Analytical investigations of in situ stress inversion from borehole breakout geometries

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of deriving in situ horizontal stresses from the breakout width and depth using the analytical method.Twenty-three breakout data with different borehole sizes were collected and three failure criteria were studied.Based on the Kirsch equations,relatively accurate major horizontal stress(sH)estimations from known minor horizontal stress(sh)were achieved with percentage errors ranging from 0.33%to 44.08%using the breakout width.The Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion(average error:13.1%)outperformed modified Wiebols-Cook(average error:19.09%)and modified Lade(average error:18.09%)failure criteria.However,none of the tested constitutive models could yield reasonable sh predictions from known sH using the same approach due to the analytical expression of the redistributed stress and the nature of the constitutive models.In consideration of this issue,the horizontal stress ratio(sH/sh)is suggested as an alternative input,which could estimate both sH and sh with the same level of accuracy.Moreover,the estimation accuracies for both large-scale and laboratory-scale breakouts are comparable,suggesting the applicability of this approach across different breakout sizes.For breakout depth,conformal mapping and complex variable method were used to calculate the stress concentration around the breakout tip,allowing the expression of redistributed stresses using binomials composed of sH and sh.Nevertheless,analysis of the breakout depth stabilisation mechanism indicates that additional parameters are required to utilise normalised breakout depth for stress estimation compared to breakout width.These parameters are challenging to obtain,especially under field conditions,meaning utilising normalised breakout depth analytically in practical applications faces significant challenges and remains infeasible at this stage.Nonetheless,the normalised breakout depth should still be considered a critical input for any empirical and statistical stress estimation method given its significant correlation with horizontal stresses.The outcome of this paper is expected to contribute valuable insights into the breakout stabilisation mechanisms and estimation of in situ stress magnitudes based on borehole breakout geometries.

Coseismic Coulomb stress changes induced by a 2020-2021 M_(W)>7.0 Alaska earthquake sequence in and around the Shumagin gap and its influence on the Alaska-Aleutian subduction interface

Three M_(W)>7.0 earthquakes in 2020-2021 occurred in the Shumagin seismic gap and its adjacent area of the Alaska-Aleutian subduction zone,including the Mw7.8 Simeonof thrust earthquake on July 22,2020,the M_(W)7.6 Sand Point strike-slip earthquake on October 19,2020,and the M_(W)8.2 Chignik thrust earthquake on July 29,2021.The spatial and temporal proximity of these three earthquakes prompts us to probe stress-triggering effects among them.Here we examine the coseismic Coulomb stress change imparted by the three earthquakes and their influence on the subduction interface.Our results show that:(1)The Simeonof earthquake has strong loading effects on the subsequent Sand Point and Chignik earthquakes,with the Coulomb stress changes of 3.95 bars and 2.89 bars,respectively.The Coulomb stress change caused by the Sand Point earthquake at the hypocenter of the Chignik earthquake is merely around 0.01 bars,suggesting the negligible triggering effect on the latter earthquake;(2)The triggering effects of the Simeonof,Sand Point,and Chignik earthquakes on aftershocks within three months are not well pronounced because of the triggering rates of 38%,14%,and 43%respectively.Other factors may have played an important role in promoting the occurrence of these aftershocks,such as the roughness of the subduction interface,the complicated velocity structure of the lithosphere,and the heterogeneous prestress therein;(3)The three earthquakes caused remarkable coseismic Coulomb stress changes at the subduction interface nearby these mainshocks,with an average Coulomb stress change of 3.2 bars in the shallow region directly inwards the trench.

Exercise-induced modulation of miR-149-5p and MMP9 in LPS-triggered diabetic myoblast ER stress: licorice glycoside E as a potential therapeutic target

