Application and prospect of the fluid cooling system of solar arrays for probing the Sun

The Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments(SCOPE)mission,which has been proposed by the Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences,aiming to operate at a distance of 5 to 10 solar radii from the Sun,plans to complete the in situ detection of the solar eruption process and observation of the magnetic field structure response.The solar flux received by the satellite ranges from 10^(3) to 10^(6) Wm^(-2),which poses challenges for thermal management of the solar arrays.In this work,the solar array cooling system of the Parker Solar Probe is discussed,the developments of the fluid loop technique are reviewed,and a research plan for a next-generation solar array cooling system is proposed.This paper provides a valuable reference for novel thermal control systems in spacecraft for solar observation.

Preliminary research and scheme design of deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiment for Geology in Time

The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.

Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the detection of bladder transitional-cell carcinoma: A multi-center clinical study based on Chinese population

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)in bladder cancer.Methods:We enrolled healthy volunteers and patients who were clinically suspected to have bladder cancer and conducted FISH tests and cytology examinations from August 2007 to December 2008.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was performed and the area under curve(AUC)values were calculated for both the FISH and urine cytology tests.Results:A cohort of 988 healthy volunteers was enrolled to establish a reference range for the normal population.A total of 4807 patients with hematuria were prospectively,randomly enrolled for the simultaneous analysis of urine cytology,FISH testing,and a final diagnosis as determined by the pathologic findings of a biopsy or a surgically-excised specimen.Overall,the sensitivity of FISH in detecting transitional-cell carcinoma was 82.7%,while that of cytology was 33.4%(p<0.001).The sensitivity values of FISH for non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder transitional-cell carcinoma were 81.7%and 89.6%,respectively(p=0.004).The sensitivity values of FISH for low and high grade bladder cancer were 82.6%and 90.1%,respectively(p=0.002).Conclusion:FISH is significantly more sensitive than voided urine cytology for detecting bladder cancer in patients evaluated for gross hematuria at all cancer grades and stages.Higher sensitivity using FISH was obtained in high grade and muscle invasive tumors.

Synthesis of Cu2O/Ag Composite with Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation Activity for in situ SERS Analysis

A multifunctional Cu2O/Ag micro-nanocomposite, which has the characteristics of high cat- alytic activities under the visible light and high surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） activity, was fabricated via a facile method and employed for the in situ SERS monitoring of the photocatalytic degradation reaction of crystal violet. Through the variation of the AgNO3 concentration, Ag content on the Cu2O template can be controllably tuned, which has great influence on the SERS effect. The results indicate that Ag nanopartieles form on the Cu2O nanoframes to obtain the Cu2O/Ag nanoeomposite, which can act as an excellent bifunetional platform for in situ monitoring of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutions by SERS.

In Situ Raman Monitoring of Trace Antibiotics in Different Harsh Water Environments

In situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)is a widely used operando analytical technique,while facing numerous complex factors in applications under aqueous environment,such as low detection sensitivity,poor anti-interference capability,etc.,resulting in unreliable detectability.To address these issues,herein a new hydrophobic SERS strategy has been attempted.By comprehensively designing and researching a SERS-active structure of superhydrophobic ZnO/Ag nanowires,we demonstrate that hydrophobicity can not only draw analytes from water onto substrate,but also adjust"hottest spot"from the bottom of the nanowires to the top.As a result,the structure can simultaneously concentrate the dispersed molecules in water and the enhanced electric field in structure into a same zone,while perfecting its own anti-interference ability.The underwater in situ analytical enhancement factor of this platform is as high as 1.67×10^(11),and the operando limited of detection for metronidazole(MNZ)reaches to 10^(-9)M.Most importantly,we also successfully generalized this structure to various real in situ detection scenarios,including on-site detection of MNZ in corrosive urine,real-time warning of wrong dose of MNZ during intravenous therapy,in situ monitoring of MNZ in flowing wastewater with particulate interference,etc.,demonstrating the great application potential of this hydrophobic platform.This work realizes a synergistic promotion for in situ SERS performance under aqueous environment,and also provides a novel view for improving other in situ analytical techniques.

