Orthopaedic care provided by the 14th combat support hospital in support of humanitarian and disaster relief after hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico

On September 20,2017 Hurricane Maria,a category 4 hurricane,made landfall on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico.This was preceded by Hurricane Irma,a category 5 hurricane,which passed just off the coast 13 d prior.The destruction from both Hurricane Irma and Maria precipitated a coordinated federal response which included the Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)and the United States military.The United States Army dispatched the 14^th Combat Support Hospital(CSH)to Humacao,a city on the eastern side of the island where Maria made landfall.The mission of the 14^th CSH was to provide medical humanitarian aid and conduct disaster relief operations in support of the government of Puerto Rico and FEMA.During the 14^th CSH deployment to Puerto Rico,1157 patients were evaluated and treated.Fifty-seven operative cases were performed to include 23 orthopaedic cases.The mean age of the orthopaedic patients treated was 45.7 years(range 13-76 years).The most common operation was irrigation and debridement of open contaminated and/or infected wounds.Patients presented a mean 10.8 d from their initial injury(range 1-40 d).Fractures and infections were the most common diagnoses with the greatest delay in treatment from the initial date of injury.The deployment of the 14^th CSH to Puerto Rico was unique in its use of air transport,language and local customs encountered,as well as deployment to a location outside the continental United States.These factors coupled with the need for rapid deployment of the 14^th CSH provided valuable experience which will undoubtedly enable future success in similar endeavors.

Review on Drought Disasters in the Five Provinces of Northern China in 1920

This paper analyzed the severe drought that took place in the five provinces of Northern China in 1920.Study suggested that the severe damage caused by the drought was resulted from many reasons,such as certain specific natural conditions,deterioration of ecological environment,malformations of the rural economy and turbulence of domestic politics.However,some new phenomena took shapes during this time disaster relief activity.

Necessity for disaster-related nursing competency training of emergency nurses in China

Purpose::Discuss on the disaster-related nursing competency training of Chinese emergency nurses.Methods::By retrieving concerned literatures,summarize the current situation of disaster responses of Chinese emergency nurses and the impact factors of disaster-related nursing competencies.Results::The disaster preparedness of emergency nurses in China is at a medium level and must be improved.The impact factors include the educational degree,gender,disaster relief experience,training,and mechanisms for domestic disaster relief.Conclusion::As a direct response to disaster,emergency nurses should improve the comprehensive ability of disaster nursing by systematic disaster nursing education and professional training.

Preparedness training programs improved the emergency response and crucial outcomes among nursing students:a scoping review

Objective:The study aims to review and discuss the outcomes of emergency preparedness training programs among nursing students.Methods:A scoping review was conducted based on the guidelines of Arskey and O’Malley.Databases through PubMed,Science Direct,and Google Scholar were used to obtain the relevant articles within the scoping review.Results:The researchers found 1175 articles.After manual review,28 articles were identified and assessed.The review reported that the emergency preparedness training program significantly affects preparedness,knowledge,performance,self-efficacy,learning motivation,self-confidence,satisfaction,critical decision-making,and problem-solving.Conclusions:Emergency training effectively increases knowledge,skills,confidence,satisfaction,and team performance.

New Challenges For International Disaster Relief

The Türkiye-Syria earthquake is pushing global search and rescue capacity to the limit On February 6,a powerful earthquake and a series of strong aftershocks struck southern Türkiye near the Syrian border.International assistance has since poured into the disaster-hit areas.According to Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu,as of February 18,102 countries had offered humanitarian aid and rescue teams from 88 countries participated in search and rescue operations in Türkiye.

BeiDou Integrated Disaster Reduction Application Platform

To better improve the emergency communication and location-based services of disaster information reporting network for serious natural response and relieL disaster emergency the national natural disaster reduction application platform based on BeiDou navigation satellite system is constructed. The administrative distributed platform is integrated with BeiDou positioning and multiple communication ways so as to achieve main disaster reduction application services, including disaster information acquisition and monitoring, emergency relief for trapped people, on-site emergency relief command service, relief supplies＇ transportation monitoring, and disaster information publishing service. By the platform, serious disaster information reporting time may be reduced to one hour and the emergency decision-making information service for serious natural disasters can be effectively improved, and it will be helpful to provide technical references for the industrial application and promotion of BeiDou inte- grated disaster reduction.

