The first divertor operation phase (OP1.2a) was carried out on Wendelstein 7-X in the second half of 2017. Fuel recycling and impurity behaviors in the divertor region were investigated by employing a newly built ultr...The first divertor operation phase (OP1.2a) was carried out on Wendelstein 7-X in the second half of 2017. Fuel recycling and impurity behaviors in the divertor region were investigated by employing a newly built ultraviolet–visible–near infrared overview spectroscopy system. The characteristic spectral lines of the working gases (hydrogen and helium), intrinsic impurities (carbon, oxygen and iron), and seeded impurities (neon and nitrogen) were identified and analyzed. The divertor electron temperature and density were measured using He I (667.8, 706.5, and 728.1 nm) line intensity ratios. The Hα(656.3 nm), He I (587.6 nm), C II (514.5 nm), and O I (777.2 nm) emissions were investigated over a wide range of operating conditions. The results showed that fuel and impurity emissions in the divertor region exhibit a strong dependence on magnetic topology and plasma conditions. The levels of Hα, He I, C II, and O I emissions are all reduced moving from the standard configuration to the high mirror configuration, and even further reduced for the high iota configuration, which is associated with decreasing connection length in these island divertor configurations. The H/He influx ratio shows that the plasma is a mixture of helium and hydrogen. The neutral and impurity influxes from the divertor target tend to increase with increasing divertor electron temperature.展开更多
In the Large Helical Device(LHD),diborane(B2H6)is used as a standard boron source for boronization,which is assisted by helium glow discharges.In 2019,a new Impurity Powder Dropper(IPD)system was installed and is unde...In the Large Helical Device(LHD),diborane(B2H6)is used as a standard boron source for boronization,which is assisted by helium glow discharges.In 2019,a new Impurity Powder Dropper(IPD)system was installed and is under evaluation as a real-time wall conditioning technique.In the LHD,which is a large-sized heliotron device,an additional helium(He)glow discharge cleaning(GDC)after boronization was operated for a reduction in hydrogen recycling from the coated boron layers.This operational time of 3 h was determined by spectroscopic data during glow discharges.A flat hydrogen profile is obtained on the top surface of the coated boron on the specimen exposed to boronization.The results suggest a reduction in hydrogen at the top surface by He-GDC.Trapped oxygen in coated boron was obtained by boronization,and the coated boron,which has boron-oxide,on the first wall by B-IPD was also shown.Considering the difference in coating areas between B2H6 boronization and B-IPD operation,it would be most effective to use the IPD and B2H6 boronization coating together for optimized wall conditioning.展开更多
Effect of impurities in recycling water on Pb-Ag anode passivation in zinc electrowinning process was investigated by linear scan voltammetry.Results show that passivation process would be affected in the presence of ...Effect of impurities in recycling water on Pb-Ag anode passivation in zinc electrowinning process was investigated by linear scan voltammetry.Results show that passivation process would be affected in the presence of Cl^-and F-in recycling water.It was highly advantageous to take H2SO4 concentration as 180g/L,Mn^2＋ concentration as 3-5 g/L and F-less than 42mg/L.However,passivation process would not be affected when Cl^-concentration was less than 13mg/L without any other ions,or when mass ratio of Mn^2＋ to Cl^-existing in electrolyte was 8,where Cl^-concentration could reach up to 625mg/L.展开更多
This review highlights the importance of recovering valuable metals from spent Li-ion battery(LIB)cathodes through the resynthesis of cathode active materials(CAMs).The resynthesis process of CAMs,a promising recyclin...This review highlights the importance of recovering valuable metals from spent Li-ion battery(LIB)cathodes through the resynthesis of cathode active materials(CAMs).The resynthesis process of CAMs,a promising recycling method that directly produces CAM precursors from LIB leachate,is explored.This process encompasses six key steps,including pretreatment,leaching,purification,adjustment of metal concentrations,precursor synthesis,and sintering.The review also investigates the potential introduction of impurity elements during CAM resynthesis and provides tolerance levels for these impurities based on thorough reference analysis.Additionally,it addresses challenges related to the commercialization of the resynthesis process.Notably,this review represents the first comprehensive assessment of CAM resynthesis,including the systematic evaluation of 12 impurity elements(Fe,Li,Al,Cu,C,P,F,Na,Cl,S,Mg,and Zn).Overall,this comprehensive review is poised to support the commercial development of resynthesized CAMs by offering valuable guidelines for managing impurities and streamlining the purification process.展开更多
基金the support from the China Scholarship Councilsupported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11675050)
文摘The first divertor operation phase (OP1.2a) was carried out on Wendelstein 7-X in the second half of 2017. Fuel recycling and impurity behaviors in the divertor region were investigated by employing a newly built ultraviolet–visible–near infrared overview spectroscopy system. The characteristic spectral lines of the working gases (hydrogen and helium), intrinsic impurities (carbon, oxygen and iron), and seeded impurities (neon and nitrogen) were identified and analyzed. The divertor electron temperature and density were measured using He I (667.8, 706.5, and 728.1 nm) line intensity ratios. The Hα(656.3 nm), He I (587.6 nm), C II (514.5 nm), and O I (777.2 nm) emissions were investigated over a wide range of operating conditions. The results showed that fuel and impurity emissions in the divertor region exhibit a strong dependence on magnetic topology and plasma conditions. The levels of Hα, He I, C II, and O I emissions are all reduced moving from the standard configuration to the high mirror configuration, and even further reduced for the high iota configuration, which is associated with decreasing connection length in these island divertor configurations. The H/He influx ratio shows that the plasma is a mixture of helium and hydrogen. The neutral and impurity influxes from the divertor target tend to increase with increasing divertor electron temperature.
