Ion Dynamics in Concentrated Electrolyte Solutions:Relating Equilibrium Fluctuations of the Ions to Transport Properties in Battery Cells

In recent years,the interest in the development of highly concentrated electrolyte solutions for battery applications has increased enormously.Such electrolyte solutions are typically characterized by a low flammability,a high thermal and electrochemical stability and by the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)in contact to electrode materials.However,the classification of concentrated electrolyte solutions in terms of the classical scheme"strong"or"weak"has been controversially discussed in the literature.In this paper,a comprehensive theoretical framework is presented for a more general classification,which is based on a comparison of charge transport and mass transport.By combining the Onsager transport formalism with linear response theory,center-of-mass fluctuations and collective translational dipole fluctuations of the ions in equilibrium are related to transport properties in a lithium-ion battery cell,namely mass transport,charge transport and Li^(+)transport under anion-blocking conditions.The relevance of the classification approach is substantiated by showing that i)it is straightforward to classify highly concentrated electrolytes and that ii)both fast charge transport and fast mass transport are indispensable for achieving fast Li^(+)transport under anion-blocking conditions.

Peak Shaving Strategy of Concentrating Solar Power Generation Based on Multi-Time-Scale and Considering Demand Response

According to the multi-time-scale characteristics of power generation and demand-side response(DR)resources,as well as the improvement of prediction accuracy along with the approaching operating point,a rolling peak shaving optimization model consisting of three different time scales has been proposed.The proposed peak shaving optimization model considers not only the generation resources of two different response speeds but also the two different DR resources and determines each unit combination,generation power,and demand response strategy on different time scales so as to participate in the peaking of the power system by taking full advantage of the fast response characteristics of the concentrating solar power(CSP).At the same time,in order to improve the accuracy of the scheduling results,the combination of the day-ahead peak shaving phase with scenario-based stochastic programming can further reduce the influence of wind power prediction errors on scheduling results.The testing results have shown that by optimizing the allocation of scheduling resources in each phase,it can effectively reduce the number of starts and stops of thermal power units and improve the economic efficiency of system operation.The spinning reserve capacity is reduced,and the effectiveness of the peak shaving strategy is verified.

Effects of oxygen concentration and flow rate on cognitive ability and physiological responses in the elderly

The supply of highly concentrated oxygen positively affects cognitive processing in normal young adults. However, there have been few reports on changes in cognitive ability in elderly subjects following highly concentrated oxygen administration. This study investigated changes in cognitive ability, blood oxygen saturation （%）, and heart rate （beats/min） in normal elderly subjects at three different levels of oxygen [21% （1 L/min）, 93% （1 L/min）, and 93% （5 L/min）] administered during a 1-back task. Eight elderly male （75.3 ＋ 4.3 years old） and 10 female （71.1 ＋ 3.9 years old） subjects, who were normal in cognitive ability as shown by a score of more than 24 points in the Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea, participated in the experiment. The experiment consisted of an adaptation phase after the start of oxygen administration （3 minutes）, a control phase to obtain stable baseline measurements of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation before the task （2 minutes） and a task phase during which the 1-back task was performed （2 minutes）. Three levels of oxygen were administered throughout the three phases （7 minutes）. Blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured during each phase. Our results show that blood oxygen saturation increased, heart rate decreased, and response time in the 1-back task decreased as the concentration and amount of administered oxygen increased. This shows that administration of sufficient oxygen for optimal cognitive functioning increases blood oxygen saturation and decreases heart rate.

Customer Concentration and Corporate Social Responsibility——An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Agricultural Listed Companies

Taking the agricultural companies listed in the A-share markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen as samples,the relationship between customer concentration and corporate social responsibility was studied. In addition,the regulatory role of property rights and regional factors was examined. The results showed that the degree of customer concentration is negatively related to the degree of fulfillment of corporate social responsibility; for companies with different property rights and regions,there are significant differences in the influence of customer concentration on corporate social responsibility. In non-state-owned enterprises and mid-western areas,customer concentration has a greater impact on corporate social responsibility.