Background:This study explores the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress and diabetes,particularly focusing on the impact of physical exercise on ER stress mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic drugs and targets for diabetes-related sepsis.The research also incorporates traditional physical therapy perspectives,emphasizing the genomic insights gained from exercise therapy in disease management and prevention.Methods:Gene analysis was conducted on the GSE168796 and GSE94717 datasets to identify ER stress-related genes.Gene interactions and immune cell correlations were mapped using GeneCard and STRING databases.A screening of 2,456 compounds from the TCMSP database was performed to identify potential therapeutic agents,with a focus on their docking potential.Techniques such as luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA interference were used to examine the interactions between microRNA-149-5p and MMP9.Results:The study identified 2,006 differentially expressed genes and 616 miRNAs.Key genes like MMP9,TNF-α,and IL1B were linked to an immunosuppressive state.Licorice glycoside E demonstrated high affinity for MMP9,suggesting its potential effectiveness in treating diabetes.The constructed miRNA network highlighted the regulatory roles of MMP9,IL1B,IFNG,and TNF-α.Experimental evidence confirmed the binding of microRNA-149-5p to MMP9,impacting apoptosis in diabetic cells.Conclusion:The findings highlight the regulatory role of microRNA-149-5p in managing MMP9,a crucial gene in diabetes pathophysiology.Licorice glycoside E emerges as a promising treatment option for diabetes,especially targeting MMP9 affected by ER stress.The study also underscores the significance of physical exercise in modulating ER stress pathways in diabetes management,bridging traditional physical therapy and modern scientific understanding.Our study has limitations.It focuses on the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 network in sepsis,using cell-based methods without animal or clinical trials.Despite strong in vitro findings,in vivo studies are needed to confirm licorice glycoside E’s therapeutic potential and understand the microRNA-149-5p-MMP9 dynamics in real conditions.

Exosomes derived from microglia overexpressing miR-124-3p alleviate neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress damage after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury

We previously reported that miR-124-3p is markedly upregulated in microglia-derived exosomes following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.However,its impact on neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury remains unclear.In this study,we first used an HT22 scratch injury model to mimic traumatic brain injury,then co-cultured the HT22 cells with BV2 microglia expressing high levels of miR-124-3p.We found that exosomes containing high levels of miR-124-3p attenuated apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress.Furthermore,luciferase reporter assay analysis confirmed that miR-124-3p bound specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein IRE1α,while an IRE1αfunctional salvage experiment confirmed that miR-124-3p targeted IRE1αand reduced its expression,thereby inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in injured neurons.Finally,we delivered microglia-derived exosomes containing miR-124-3p intranasally to a mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and found that endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis levels in hippocampal neurons were significantly reduced.These findings suggest that,after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury,miR-124-3 can be transferred from microglia-derived exosomes to injured neurons,where it exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.Therefore,microglia-derived exosomes containing miR-124-3p may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.

Formulation and procedure for in situ stress back-analysis from borehole strain changes measured during nearby underground excavation

Estimation of in situ stresses based on back-analysis of measured stress changes and displacements has become an alternative to the direct stress measurement methods.In order to help users conduct own measurement and analysis,this paper presents in detail a field stress back-analysis approach directly from borehole strain changes measured during nearby underground excavation.Essential formulations in major steps and the procedure for the entire analysis process are provided to allow users to follow.The instrument for borehole strain change measurement can be the CSIR or CSIRO stress cells and other borehole strain cells that can measure strains on borehole walls.Strain changes corresponding to the stress changes at a borehole location are calculated in borehole environment.The stress changes due to nearby excavation can be calculated by an analytical model for a single circular opening and simulated by a numerical model for non-circular and multiple openings.These models are based on isotropic,homogeneous and linear elastic assumptions.The analysis of borehole strain changes is accomplished by multiple linear regression based on error minimization and an integrated process provides the best-fit solution directly to the in situ stresses.A statistical technique is adopted for screening outliers in the measurement data,checking measurement compatibility and evaluating the reliability of analysis results.An application example is included to demonstrate the practical application and the analysis procedure.

装配式桥梁板玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋湿接缝受力与变形分析

为解决装配式桥梁板体系湿接缝处力学性能不稳定、易变形的问题,提出采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案优化湿接缝性能,以雄安新区荣乌高速荣乌主线桥为背景进行研究。选取主线桥2个试验段(试验段A湿接缝采用普通混凝土-U形钢筋方案,钢筋点焊;试验段B湿接缝采用玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案,钢筋满焊)进行梁板体系湿接缝性能试验,监测湿接缝处搭接钢筋力学响应及混凝土接触面变形特征,同时对长期运载及强降雨影响下的钢筋受力与混凝土变形进行监测。结果表明:长期运载下,试验段B横筋受力约为试验段A的一半,其中部纵筋承受外力远大于试验段A,边缘纵筋承受外力较少,试验段B稳定性更优;试验段B较试验段A在湿接缝部位变形量小,其稳定性及耐久性更优;强降雨阶段,试验段B较试验段A变形及力学响应波动程度更低,其抗渗能力、耐久性更优。由此可知基于玻璃纤维混凝土-U形钢筋加强方案的湿接缝构造在外力传导、抵抗变形方面具有较强稳定性,不易受恶劣环境影响。