Applying Network Flow Optimization Techniques to Improve Relief Goods Transport Strategies under Emergency Situation

Given the seriously damaged emergency situation occurring after a large-scale natural disaster, a critical and important problem that needs to be solved urgently is how to distribute the necessary relief goods, such as drinking water, food, and medicine, to the damaged area and how to transport them corresponding to the actual supply and demand situation as quickly as possible. The existing infrastructure, such as traffic roads, bridges, buildings, and other facilities, may suffer from severe damage. Assuming uncertainty related with each road segment’s availability, we formulate a transshipment network flow optimization problem under various types of uncertain situations. In order to express the uncertainty regarding the availability of each road segment, we apply the Monte Carlo simulation technique to generate random networks following certain probability distribution conditions. Then, we solve the model to obtain an optimal transport strategy for the relief goods. Thus, we try to implement a necessary and desirable response strategy for managing emergency cases caused by, for example, various natural disasters. Our modeling approach was then applied to the actual road network in Sumatra Island in Indonesia in 2009, when a disastrous earthquake occurred to develop effective and efficient public policies for emergency situations.

Evaluation of Earthquake Losses and Establishment of a Corresponding Database System

After the Datong-Yanggao earthquake (October 1989),a special team was organized for the first time by the SSB of China to start the work of earthquake damage evaluation for the purpose of providing the government with a scientific basis for disaster relief.The result of the evaluation played an important role in speeding up rehabilitation and reducing damage losses in the earthquake area.Based on the evaluation of earthquake damage from the Datong-Yanggao earthquake and recent research results,this paper presents a method for quick evaluation of earthquake damages,introduces software entitled EDEP (earthquake damage evaluation program) for evaluating earthquake damage,and cites a case to explain the main function and application of the EDEP.Finally,for a quicker evaluation of earthquake damages,the paper also proposes the establishment of database systems of earthquake damage evaluation in the emphatically monitored areas and ways to build up such database systems.

Overview of Wound Features and Treatment in Wenchuan Earthquake Victims

Objective: “5.12” Wenchuan Earthquake killed 70,000 people and left more than 90,000 people injured seriously. This study was to analyze the wound features and early treatments in Wenchuan earthquake victims and investigate treatment strategies in major disasters, to provide a reference to future disaster rescue. Methods: Total of 1420 earthquake patients who were admitted to Deyang People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province from May 12-30, 2008 were enrolled in the study. The wound features and early treatment were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Among 1420 patients, there were total 1821 injuries. In which, there were 1089 cases with single site injury (76.69%) and 331 cases with multiple injury (23.31%);injuries of limb, body surface and soft tissue were more than that of other sites;injury of single site was larger than that of multi-site (P < 0.01);most of the earthquake patients were admitted to hospital within 2 days after earthquake (68.80%), whose number was more than those at other times (P < 0.01);the number of the earthquake patients in 19 - 45 age group was more than that of other groups (P < 0.01);most of patients were treated within 12 hours after injury (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In disaster rescue, rescue speed is the key point. And the “golden time” and emphases of rescue should be within 2 days after earthquake;the principle of damage control surgery should be followed in the rescue. Enhancing mutual and self help practice and first-aid training at usual times may save more lives.

Evaluating Effective Pediatric Psychological Trauma Treatments Post-Traumatic Natural Disasters

What are the best treatment approaches for children experiencing trauma after natural disasters? Historically, the U.S. emergency response system has not provided psychological support to communities impacted by disasters. Instead, the traditional emergency response community focused on ensuring the physical survival of the individuals and communities that it protects. The goal of all disaster interventions, whether physical or psychological in nature, is to restore the individual to his/her level of pre-disaster functioning. Emphasizing psychological intervention and treatment after disasters is essential in restoring health in individuals post-trauma because mental health is necessary for proper physical health, forming of coping mechanisms, and the ability of individuals to move past the trauma and lead normal lives. At young ages, the body is still developing mentally and physically, meaning the impact of a traumatic event may be completely different from that of most adults. For example, children have greater thought suppression, which leads to an associated increase in PTSD and internalizing behaviors. Thus, children require a different treatment approach to ensure that trauma is not long-lasting and prevalent in future adult life, such as through trouble expressing and regulating emotions, as well as vulnerability to future exposure to stress, which may negatively impact individuals’ identity and interpersonal abilities. The purpose of this review paper is to evaluate various memory-related disorders to then explain the pros and cons of various treatment approaches based on their efficiency in treating PTSD-related symptoms post-natural disasters in children. This review identifies the best pediatric trauma treatment approaches used after natural disasters, highlighting a lack of efficient, effective, and specific psychological treatments. By comparing various existing psychological treatments, this paper provides future directions for research by identifying existing gaps in the field and explains contrasting approaches for various memory-related and natural disaster related psychological trauma disorders.

International Humanitarian Relief Exemplar

THE 8.1-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25 and its multiple aftershocks killed almost 9,000 and injured more than 20,000people.The Chinese government immediately set about organizing two rounds of emergency humanitarian relief that provided 546 tons of relief materials worth RMB 60 million.The next morning the China International Search and Rescue Team was the first such team to arrive in Katmandu,Nepal’s capital.