Monitoring Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Pore Solutions Using Silver/Nano-silver Chloride Sensors

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a major cause for degradation of concrete structures,especially when exposed to chloride ions.Thus,the Silver/Nano-silver Chloride (SNSC) electrodes as sensors of chloride concentration were prepared and encapsulated carefully.The properties of the electrode were studied by emerging them in a series of concrete pore solutions with different admixed KCl contents.These SNSC sensors show that good stability in concrete pore solutions at room temperature.Polarization disposal can shorten the stabilized period of the sensors.The electrochemical tests indicate the SNSC sensors with desirable linearity and reproducibility.The response time of SNSC sensors is short enough for monitoring the chloride ions concentration in concrete structures.The good performance of SNSC sensors indicate that they could be embedded in the concrete structures in the future.

How do kinases contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of the transcription factor NFAT5?

NFAT5 plays a critical role in maintaining the renal functions. Its dis-regulation in the kidney leads to or is associated with certain renal diseases or disorders, most notably the urinary concentration defect. Hypertonicity, which the kidney medulla is normally exposed to,activates NFAT5 through phosphorylation of a signaling molecule or NFAT5 itself. Hypotonicity inhibits NFAT5 through a similar mechanism. More than a dozen of protein and lipid kinases have been identified to contribute to tonicity-dependent regulation of NFAT5. Hypertonicity activates NFAT5 by increasing its nuclear localization and transactivating activity in the early phase and protein abundance in the late phase. The known mechanism for inhibition of NFAT5 by hypotonicity is a decrease of nuclear NFAT5. The present article reviews the effect of each kinase on NFAT5 nuclear localization, transactivation and protein abundance, and the relationship among these kinases, if known. Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus suppress immune reactions by inhibiting the phosphatase calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT1. It is hoped that this review would stimulate the interest to seek explanations from the NFAT5 regulatory pathways for certain clinical presentations and to explore novel therapeutic approaches based on the pathways. On the basic science front, this review raises two interesting questions. The first one is how these kinases can specifcally signal to NFAT5 in the context of hypertonicity or hypotonicity, because they also regulate other cellular activities and even opposite activities in some cases. The second one is why these many kinases, some of which might have redundant functions, are needed to regulate NFAT5 activity. This review reiterates the concept of signaling through cooperation. Cells need these kinases working in a coordinated way to provide the signaling specificity that is lacking in the individual one. Redundancy in regulation of NFAT5 is a critical strategy for cells to maintain robustness against hypertonic or hypotonic stress.

Dynamic response of water-rich tunnel subjected to plane P wave considering excavation induced damage zone

The stability analysis of a deep buried tunnel subjected to dynamic disturbance is an important issue.In this study,the transient response has been obtained by establishing a water-rich tunnel model considering excavation damage zone(EDZ).Based on Biot’s two-phase dynamic theory and wave function expansion method,the analytical solution of dynamic response around the water-rich tunnel containing EDZ subjected to P wave is derived.Moreover,Fourier transform and Duhamel’s integral technique is introduced to calculate the transient response,and the equivalent blasting curve is adopted to input excitation function.The dimensionless parameters thickness N and shear modulus ratio lare defined to characterize the degree of damage in the surrounding rock,investigating the influencing factors,such as the parameters and the incident source frequencies.The results indicate that the dynamic stress concentration factor(DSCF)gradually decreases as the dimensionless parameters increase.Additionally,it is observed that the DSCF is more sensitive to changes in the thickness parameter N.Finally,the influence of the waveform parameters has been taken into account in the analysis of transient response,and the stress state and transfer process in each time stage of the EDZ are analyzed.This study establishes a theoretical foundation for comprehending the mechanical behavior and support design considerations associated with a deep-buried water-rich tunnel containing EDZ.

Low Frequency Dispersion Mechanism of Dielectric Response for Oil-paper Insulation Diagnosis

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.

MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF DIFFUSIVE FLUID TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION IN HUMAN DERMAL REGIONS

This paper deals with mathematical study of diffusive fluid transport and distri- bution in human dermal parts. It accounts the intracellular fluid which continuously flows through the skin shells in order to maintain fluid balance within the body. A mathematical model is envisaged for this process and the finite element method （FEM） is employed to calculate the concentration of the fluid at different skin layers. This estimation is analyzed in relation with other parameters of the tissue medium and the atmosphere.

