering system. To overcome this problem and to bring reality to the “Digital Bangladesh” slogan, the Government of Bangladesh introduced the e-Procurement system under the e-GP (Electronic Government Procurement) guideline 2011. After the inception of e-procurement, there is no e-procurement assessment model to improve the e-GP system. The purpose of this research is to develop a conceptual framework and to design an e-procurement assessment model. With this view, we have considered one of the biggest entity Roads and Highways Department (RHD) of the Government of Bangladesh, for field study. Mixed methods along with FGD (Focus Group Discussion), KII (Key Informant Interview), and survey questionnaires are used to collect data from RHD, and then Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software is used for regression analysis and hypothesis testing to develop the e-Procurement assessment model. The novel contribution of the study lies in the test of the hypothesis that focuses on developing the conceptual model of the e-procurement assessment system in Bangladesh. Findings of the study are essential for all Procurement Entity (PE) and suppliers <i>i.e. </i> contractors of RHD who are engaged in the construction of the infrastructure project development project.
文摘The recent emergence of adaptive language learning systems calls for conceptual work to guide the design of assessment and learning in an adaptive environment.Although adaptive learning might have been touted as a universal cure for learning problems,many adaptive language learning systems fall short of educators’expectations,partly due to a lack of standards and best practices in this area.To fill this gap,this paper proposes some major considerations in designing a high-quality assessment and learning experience in adaptive learning and ways to evaluate an adaptive learning system.The architecture of adaptive learning is decomposed,with a chain of inferences supporting the overall efficacy of an adaptive learning system presented,including user property representation,user property estimation,content representation,user interaction representation,and user interaction impact.A detailed analysis of key validity issues is provided for each inference,which motivates the major considerations in designing and evaluating assessment and learning.The paper first provides an overview of different types of assessment used in adaptive learning and an analysis of the assessment approach,priorities,and design considerations of each to optimize its use in adaptive learning.Then it proposes a framework for evaluating different aspects of an adaptive learning system.Some special connections are made to models,techniques,designs,and technologies specific to language learning and assessment,bringing more relevance to adaptive language learning solutions.Through establishing some guidelines on key aspects to evaluate and how to evaluate them,the work intends to bring more rigor to the field of adaptive language learning systems.
文摘Climate change adaptation is the process of preparing and actively adjusting to meet the climate change (negative effects and potential opportunities). Urban adaptation is aimed at the sensitivity level of risks and specific impacts of cities under the impact of climate change, and to develop policies and investment programs to reduce the vulnerability of cities to climate change risk. Urban adaptive action provides the basis and direction for the construction of urban resilience and sustainable development. Identifying the demand of adaption technologies, promoting the practical implementation of international technology transfer and reducing domestic emissions have important significance for the global response to climate change and improvement of the ability of urban adaptation. In this paper, through in-depth analysis on the concept and connotation of climate change, climate disasters and urban adaptation to climate change, the evaluation framework and steps of urban adaptation to climate change technology are determined, and six priority application technologies which can maximize the overall efficiency of sustainable development, improve the ability to adapt to climate change and at the same time reduce the cost at the greatest extent are identified.
基金Partial support for this project was provided by Grant#66636 from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Interdisciplinary Nursing Quality Research Initiative program(Interdisciplinary Mobility Team Approach to Reduction of Facility-Acquired Pressure Ulcers)Tracey L.Yap(PI).Trial Registration:clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01008254+1 种基金Partial support was also provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Pilot Research Project Training Program of the University of Cincinnati Education and Research Center Grant No.T42/H008432-06Susan Kennerly&Tracey Yap(co-PI’s).
文摘Background:Capturing general aspects of the occupational subculture of nursing is needed in long-term care(LTC)given its latent influence on the quality of care that residents receive and on the ability of nursing staff(licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants)to implement evidence-based practice innovations.The psychometrically validated Nursing Culture Assessment Tool(NCAT)provides a comprehensive assessment using six dimensions(teamwork,communication,satisfaction,professional commitment,behaviors,and expectations),and evaluation of these dimensions could help positively reshape the culture before any change implementation.Purpose:Aims were to:(1)assess the validity and reliability of the NCAT across nursing staff in a single type of clinical setting e LTC facilities,and(2)present a refined theoretical model of the interaction of culture and practice implementation.Methods:A cross-sectional,exploratory investigation of the NCAT in LTC settings was conducted.Empirical construct validity of the 19-item NCAT's six subscales was investigated by confirmatory factor analysis using a sample of licensed nurses and certified nursing assistants(n?318).Results:The model fit was judged using the comparative fit index(0.94)and standardized root mean-square residual(0.05).Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficients of items in each subscale and in the overall scale ranged from 0.76 to 0.94.Conclusion:A summary of the NCAT development and report on its psychometric properties when administered in LTC settings is provided,extending previous findings of the NCAT's enhanced stability when used in assessing nursing staff perceptions in LTC and by demonstrating that the NCAT is a reliable and valid psychometric screening tool for nursing culture.