Specific Detection of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae Based on in situ PCR in Combination With Flow Cytometry

Objective To develop an in situ PCR in combination with flow cytometry （ISPCR-FCM） for monitoring cholera toxin positive Vibrio cholerae. Methods In running this method, 4% paraformaldehyde was used to fix the Vibrio cholerae cells and 1 mg/mL lysozyme for 20 min to permeabilize the cells. Before the PCR thermal cycling, 2.5% glycerol was added into the PCR reaction mixture in order to protect the integrality of the cells. Results A length of 1037bp DNA sequence was amplified, which is specific for the cholera toxin gene （ctxAB gene）. Cells subjected to ISPCR showed the presences of ctxAB gene both in epifluorescence microscopy and in flow cytometric analysis. The specificity and sensitivity of the method were investigated. The sensitivity was relatively low （10^5 cells/mL）, while the specificity was high. Conclusion We have successfully developed a new technique for detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains. Further study is needed to enhance its sensitivities. ISPCR-FCM shows a great promise in monitoring specific bacteria and their physiological states in environmental samples.

Study of pressure effects on ocean in-situ detection using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) has attracted extensive attention as a new technique for in-situ marine application. In this work, the influence of deep-sea high pressure environment on LIBS signals was investigated by using a compact LIBS-sea system developed by Ocean University of China for the in-situ chemical analysis of seawater. The results from the field measurements show that the liquid pressure has a significant effect on the LIBS signals. Higher peak intensity and larger line broadening were obtained as the pressure increases. By comparing the variations of the temperature and salinity with the LIBS signals, a weak correlation between them can be observed. Under high pressure conditions, the optimal laser energy was higher than that in air environment. When the laser energy exceeded 17 mJ, the effect of laser energy on the signal intensity weakened. The signal intensity decreases gradually at larger delays. The obtained results verified the feasibility of the LIBS technique for the deep-sea in-situ detection, and we hope this technology can contribute to surveying more deep-sea environments such as the hydrothermal vent regions.

THE PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF IN SITU HYBRIDI-ZATION IN DETECTING PROTO-ONCOGENES EXPRESSION IN HUMAN LEUKEMIC CELLS

An in situ hybridization technique with 35S labelled proto-oncogene probes (c-myc & c-fes) was used to detect their expression in bone marrow cells of 22 cases of leukemia of various types and immature granulocytes and erythroblasts of 16 nomal myelograms as controls. Both c-myc and c-fes were detectable in leukemic cells as well as in immature granulocytes and erythroblasts of normal bone marrow, but the expression extent varied in different cases. The levels of c-myc expression in leukemic cells were higher than those in controls (P<0.001). There was no difference of c-fes expression in two groups of bone marrow cells (P>0.05). This technique provides us a new method in studying variations of proto-oncogene expression in leukemic cells.

Simple synthesis of silver nanocluster composites AgNCs@PE-g-PAA by irradiation method and fluorescence detection of Cr^(3+)

Silver nanoclusters(AgNCs)are a new type of nanomaterials with similar properties to molecules and unique applications.The applications of AgNCs can be significantly expanded by combining them with different matrix materials to obtain AgNC composites.Using irradiation techniques,we developed a simple two-step method for preparing silver nanocluster composites.First,polyacrylic acid(PAA)chains were grafted onto the surface of a PE film as templates(PE-g-PAA).Subsequently,silver ions were reduced in situ on the surface of the template material to obtain the AgNC composites(AgNCs@PE-g-PAA).The degree of AgNC loading on the composite film was easily controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions.The loaded AgNCs were anchored to the carboxyl groups of the PAA and wrapped in the graft chain.The particle size of the AgNCs was only 4.38±0.85 nm,with a very uniform particle size distribution.The AgNCs@PE-g-PAA exhibited fluorescence characteristics derived from the AgNCs.The fluorescence of the AgNCs@PE-g-PAA was easily quenched by Cr^(3+)ions.The composite can be used as a fluorescence test paper to realize visual detection of Cr^(3+).