计及需求响应的光热电站参与深度调峰的分层优化调度策略

从源、荷两侧挖掘系统调峰潜力,建立计及需求响应的光热电站参与深度调峰的分层优化调度模型。上层从负荷侧出发,提出一种基于负荷分类的价格需求响应模型,可有效缓解系统调峰压力;中层从电源侧出发,利用光热电站灵活的调节特性在深度调峰时段协调火电机组参与辅助调峰,构建以运行总成本最小为目标函数的日前调度模型;下层提出一种基于模型预测控制的日内动态调整模型,在滚动优化的同时,通过状态反馈环节实时调整光热电站储热装置充放热修正日前调度计划。仿真结果表明,所提调度策略在降低系统调峰成本的同时能有效抑制风光以及负荷的短时功率波动,在保证系统安全稳定运行的前提下提升风光消纳率。

客户风险投资的供应链溢出效应——上游企业双元创新视角

本文以A股上市公司供应链关系数据为研究对象,考察客户风险投资对上游企业双元创新的影响。研究发现:客户风险投资具有供应链溢出效应,显著提高了上游企业的双元创新水平。机制检验表明,溢出效应主要通过企业学习机制与市场需求响应机制影响上游企业双元创新。此外,共同股东与客户集中度分别对上述关系起到正向调节作用。异质性检验结果表明,当上游企业客户关系良性程度较高以及融资约束较弱时,溢出效应对双元创新的促进作用更为明显;而当上游企业属于高科技行业时,溢出效应对探索式创新的促进作用更为明显。本文从风险投资供应链溢出视角出发,为企业双元创新提升的新路径提供了理论依据和政策启示。

煤与油气协调开采物理相似模拟研究

针对煤与油气协调开采中,煤层开发扰动油气圈闭层稳定性及油气井筒的问题,利用二维模拟试验开展了煤与油气开采地层响应规律研究;采用“先油气后煤炭”的开采工序,得到了煤与油气各覆岩层的应力演化、破断变形特征及油气井筒变形破坏规律。研究结果表明:若油气层高强度抽采至采收完毕,模型整体结构未出现明显扰动,仅层间岩层局部存在应力集中现象,而此时对煤层进行开采会对下方200 m处油气层产生一定扰动;采动初期,油气层采收边界上方应力不断上升,煤层底板存在应力传递现象,煤层顶板无明显应力变化,初次扰动范围为100 m,二次扰动范围为75 m;当进入充分采动阶段,油气层采收边界上方应力集中沿水平向右侧偏移,煤层底板相继经历应力集中-卸压的过程,层间岩层结构趋于稳定,岩层运移程度逐渐向煤层顶部附近岩层转移,说明煤层采动作用在叠置资源协调开采过程中对整体岩层稳定性影响程度较大,应着重关注煤层开采对煤与油气协调开采中的影响;覆岩内井筒主要破坏模式为剪切变形破坏,位于工作面中心处的井筒下侧则发生拉伸-剪切变形破坏,应着重关注工作面中心处的井筒防护。

INVESTIGATION ON THE RESPONSE FACTORS OF CONCENTRATION DETECTORS WITHIN SEC PROCESS

The response factors of refractive index（RI） and ultraviolet（UV） detectors of size exclusion chromatography （SEC） defined as the ratio of area of output signal to the mass of injected sample are studied and analyzed by using five narrowly distributed polystyrene（PS） standard samples with known molar masses.It is found that the individual response factor for a given sample varies with the concentration of the injected solution within a limited range bounded by an upper and a lower limiting response factor values.This variation reveals the conformational change of the polymer chains with the concentration of the injected solution.The dynamic contact concentrations c_s of the PS samples derived from the response factor data are in good accordance with those reported earlier by other methods.The physical meanings of the signals of the two detectors are further analyzed and theoretically formulated.The solvation of the polymer chain and the conformation changes play an important role in these detecting systems.Both of the solvation number of the structural repeating unit and the extra embedded solvent due to cluster forming in higher concentrations could be deduced from the variation of response factor with the concentration of the injected solution.

二价铁活化分子氧体系中溶解氧对活性自由基产生及污染物降解的影响

构建了Fe^(2+)/O_(2)/三聚磷酸钠(STPP)高级氧化体系,通过曝气实验与固定初始DO实验,分别探究了体系在持续曝气与有限溶解氧的条件下活性自由基产生能力与污染物降解效果.结果表明,在以150mL/min流量充分曝气时,Fe^(2+)-STPP浓度由3mmol/L增加至20mmol/L,体系在中性条件下羟基自由基(HO•)的产量从0.185mmol/L增加至0.256mmol/L,对苯酚的去除率由81.4%增加到91.5%.在密闭环境中固定初始DO浓度且Fe^(2+)-STPP浓度足量时,O_(2)转化为HO•的转化率约为10.60%~18.05%,转化率随DO浓度增加而增大;明确了体系中HO•产生量、Fe^(2+)消耗量、污染物降解量与初始DO浓度间的响应关系,并建立了线性方程(R^(2)>0.99).