The impact of serving in disaster relief among volunteers in Malaysia

Purpose:Malaysian disaster relief volunteers have a long and proud history of participating in relief missions within and outside the country.Despite of a plethora of researches into the various areas of disaster relief,there has been a little scholarly activity looking into the experiences of the medical volunteers worldwide and even less research on the experiences of the relief volunteers in Malaysia.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to identify the effect of disaster relief works on volunteers in Malaysia.Methods:This is a non-experimental cross-sectional design study,which was conducted using survey questionnaire to examine the incidence of burnout,posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)symptoms and the quality of life(QOL)among the disaster relief volunteers.And the study also examined the sociodemographic variables of the participants.In addition,the association between the sociodemographic variable and the preferred coping strategies was also investigated through self-reporting checklist.Results:The findings of this study revealed that 90.9%volunteers(n=312)experienced some levels of recurring stress throughout their lives,which led to burnout.Also,96.8%(n=332)of the participants were categorized as having at least some symptoms of PTSD.However,self-reporting QOL measurements indicated that the participants are,in general,satisfied with their lives.Significant associations between the incidence of burnout,incidence of PTSD and QOL were identified.Both positive coping measures and behavioral or avoidant coping measures were also identified.Furthermore,a number of sociodemographic factors were also seen to interact significantly with burnout,PTSD and QOL.Conclusion:This study provides some insights into the psychological challenges of disaster relief volunteers in Malaysia,and this impact can last a long time after the volunteers return to their hometowns.Several recommendations including practice development,policy and research were discussed in the study.

The National Situation of Natural Disasters and Disaster Relief in 1997

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Integration system research and development for three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf

An integration processing system of three-dimensional laser scanning information visualization in goaf was developed. It is provided with multiple functions, such as laser scanning information management for goaf, cloud data de-noising optimization, construction, display and operation of three-dimensional model, model editing, profile generation, calculation of goaf volume and roof area, Boolean calculation among models and interaction with the third party soft ware. Concerning this system with a concise interface, plentiful data input/output interfaces, it is featured with high integration, simple and convenient operations of applications. According to practice, in addition to being well-adapted, this system is favorably reliable and stable.

A New Manufacturing Method for Hourglass Worm Gear Hob Based on a Semi⁃automatic CAD

The top relief surfaces of an hourglass worm gear hob are ground manually in the traditional manufacturing process,which cannot ensure the width of the land surfaces of the hob.Moreover,each geometric feature of the hob has been produced through different manufacturing techniques and machine tools,which results in low efficiency.To solve this problem,we propose a semi-automatic computer aided design(CAD)method for hobs.The point clouds of each feature surface of a hob are calculated by combing mathematical equations of the top relief surfaces built by the proposed method with other existing equations of hob surfaces.According to the point clouds,the method can achieve the automatic modeling for the hob in three-dimensional(3D)software by classifying and extracting the parameter information of the feature-hierarchical knowledge of the hob.Based on the generated 3D model,the entire surfaces of the hob can be manufactured on a four-axis computer numerical control(CNC)milling machine through only twice clamping.Verification of the width of the land surface of the hob manufactured by semi-automatic CAD method on a measuring projector proved the precision of the designed width can be ensured.The edge of the contact area on the worm wheel in a meshing experiment is clear and distinct,which means the worm gear drive is meshed well and the hob manufactured by the proposed method has improved machinability.The method simplifies the processing technique,and improves the design efficiency and production accuracy.

Mass Disasters Treatment

Introduction:Mass disasters can be provoked from many reasons and manifest in many variations.Objective:This review aims to demonstrate the role of Nursing and nurses in mass disasters treatment.Methodology:The material of the review is constituted from articles that were found from the research in Google Scholar and Hellenic Academic Libraries Link(HEAL-Link).Results:In mass disasters that are caused from earthquakes,floods,landslides and fires the consequences exceed the capacity of the affected area or community to respond to provide medical treatment.It is of great value the existence of coping plan and organogram for every variety of mass disaster that the members of the rescue team can rely on.Conclusions:To cope loses and for the avoidance of chaotic conditions in the place of disaster is required the knowledge of coping with such disasters by readiness exercises executed from all organizations that participate.

支持灾难救援的在线空间众包匹配算法

灾难发生后人们常常通过社交媒体平台发布志愿者救援与受灾者求助信息,从这些数据中抽取求助任务与救援人员信息并对两者进行合理匹配可以为救助提供有效支持.本文将空间众包技术引入灾难救援领域,提出支持灾难救援的在线空间众包匹配问题.利用深度学习分类方法与大规模语言模型构建灾难事件信息抽取模型,实现了救援和求助信息的准确抽取;设计了任务等级评定方法与动态损失度量,以反映任务的紧急性和损失的动态变化;基于动态损失度量提出了一种综合抢占与延迟策略的贪心算法.通过真实数据集及合成数据集进行详细的实验分析,与现有算法相比,提出的综合抢占与延迟的贪心算法总损失至少减少35%,验证了所提算法的有效性.