Clinicopathological features and prognosis assessment of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma

AIM: To establish a model for prognosis assessment of extranodal follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma.METHODS: Nine lesions were examined by routine and molecular approaches.Clinicopathological factors from the new cases and 97 reported cases were analyzed for their prognostic values.RESULTS: The current lesions were found in f ive male and four female patients,located mainly in the head and neck area and averaging 7.2 cm in size.Six patients had recurrence or metastasis and three remained free of disease.The 106 patients (male/female ratio,1.1:1) were aged from 9 to 82 years (median,44 years).The tumor sizes ranged from 1.5 to 21 cm (mean,7.4 cm).Abdominal/pelvic region was affected most frequently (43%).Surgical resection was performed in 100 patients,followed by radiation and/or chemotherapy in 35 of them.Follow-up data were available in 91 cases,covering a period of 3-324 mo (mean,27 mo;median,19 mo).Of the informative cases,38 (42%) had recurrence or metastasis,and 12 (13%) died of the disease.These tumors were classif ied histologically into lowand high-grade lesions.A size ≥ 5 cm (P = 0.003),highgrade histology (P = 0.046) and a mitotic count ≥ 5/10 HPF (P = 0.013) were associated with tumor recurrence.The lesions were def ined as low-,intermediateand high-risk tumors,and their recurrence rates were 16%,46% and 73%,and their mortality rates 0%,4% and 45%,respectively.CONCLUSION: Extranodal FDC tumors behave like soft tissue sarcomas.Their clinical outcomes are variable and can be evaluated according to their sizes and grades.

Chromosome 11 aneusomy in esophageal cancers and precancerous lesions-an early event in neoplastic transformation:An interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization study from south India

AIM: To detect aneusomic changes with respect to chromosome 11 copy number in esophageal precancers and cancers wherein the generation of cancer-specific phenotypes is believed to be associated with specific chromosomal aneuploidies. METHODS: We performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on esophageal tissue paraffin sections to analyze changes in chromosome 11 copy number using apotome-generated images by optical sectioning microscopy. Sections were prepared from esophageal tumor tissue, tissues showing preneoplastic changes and histologically normal tissues (control) obtained from patients referred to the clinic for endoscopic evaluation. RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that aneusomy was seen in all the cancers and preneoplastic tissues, while none of the controls showed aneusomic cells. There was no increase in aneusomy from precancers to cancers. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that evaluation of chromosome 11 aneusomy in esophageal tissue using FISH with an appropriate signal capture-analysis system, can be used as an ancillary molecular marker predictive of early neoplastic changes. Future studies can be directed towards the genes on chromosome 11,which may play a role in the neoplastic transformation of esophageal precancerous lesions to cancers.

Recent advances in living cell nucleic acid probes based on nanomaterials for early cancer diagnosis

The early diagnosis of cancer is vital for effective treatment and improved prognosis. Tumor biomarkers, which can be used for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of cancer, have emerged as a topic of intense research interest in recent years. Nucleic acid, as a type of tumor biomarker, contains vital genetic information, which is of great significance for the occurrence and development of cancer. Currently, living cell nucleic acid probes, which enable the in situ imaging and dynamic monitoring of nucleic acids, have become a rapidly developing field. This review focuses on living cell nucleic acid probes that can be used for the early diagnosis of tumors. We describe the fundamental design of the probe in terms of three units and focus on the roles of different nanomaterials in probe delivery.

Reflectance conversion methods for the VIS/NIR imaging spectrometer aboard the Chang'E-3 lunar rover: based on ground validation experiment data

The second phase of the Chang＇E Program （also named Chang＇E-3） has the goal to land and perform in-situ detection on the lunar surface. A VIS/NIR imaging spectrometer （VNIS） will be carded on the Chang＇E-3 lunar rover to detect the distri-bution of lunar minerals and resources. VNIS is the first mission in history to perform in-situ spectral measurement on the surface of the Moon, the reflectance data of which are fundamental for interpretation of lunar composition, whose quality would greatly affect the accuracy of lunar element and mineral determination. Until now, in-situ de-tection by imaging spectrometers was only performed by rovers on Mars. We firstly review reflectance conversion methods for rovers on Mars （Viking landers, Pathfinder and Mars Exploration rovers, etc）. Secondly, we discuss whether these conversion methods used on Mars can be applied to lunar in-situ detection. We also applied data from a laboratory bidirectional reflectance distribution function （BRDF） using simu- lated lunar soil to test the availability of this method. Finally, we modify reflectance conversion methods used on Mars by considering differences between environments on the Moon and Mars and apply the methods to experimental data obtained from the ground validation of VNIS. These results were obtained by comparing reflectance data from the VNIS measured in the laboratory with those from a standard spectrometer obtained at the same time and under the same observing conditions. The shape and amplitude of the spectrum fits well, and the spectral uncertainty parameters for most samples are within 8%, except for the ilmenite sample which has a low albedo. In conclusion, our reflectance conversion method is suitable for lunar in-situ detection.