Fenton氧化处理垃圾膜滤浓缩液

本文以混凝预处理后的上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液纳滤浓缩液为研究对象,采用混凝预处理、Fenton氧化法和生化法相结合的工艺对其进行处理,将其出水COD从2930 mg·L^(-1)降至100 mg·L^(-1)以下.采用响应曲面法研究了Fenton氧化法处理经过混凝预处理纳滤浓缩液过程中,各个影响因素之间的相互作用关系,并确定了最佳实验条件,即FeSO_4·7H_2O投加量为62.5 mmol·L^(-1)、H_2O_2投加量为121.8 mmol·L^(-1)、初始pH 3.0.在此条件下,Fenton氧化法可使混凝预处理出水的COD降低39.0%.进一步研究表明,Fenton氧化后纳滤浓缩液中芳香环类污染物减少、腐殖化程度降低.经过3 h的Fenton氧化法处理后,BOD5/COD从纳滤浓缩液原液的0.02上升到0.29.将垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓缩液Fenton氧化法处理后出水与垃圾填埋场渗滤液的纳滤出水1∶1混合,进行序批式活性反应器(SBR)处理,在水力停留时间为2 d时,出水COD可降低至96.0 mg·L^(-1).

增氧灌溉对温室番茄生长及光响应特征的影响

为提高温室番茄产量和光能利用能力,基于温室盆栽试验,设置了3个溶解氧质量浓度梯度5,15,25 mg/L(即处理A1,A2和A3),采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型等6种模型对温室番茄叶片进行了光响应曲线拟合,分析了不同增氧水平对温室番茄生物量、产量、光响应曲线模型及光响应参数的影响.结果表明:处理A2下番茄地上部鲜质量、干质量,地下部鲜质量、干质量,根冠比和产量均达到最大,较处理A1分别提升了25.65%,17.62%,13.35%,36.80%,16.25%和33.82%(P<0.05).番茄地上部质量和产量与气孔导度(G S)、胞间CO 2浓度(C i)和蒸腾速率(T r)呈极显著正相关,地下部干质量与G S,C i呈显著正相关,与T r呈极显著正相关.处理A2下温室番茄叶片的最大净光合速率(P n max)、光饱和点(LSP)、暗呼吸速率(R d)和表观量子效率(α)等光响应参数达到最大,光补偿点(LCP)达到最小.6种模型中,直角双曲线修正模型拟合的光响应曲线其R 2最大,均高于0.992,而RMSE和MAE最小,分别在0.447和0.383以下;对P n max,LSP,LCP和R d等参数的拟合值更接近于实测值.因此,溶解氧质量浓度为15 mg/L更有助于温室番茄高产;直角双曲线修正模型是适合增氧灌溉下温室番茄光响应曲线拟合的最优模型.

四种气象数据在福岛核事故^(137)Cs扩散模拟中的适用性

基于福岛第一核电站事故,采用4种不同来源的气象数据(FNL再分析数据、ERA-Interim再分析数据、GFS分析和预报数据以及MEA现场气象观测数据)驱动组合大气扩散模型(区域尺度气象模型WRF和拉格朗日粒子扩散模型FLEXPART),开展放射性污染物^(137)Cs的扩散模拟,并结合双葉町以及楢叶町两个监测站的监测数据,评估了不同气象数据对扩散结果的影响.模拟显示,应用4种气象数据均使得FLEXPART成功再现了2个监测站大部分峰值(双葉町平均FAC10:0.57;楢叶町平均FAC10:0.58).其中,使用ERA-Interim和MEA的结果复现了更多的观测峰值并取得了较满意的统计指标.污染物浓度分布结果显示,4种气象的模拟结果在分布趋势上略有不同,ERA-Interim和MEA的结果烟羽扩散范围较广.因此,建议应用ERA-Interim和MEA以重建福岛核事故局地尺度放射性核素污染水平场.