川南泸州区块五峰-龙马溪组现今地应力特征与页岩气开发

川南泸州区块是中国重要的页岩气产区,其内五峰-龙马溪组页岩气资源丰富,勘探-开发潜力巨大。现今地应力在页岩气运移与富集规律分析、钻完井工程、储层压裂改造以及井网部署等方面均具有重要应用。分析泸州区块五峰-龙马溪组深层页岩气储层现今地应力状态,并探讨在其影响下的天然裂缝活动性与压裂裂缝扩展。结果表明:五峰-龙马溪组页岩气储层现今地应力方向呈现WNW-ESE的优势方位;现今地应力值大小为:水平最大主应力最大、垂向主应力居中、水平最小主应力最小,指示走滑型地应力机制。五峰组和龙一11小层水平主应力差分别介于11.90~15.76 MPa和11.80~16.75 MPa范围内,具备形成复杂压裂缝网的地应力条件。在现今地应力条件下,川南泸州区块五峰-龙马溪组页岩气储层天然裂缝不活动,随着开发流体的注入,天然裂缝逐渐活化,其压力增量的临界值为15~23 MPa;压裂后主要形成垂向延伸的裂缝系统。研究成果可为川南泸州区块深层页岩气效益开发提供现今地应力分析的基础与科学依据。

Modes of multi-mechanistic gas diffusion in shale matrix at varied effective stresses:Observations and analysis

Gas diffusion in the shale matrix has a dominant effect on late-stage production from shale gas reservoirs.However,adequate research on the mechanisms and contributions of gas diffusion for varied pore size populations in shale matrix under recreated in situ stress is lacking.We report gas-diffusion measurements under constant in situ stress but variable gas pressures for contrasting non-adsorbent(helium(He))and adsorbed(methane(CH_(4)))gases to investigate the impact of effective stress on the evolution of dominant mechanisms of diffusion.An intact sample replicates true pore-network topology and diffusion paths.An integrated diffusion model is proposed that combines the effects of slip flow,Knudsen flow,and surface diffusion to constrain the evolution of these flow regimes and their respective contributions to the observational data.Finally,a probability density function(PDF)is employed to separate the gas content distributions of macropores and micropores from the total gas content and to investigate gas contributions in various pores.The results reveal that the diffusion coefficients of both He and CH_(4) in macropores and micropores increase with gas pressure but decrease with increasing effective stress.The diffusion coefficients of He and CH_(4) are different in macropores but remain nearly the same in micropores.The diffusion coefficients of slip flow and surface diffusion increase with decreasing effective stress except for CH_(4) diffusion in the micropores,while the evolution of Knudsen diffusion shows the opposite trend.Slip flow plays a dominant role in He and CH_(4) diffusion within macropores(pore size 45 nm).Knudsen diffusion gradually becomes significant for He diffusion in the micropores(pore size 4 nm),conversely,for CH_(4) diffusion in the micropores,surface diffusion becomes significant.Related to gas production from reservoirs,the contributions of the micropores will increase gradually with the duration of gas recovery,indicating the significant role of gas diffusion in micropores to steady supply during latestage production.

Measurements of in situ stress and mining-induced stress in Beiminghe Iron Mine of China

In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress- concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.

Estimation of the three-dimensional in situ stress field around a large deep underground cavern group near a valley