SunMap:一种基于热图和放射环的关联层次数据可视化方法

针对食品安全等领域对数据空间分布和关联关系分析的需求,提出一种基于热图和放射环的关联层次数据可视化方法——Sun Map(Sunburst+Map).利用基于地理信息的热力型数据地图展示数据的地域分布,用基于节点排序的放射环可视化具有层次结构的数据,将热图置于放射环内,并用直线表示热图节点与放射环节点之间的关联;为减少视觉混乱,提出一种基于Bézier曲线的路径优化算法,通过设置过渡点,用三次Bézier曲线取代直线优化边;加入矩阵热图展示数据细节;采用数据选择、Sun Map和矩阵热图多视图联动等交互手段实现对关联层次数据的可视分析.将Sun Map应用于可视化全国农药残留侦测数据,通过用户研究对该方法进行评价.实验结果表明,该方法能有效地帮助用户快速找到目标信息,探寻隐含在数据之间的关联;它还可用于经济、金融、社会网络等领域的关联层次数据可视分析.

Optimizing the hybridization chain reaction-fluorescence in situ hybridization(HCR-FISH)protocol for detection of microbes in sediments

Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)is a canonical tool commonly used in environmental microbiology research to visualize targeted cells.However,the problems of low signal intensity and false-positive signals impede its widespread application.Alternatively,the signal intensity can be amplified by incorporating Hybridization Chain Reaction(HCR)with FISH,while the specificity can be improved through protocol modification and proper counterstaining.Here we optimized the HCR-FISH protocol for studying microbes in environmental samples,particularly marine sediments.Firstly,five sets of HCR initiator/amplifier pairs were tested on the laboratory-cultured bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Methano-coccoides methylutens,and two sets displayed high hybridization efficiency and specificity.Secondly,we tried to find the best combination of sample pretreatment methods and HCR-FISH protocol for environmental sample analysis with the aim of producing less false positive signals.Various detachment methods,extraction methods and formulas of hybridization buffer were tested using sediment samples.Thirdly,an image processing method was developed to enhance the DAPI signal of microbial cells against that of abiotic particles,providing a reliable reference for FISH imaging.In summary,our optimized HCR-FISH protocol showed promise to serve as an addendum to traditional FISH for research on environmental microbes.

超声扫描成像检测锂电池电解液退浸润及成因分析

锂电池更好的循环性能和安全性能是电动汽车获得更广泛市场优势的迫切需要,深入了解电解液退浸润的形成机理是长寿命电池发展的关键。该文采用一种超声无损检测方法,从两个维度对市面上常用的3种包装类型的锂离子电池在使用过程中内部电解液发生的变化进行了研究。结果发现:在长度方向,极耳附近相比其他位置更容易出现电解液退浸润的情况,且正极比负极更容易出现退浸润缺陷;厚度方向上电池中间层比外层区域更容易出现退浸润现象。分析发现,这主要是由于电池材料选取与结构设计导致极耳位置具有更高的电流密度和温度,电解液发生反应消耗,加快了此区域的老化进程。最后针对这一现象对未来电池选材与设计和锂电池的发展给出了建议。