响应面法对Fenton处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液工艺的优化

利用Box-Behnken响应面分析法对Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的影响因素进行了探讨和分析,考察了初始pH值,H_2O_2投加量,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe^(2+))和反应时间对氧化垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的影响。以浓缩液中COD去除率为评价指标,采用单因素法筛选出初始pH值、n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe^(2+))和H_2O_2投加量3个相对重要的影响因素,在初始pH为3～7、H_2O_2投加量20～40 mL/L和n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe^(2+))为2～8的条件下,分析COD的变化。通过Design Expert 8. 0软件设计实验,得到了一个二次响应曲面模型。Fenton氧化的优化工艺条件:初始pH值4. 94、H_2O_2投加量1. 003 2 mol/L,n(H_2O_2)∶n(Fe^(2+))=5. 38,在此最优条件下,COD去除率达到最大,为76. 12%。经实验验证,响应面的预测值与实验值拟合性好,能够很好地反映Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的过程。

腹腔镜子宫切除术不同浓度七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉效果以及对患者疼痛、应激反应影响

目的:探究腹腔镜子宫切除术(LH)中应用不同浓度七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉效果与安全性.方法:从2018年1月-2023年1月本院拟行LH患者中随机选取96例作为研究对象,数字表法分为七氟醚低浓度组、七氟醚高浓度组、丙泊酚组各32例,七氟醚低浓度组、高浓度组分别实施0.5%或1.5%七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉,丙泊酚组实施丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉,对比3组皮质醇(COR)、心率(HR)、血糖(GLU)、平均动脉压(MAP)、血氧饱和度(SpO_(2))水平与视觉模拟评分法(VAS)疼痛评分以及不良反应.结果:丙泊酚组,七氟醚低浓度组、七氟醚高浓度组苏醒时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、言语应答时间、定向力恢复时间与丙泊酚使用量均缩小,且七氟醚低浓度组,七氟醚高浓度组丙泊酚使用量更低;3组术后10min、30minVAS评分均降低,且七氟醚低浓度组(6.02±0.40分、3.07±0.11分)、七氟醚高浓度组(5.89±0.34分、3.05±0.09分)均低于丙泊酚组(7.82±0.38分、4.68±0.29分);3组术后HR均降低、MAP升高,且七氟醚低浓度组、七氟醚高浓度组变化幅度高于丙泊酚组,3组术后GLU、COR均降低且七氟醚低浓度组(4.57±0.18mmol/L、346.07±4.81nmol/L)、七氟醚高浓度组(4.61±0.17mmol/L、339.11±4.32nmol/L)均低于丙泊酚组(5.29±0.20mmol/L、365.22±5.59nmol/L)(均P<0.05).不良反应发生率七氟醚低浓度组、七氟醚高浓度组、丙泊酚组(4.2%、4.2%、6.3%)无差异(P=0.655).结论:LH应用不同浓度七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉可提升麻醉质量并减轻患者手术疼痛、应激反应,改善血流动力学,未增加不良反应,高浓度七氟醚方案能减少丙泊酚使用量.

Optimized the vanadium electrolyte with sulfate-phosphoric mixed acids to enhance the stable operation at high-temperature

Herein, the influence of the concentration design and comprehensive performance of the sulfate-phosphoric mixed acid system electrolyte is investigated to realize an electrolyte that maintains high energy density and stable operation at high temperatures. Static stability tests have shown that VOPO4 precipitation occurs only with vanadium(V) electrolyte. The concentration of vanadium ion of 2.0–2.2 mol·L^(–1), phosphoric acid of 0.10–0.15 mol·L^(–1), and sulfuric acid of 2.5–3.0 mol·L^(–1) are suitable for a vanadium redox flow battery in the temperature range from –20 to 50 ℃. The equations for predicting the viscosity and conductivity of electrolytes are obtained by the response surface method. The optimized electrolyte overcomes precipitation generation. It has 2.8 times higher energy density than the non-phosphate electrolyte, and a coulomb efficiency of 94.0% at 50 ℃. The sulfate-phosphoric mixed acid system electrolyte promotes the electrode reaction process, increases the current density, and reduces the resistance. This work systematically optimizes the concentrations of composition of positive and negative vanadium electrolytes with mixed sulfate-phosphoric acid. It provides a basis for the different valence states and comprehensive properties of sulfate-phosphoric mixed acid system vanadium electrolytes under extreme environments, guiding engineering applications.