Understanding three-dimensional(3D)in situ stress field is of key importance for estimating the stability of large deep underground cavern groups near valleys.However,the complete 3D in situ stress fields around large deep underground cavern groups are difficult to determine based on in situ stress data from a limited number of measuring points due to the insufficient representativeness and unreliability of such measurements.In this study,an integrated approach for estimating the 3D in situ stress field around a large deep underground cavern group near a valley is developed based on incomplete in situ stress measurements and the stress-induced failures of tunnels excavated prior to the step excavation of the cavern group.This integrated approach is implemented via four interrelated and progressive basic steps,i.e.inference of the regional tectonic stress field direction,analyses of in situ stress characteristics and measurement reliability,regression-based in situ stress field analysis and reliability assessment,and modified in situ stress field analysis and reliability verification.The orientations and magnitudes of the 3D in situ stress field can be analyzed and obtained at a strategic level following these four basic steps.First,the tectonic stress field direction around the cavern group is deduced in accordance with the regional tectonic framework and verified using a regional crustal deformation velocity map.Second,the reliability of the in situ stress measurements is verified based on the locations and depths of stressinduced brittle failures in small tunnels(such as exploratory tunnels and pilot tunnels)within the excavation range of the cavern group.Third,considering the influences of the valley topography and major geological structures,the 3D in situ stress field is regressed using numerical simulation and multiple linear regression techniques based on the in situ stress measurements.Finally,the regressed in situ stress field is further modified and reverified based on the stress-induced brittle failures of small tunnels and the initial excavation of the cavern group.A case study of the Shuangjiangkou underground cavern group demonstrates that the proposed approach is reliable for estimating the 3D in situ stress fields of large deep underground cavern groups near valleys,thus contributing to the optimization of practical excavation and design of mitigating the instability of the surrounding rock masses during step excavations.

Predicting the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Ordos Basin, central China

The Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin is important in China for producing shale oil.The present-day in situ stress state is of practical implications for the exploration and development of shale oil;however,few studies are focused on stress distributions within the Chang 7 reservoir.In this study,the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Chang 7 reservoir was predicted using the combined spring model based on well logs and measured stress data.The results indicate that stress magnitudes increase with burial depth within the Chang 7 reservoir.Overall,the horizontal maximum principal stress(SHmax),horizontal minimum principal stress(Shmin) and vertical stress(Sv) follow the relationship of Sv≥SHmax>Shmin,indicating a dominant normal faulting stress regime within the Chang 7 reservoir of Ordos Basin.Laterally,high stress values are mainly distributed in the northwestern parts of the studied region,while low stress values are found in the southeastern parts.Factors influencing stress distributions are also analyzed.Stress magnitudes within the Chang 7 reservoir show a positive linear relationship with burial depth.A larger value of Young's modulus results in higher stress magnitudes,and the differential horizontal stress becomes higher when the rock Young's modulus grows larger.

Three-Dimensional In Situ Stress-Field Simulations of Shale Gas Formations:A Case Study of the 5th Member of the Xujiahe Formation in the Xinchang Gas Field,West Sichuan Depression

This work established a geological model for the 5th member of the Xujiahe Formation（X5 member） in the Xinchang gas field of the West Sichuan Depression based on the lithological, structural and depositional properties, as well as logging and well completion data and drill-core observations. Rock mechanical parameters were calculated according to rock mechanic experiments and rock mechanic interpretations from logging data. We also calculated the magnitudes and orientations of the in situ stresses based on acoustic emission tests, differential strain tests, fracturing behaviour and logging interpretations as well as anisotropy logging tests, borehole-breakout measurements and well-log data. Additionally, the present stress field of the X5 member was simulated using finite element numerical（FEM） simulation methods. The numerical simulation results indicate that the distributions of lithology and fractures are key factors that influence the present stress field. The stress field in the study area is discontinuous as a result of fractures and faults in the central and eastern areas. Stress is concentrated at the end sections and bends of faults, but dissipates with distance away from both sides of the faults. A longitudinal profile clearly demonstrates the zonality and continuity of the stress field and an increase with depth. The differential stress distribution is relatively uniform; however, large deviations occur in fracture zones.

Impact of elliptical boreholes on in situ stress estimation from leak-off test data

We developed an inversion technique to determine in situ stresses for elliptical boreholes of arbitrary trajectory. In this approach, borehole geometry, drilling-induced fracture information, and other available leak-off test data were used to construct a mathematical model, which was in turn applied to finding the inverse of an overdetermined system of equations.The method has been demonstrated by a case study in the Appalachian Basin, USA. The calculated horizontal stresses are in reasonable agreement with the reported regional stress study of the area, although there are no field measurement data of the studied well for direct calibration. The results also indicate that 2% of axis difference in the elliptical borehole geometry can cause a 5% difference in minimum horizontal stress calculation and a 10% difference in maximum horizontal stress calculation.