文摘This work focuses on an integrated approach for lake ecological status assessment, elaborated according to the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Data from five lowland and semi-mountain lakes in Bulgaria (Southeast Europe) collected from two years (2011-2012) form the basis for an integrated assessment and the definition of reference conditions. Several metrics were applied in combination, to classify lakes into five ecological status classes. Assemblages of aquatic organisms: phytoplankton, macrophytes and benthic macroinvertebrates, together with 11 supporting physico-chemical parameters were studied. The assessed unique conditions suggested that reference conditions of Bulgarian lakes have natural variability. This first baseline study illustrated specific cases within the lake types that should be assessed in details before providing standardized classification systems in compliance with the requirements of WFD.
文摘Sustainable development has been a popular concept since 1987 and the issuance of the Brundtland report.A diverse number of sustainability assessment frameworks are available to examine the environmental performance of buildings and communities.With the current pace of climate change and the increasing threat of stronger,more frequent natural hazards,however,there are doubts that sustainability alone is an effective response.Sustainability assessment frameworks in recent years have been criticized for not incorporating hazard resilience.To better understand the current level of emphasis put on resilience to natural hazards in green building rating systems,this study aims to assess the level of resilience integration in existing sustainability assessment frameworks.The results demonstrate an overall lack of resilience coverage in the frameworks with only four frameworks,CASBEE,LEED,Green Globes,and DGNB having resilience coverage of 27.5%,15%,2.6%,and 1.1%respectively.This confirms a need for more systematic integration of resilience indicators into sustain-ability rating systems to create combined frameworks for sustainability and resilience.
文摘Background:Measuring the performance of a health system is an essential requirement in creating systems that generate efficient,equitable,patient-focused,accessible and sustainable results.A fundamental requirement for a performance measurement system is the development of an assessment framework within which specific performance measures could be defined and applied regularly.This paper examines the comprehensiveness of Ghana’s health system assessment framework called the Holistic Assessment Tool in relation to some of the internationally recognized frameworks.The paper also analyzes trends in the performance of the health system to understand whether or not an improvement has been recorded following the adoption and implementation of the Holistic Assessment Tool.Methods:Mainly secondary data were used in this analysis.Searches were conducted on Google Scholar,PubMed,Scopus and Science Direct between May and July,2019 for published documents on health system performance assessment.We also obtained unpublished documents from Ghana’s Ministry of Health,Ghana Health Service website,and Ghana Statistical Service database.Descriptive statistics were used to examine trends in the performance of the Ghanaian health system.Results:While the tool provides a national framework for evaluating the performance of the Ghana Health system in several domains,the Holistic Assessment Tool does not cover key health system domains such as information systems for health,access to essential medicines,and patient-centeredness.Also,the scope of the assessment program seems limited to the evaluation of the Ministry of Health’s annual plans,programs and projects.However,the health system has recorded improvements in population health indicators,such as life expectancy at birth,infant mortality,under-5 mortality,HIV prevalence and disease burden(in terms of disability adjusted life years).Conclusions:The Holistic Assessment Tool is a useful framework,but needs further refinement,both in scope and in conceptual robustness.Future studies should consider exploring factors influencing performance of the Ghanaian health system.Such information will help in strategizing for better and more improvements.
文摘近年来,通信技术的持续演进导致通信网络的能耗显著增加。随着人工智能(AI,artificial intelligence)技术与算法在通信网络中的广泛应用和深度部署,未来6G智能通信网络架构和技术演进将对通信网络的节能减排带来更为严峻的挑战。基于边缘计算和分布式联邦学习的联邦边缘智能(FEI,federated edge intelligence)网络已被普遍认为是实现6G网络内生智能的关键路径之一。然而,如何评估和优化联邦边缘智能网络的综合碳排放量仍然是一大难题。为解决该问题,首先,提出了一种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放评估框架和方法。其次,基于该评估框架和方法提出3种联邦边缘智能网络碳排放优化方案,包括动态能量交易(DET,dynamic energy trading)、动态任务分配(DTA,dynamic task allocation)和动态能量交易与任务分配(DETA,dynamic energy trading and task allocation)。最后,通过自行搭建的真实硬件平台,并利用真实世界的碳强度数据集进行联邦边缘智能网络生命周期碳排放仿真。实验结果表明,3种优化方案均能在不同场景和约束条件下显著减少联邦边缘智能网络的碳排放,为下一代智能通信网络的可持续发展和实现绿色低碳6G网络提供了依据。