基金supported by NIFS budgets,KOBF031,ULFF004,KUHR032partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI 18K04999+2 种基金JSPS-CAS Bilateral Joint Research Projects,“Control of wall recycling on metallic plasma-facing materials in fusion reactor”2019-2022,(No.GJHZ201984)the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative Grant No.2024VMB0003 in FY2023the U.S.Department Of Energy under Contract No.DE-AC02-09CH11466 with Princeton University。
文摘In the Large Helical Device(LHD),diborane(B2H6)is used as a standard boron source for boronization,which is assisted by helium glow discharges.In 2019,a new Impurity Powder Dropper(IPD)system was installed and is under evaluation as a real-time wall conditioning technique.In the LHD,which is a large-sized heliotron device,an additional helium(He)glow discharge cleaning(GDC)after boronization was operated for a reduction in hydrogen recycling from the coated boron layers.This operational time of 3 h was determined by spectroscopic data during glow discharges.A flat hydrogen profile is obtained on the top surface of the coated boron on the specimen exposed to boronization.The results suggest a reduction in hydrogen at the top surface by He-GDC.Trapped oxygen in coated boron was obtained by boronization,and the coated boron,which has boron-oxide,on the first wall by B-IPD was also shown.Considering the difference in coating areas between B2H6 boronization and B-IPD operation,it would be most effective to use the IPD and B2H6 boronization coating together for optimized wall conditioning.
基金Project(50925417) supported by China National Funds for Distinguished Young ScientistsProject(50830301) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金 Project(08JJ3020) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(2008SK2007) supported Key Program of Science and Technology of Hunan Province,ChinaPorject(2009ZX07212-001-01) supported by Key Project for Water Pollution Control and Management Technology of China
文摘Effect of impurities in recycling water on Pb-Ag anode passivation in zinc electrowinning process was investigated by linear scan voltammetry.Results show that passivation process would be affected in the presence of Cl^-and F-in recycling water.It was highly advantageous to take H2SO4 concentration as 180g/L,Mn^2＋ concentration as 3-5 g/L and F-less than 42mg/L.However,passivation process would not be affected when Cl^-concentration was less than 13mg/L without any other ions,or when mass ratio of Mn^2＋ to Cl^-existing in electrolyte was 8,where Cl^-concentration could reach up to 625mg/L.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2023-00254424)Ministry of Education(2020R1A6A1A03038540))。
文摘This review highlights the importance of recovering valuable metals from spent Li-ion battery(LIB)cathodes through the resynthesis of cathode active materials(CAMs).The resynthesis process of CAMs,a promising recycling method that directly produces CAM precursors from LIB leachate,is explored.This process encompasses six key steps,including pretreatment,leaching,purification,adjustment of metal concentrations,precursor synthesis,and sintering.The review also investigates the potential introduction of impurity elements during CAM resynthesis and provides tolerance levels for these impurities based on thorough reference analysis.Additionally,it addresses challenges related to the commercialization of the resynthesis process.Notably,this review represents the first comprehensive assessment of CAM resynthesis,including the systematic evaluation of 12 impurity elements(Fe,Li,Al,Cu,C,P,F,Na,Cl,S,Mg,and Zn).Overall,this comprehensive review is poised to support the commercial development of resynthesized CAMs by offering valuable guidelines for managing impurities and streamlining the purification process.