Interaction between in situ stress states and tectonic faults:A comment

Understanding the in situ stress state is crucial in many engineering problems and earth science research.The present article presents new insights into the interaction mechanism between the stress state and faults.In situ stresses can be influenced by various factors,one of the most important being the existence of faults.A fault could significantly affect the value and direction of the stress components.Reorientation and magnitude changes in stresses exist adjacent to faults and stress jumps/discontinuities across the fault.By contrast,the change in the stress state may lead to the transformation of faulting type and potential fault reactivation.Qualitative fault reactivation assessment using characteristic parameters under the current stress environment provides a method to assess the slip tendency of faults.The correlation between in situ stresses and fault properties enhances the ability to predict the fault slip tendency via stress measurements,which can be used to further refine the assessment of the fault reactivation risk.In the future,stress measurements at greater depths and long-term continuous real-time stress monitoring near/on key parts of faults will be essential.In addition,much attention needs to be paid to distinguishing the genetic mechanisms of abnormal stress states and the type and scale of stress variations and exploring the mechanisms of pre-faulting anomaly and fault reactivation.

3D numerical simulation of heterogeneous in situ stress field in low-permeability reservoirs

Analysis of the in situ stress orientation and magnitude in the No.4 Structure of Nanpu Sag was performed on the basis of data obtained from borehole breakout and acoustic emission measurements.On the basis of mechanical experiments,logging interpretation,and seismic data,a 3 D geological model and heterogeneous rock mechanics field of the reservoir were constructed.Finite element simulation techniques were then used for the detailed prediction of the 3 D stress field.The results indicated that the maximum horizontal stress orientation in the study area was generally NEE-SWW trending,with significant changes in the in situ stress orientation within and between fault blocks.Along surfaces and profiles,stress magnitudes were discrete and the in situ stress belonged to theⅠa-type.Observed inter-strata differences were characterized as five different types of in situ stress profile.Faults were the most important factor causing large distributional differences in the stress field of reservoirs within the complex fault blocks.The next important influence on the stress field was the reservoir’s rock mechanics parameters,which impacted on the magnitudes of in situ stress magnitudes.This technique provided a theoretical basis for more efficient exploration and development of low-permeability reservoirs within complex fault blocks.

Borehole deformation based in situ stress estimation using televiewer data

The knowledge of in situ stress is critical in safe and optimised extraction of minerals and energy resources.In situ stresses are either measured directly(e.g.overcoring)or estimated indirectly(e.g.borehole breakouts).Borehole breakout analysis for in situ stress estimation is considered a relatively simple and cost-efficient technique.This technique,however,poses certain limitations such as complexities with progressive formation of breakouts and it requires inputs such as rock failure parameters that are not often available.As a result,significant effort has been made to develop new indirect methods for in situ stress estimation.Borehole deformation analysis using four-arm caliper has been recently proposed for in situ stress estimation and has shown promising results.In this study,we demonstrate a new methodology that analyses the borehole televiewer data with the technique of borehole deformation analysis to estimate the in situ stresses through a field case study.The advantages and challenges of using borehole televiewer data for stress estimation based on borehole deformation analysis are discussed and the best practice to obtain the reliable results is explained.The limitations of using fourarm caliper and borehole deformation analysis for in situ stress estimation are also discussed and it is shown how televiewer data can overcome such limitations.Finally,the in situ stress results obtained from televiewer data and borehole deformation analysis are compared with independent in situ stress measurements to show the robustness and reliability of the proposed methodology.