基于压缩应力表征透明质酸钠交联反应进程方法

背景:目前,凝胶交联反应进程可通过核磁检测等方法测定交联度来表征,也可以采用流变仪监测交联固化过程中黏弹性行为的变化来表征,但这些方法操作复杂且会破坏样品,急需建立一种操作简单、测定时不用特殊制样、不会破坏样品的交联反应进程监控方法。目的:建立一种表征透明质酸钠交联反应进程的方法。方法:采用1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚作为交联剂,选择不同交联度(1%,2%,3%和4%)、不同透明质酸钠分子质量(400,700,1500和3000 kD)、不同氢氧化钠溶液浓度(1%,2%和3%)和不同反应温度(4,25,37和50℃)这4个因素来制备透明质酸钠凝胶。利用电子万能拉力试验机测定交联凝胶被下压形变1 mm时的压缩应力,根据压缩应力变化情况来监控交联进程,进而判断交联反应充分性及交联工艺对交联进程的影响。结果与结论:①交联时间延长,凝胶硬度增强,压缩应力增加,达到一定值后,透明质酸钠交联结构在强碱作用下发生降解,凝胶硬度减小,压缩应力下降,因此可以根据压缩应力的大小表征凝胶的软硬程度,通过压缩应力与交联时间绘制曲线来表征交联反应进程。根据压缩应力变化情况可知,交联反应温度对交联反应时间及凝胶的硬度有着明显影响,其他反应因素(交联度、交联时碱浓度、透明质酸钠分子质量)对反应时间无明显影响,但是对凝胶硬度有着较大的影响。②根据CORREL函数处理结果表明,随着交联时间的变化,压缩应力与弹性模量和动力黏度的变化趋势一致,均可以用来表征透明质酸钠凝胶的交联进程。③基于交联凝胶压缩应力不仅能表征交联反应进程,还能初步判定凝胶软硬程度,该方法能够进行实时、原位检测,具有操作简单、不会破坏样品等优点,为透明质酸钠及其他物质交联反应进程监控提供了一种解决办法和新的思路。

4-Nitrocatechol as a novel matrix for low-molecular-weight compounds in situ detection and imaging in biological tissues by MALDI-MSI

Low-molecular-weight(LMW)compounds are ubiquitous in living organisms and play essential roles in biological processes.The direct analysis of LMW compounds in biological tissues by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging(MALDI-MSI)could provide a more comprehensive understanding of their essential functions.Here,we evaluated 4-nitrocatechol(4-NC)as a novel positive-ion matrix for enhancing in situ detection and imaging of LMW compounds from the rat liver,brain,and germinating Chinese-yew seed by MALDI-MS.Our results showed that the 4-NC possessed remarkable features,including strong ultraviolet absorption,uniform matrix crystal,excellent chemical stability,and fewer matrix-related background peaks.The use of 4-NC led to the successful detection of 232,218,and193 LMW compounds from the three abovementioned tissue sections,respectively.Also,the use of 4-NC improved the imaging quality of LMW compounds in tissue sections through MALDI-MSI and has the potential as a matrix for MALDI tissue imaging of LMW compounds.

基于超声波技术的风电高强螺栓原位检测技术研究

为了研究超声波检测技术在风电高强螺栓原位检测的应用,论述了常规无损检测方法无法满足螺栓不拆卸使用要求的现状,通过引入高精度、高效率的超声波技术,结合试验分析和原位检测的方式,分别研究了高强螺栓原位缺陷检测和应力检测,相控阵超声缺陷检测检出率超80%,检测位置绝对精度误差不超过4mm;经标定后,超声应力检测结果误差不超过±15%。结果证明了超声无损检测技术应用的可靠性,研究成果可适用于风电高强螺栓的损伤及应力检测,并能通过检测结果变化情况为其健康状态判定提供有力依据。

梨树苹果茎痘病毒PRINS检测中引物的设计及退火温度的测定

【目的】利用5条引物目的片段进行扩增,完成PRINS检测中引物及其退火温度的测定。【方法】采用确认带有ASPV的库尔勒香梨叶片,以叶片为试验材料,并采用经RT-PCR检测技术健康香梨的叶片作为阴性对照。引物采用NCBI提供的BLAST工具中的ASPV病毒的全基因组序列的外壳蛋白的保守区域进行设计。并根据PRINS特有的性质及ASPV病毒有片断相互重叠现象来设计相应的引物。【结果】这5条引物之间没有太多的干扰,且都在目的区域出现了比较清晰的条带。【结论】证明所设计引物可以在进一步的PRINS检测ASPV病毒时直接使用,为PRINS在梨树病毒检测方面发挥更大的作用奠定了基础。