MicroRNA-502-3p regulates GABAergic synapse function in hippocampal neurons

Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)ergic neurons,the most abundant inhibitory neurons in the human brain,have been found to be reduced in many neurological disorders,including Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-related dementia.Our previous study identified the upregulation of microRNA-502-3p(miR-502-3p)and downregulation of GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 in Alzheimer's disease synapses.This study investigated a new molecular relationship between miR-502-3p and GABAergic synapse function.In vitro studies were perfo rmed using the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 and miR-502-3p agomiRs and antagomiRs.In silico analysis identified multiple binding sites of miR-502-3p at GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 mRNA.Luciferase assay confirmed that miR-502-3p targets the GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 gene and suppresses the luciferase activity.Furthermore,quantitative reve rse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,miRNA in situ hybridization,immunoblotting,and immunostaining analysis confirmed that overexpression of miR-502-3p reduced the GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 level,while suppression of miR-502-3p increased the level of GABA type A receptor subunitα-1 protein.Notably,as a result of the overexpression of miR-502-3p,cell viability was found to be reduced,and the population of necrotic cells was found to be increased.The whole cell patch-clamp analysis of human-GABA receptor A-α1/β3/γ2L human embryonic kidney(HEK)recombinant cell line also showed that overexpression of miR-502-3p reduced the GABA current and overall GABA function,suggesting a negative correlation between miR-502-3p levels and GABAergic synapse function.Additionally,the levels of proteins associated with Alzheimer s disease were high with miR-502-3p overexpression and reduced with miR-502-3p suppression.The present study provides insight into the molecular mechanism of regulation of GABAergic synapses by miR-502-3p.We propose that micro-RNA,in particular miR-502-3p,could be a potential therapeutic to rget to modulate GABAergic synapse function in neurological disorders,including Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's diseaserelated dementia.

Undrained semi-analytical solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soils under biaxial stress conditions

This paper presents an undrained semi-analytical elastoplastic solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soil under the biaxial stress conditions.The advanced simplified SANICLAY model is used to simulate the elastoplastic behavior of soil.The cavity expansion is treated as an initial value problem and solved as a system of eight first-order ordinary differential equations including four stress components and four anisotropic parameters.The results are validated by comparing the new solutions with existing ones.The distributions of stress components and anisotropic parameters around the cavity wall,the expansion process,the stress yield trajectory of a soil element and the shape and size of elastoplastic boundary are further investigated to explore the cavity expansion response of soils under biaxial in situ stresses.The results of extensive parameters analysis demonstrate that the circumferential position of the soil element and the anisotropy of the soils have noticeable impacts on the expansion response under biaxial in situ stresses.Since the present solution not only considers the anisotropy and anisotropy evolution of natural soil,but also eliminates the conventional assumption of uniform radial pressure,the solution is better than other theoretical solutions to explain the pressure test and pile installation effect of shallow saturated soil.

基于“地质-工程”耦合平台的顺北断溶体储层地应力分布规律分析

顺北油田是一种碳酸盐岩断控裂缝-洞穴型储层,该类型油田通常采用水力压裂改造的方式进行开采,以提高储集体的连通性能。在水力压裂过程中,三维地应力场是影响裂缝扩展轨迹的重要因素之一。因此,研究三维地应力场的精细空间分布是水力压裂工艺需要解决的首要问题。针对裂缝-洞穴型碳酸盐岩储集体的水力压裂改造过程地应力场空间分布模拟不精细的问题,开发“地质-工程”耦合平台。该平台可将地质模型转换为适用于AiFrac数值仿真软件的模型,实现了对储层三维地应力场的精细刻画。基于角点网格建立的三维地质模型,采用数值仿真软件进行三维地应力场的模拟,既可以保留储层的复杂地质构造特征,又可以利用数值仿真软件强大的计算能力,实现了地质模型和数值仿真一体化。为了验证所提方法的有效性,基于前期已有的地应力测量数据,对顺北油田三维地应力场进行了分析计算。结果表明:断裂带对地应力场的大小和方向有显著的影响,主要表现在断裂带的规模、倾角、走向以及形态等因素在不同程度上均对地应力状态产生影响。所提出的三维地应力场精细模拟方法可有效研究断溶体储层区域及内部、不同断裂带交汇区三维地应力场分布规律,从而为现场施工工艺参数的选择提供了重要依据。

Time-sensitivity of the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission in limestone and its application to measurements of in-situ stress

Measuring in-situ stress by using the Kaiser effect in rocks has such advantages as timeefficiency, low cost and little limitation, but the precision of the method is dependent on rock properties and delay time of the measurement. In this paper, experiments on the Kaiser effect in limestones were performed, and it was found that the limestones had good ability to retain a memory of their recent stress history and high time-sensitivity. The longer the experiment was delayed from the extraction of the stone, the larger the Felicity ratio was. As the Felicity ratio approached l, significant Kaiser effect was observed. In-situ stress should be determined by the limestone measurements when the delay time was 40-120 days. Finally, the in-situ stress in a limestone formation could be successfully measured in practice.