Developing super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating on magnesium-lithium alloy via one-step hydrothermal processing

Formation of super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coatings can provide significant corrosion protection to magnesium alloys.However,it remains a grand challenge to produce such coatings for magnesium-lithium alloys due to their high chemical reactivity.Herein,a one-step hydrothermal processing was developed using a stearic-acid-based precursor medium,which enables the hydrothermal conversion and the formation of low surface energy materials concurrently to produce the super-hydrophobic and corrosion-resistant coating.The multiscale microstructures with nanoscale stacks and microscale spheres on the surface,as well as the through-thickness stearates,lead to the super-hydrophobicity and excellent corrosion resistance of the obtained coating.

IN SITU PROCESSING OF Al_(2)O_(3) WHISKERS REINFORCED Ti-Al INTERMETALLIC COMPOSITES

In situ Al2O3 whiskers reinforced Ti-Al intermetallic composites were fabricated at ~1200℃ by reaction sintering of cold-consolidated fillets consisting mainly of Ti, Al, and different additives. The phases and microstructures of the sintered composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The process of synthesis was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effects of processing parameters and additives on the microstructures of the composites and the development of whisker were examined. It is found that the morphology of the whisker is strongly influenced by the additives, the exothermal reaction process, and the processing parameters.

In situ monitoring methods for selective laser melting additive manufacturing process based on images-A review

Selective laser melting(SLM)has been widely used in the fields of aviation,aerospace and die manufacturing due to its ability to produce metal components with arbitrarily complex shapes.However,the instability of SLM process often leads to quality fluctuation of the formed component,which hinders the further development and application of SLM.In situ quality control during SLM process is an effective solution to the quality fluctuation of formed components.However,the basic premise of feedback control during SLM process is the rapid and accurate diagnosis of the quality.Therefore,an in situ monitoring method of SLM process,which provides quality diagnosis information for feedback control,became one of the research hotspots in this field in recent years.In this paper,the research progress of in situ monitoring during SLM process based on images is reviewed.Firstly,the significance of in situ monitoring during SLM process is analyzed.Then,the image information source of SLM process,the image acquisition systems for different detection objects(the molten pool region,the scanned layer and the powder spread layer)and the methods of the image information analysis,detection and recognition are reviewed and analyzed.Through review and analysis,it is found that the existing image analysis and detection methods during SLM process are mainly based on traditional image processing methods combined with traditional machine learning models.Finally,the main development direction of in situ monitoring during SLM process is proposed by combining with the frontier technology of image-based computer vision.

Evolution of Microstructure in a Cu-Cr in situ Composite Produced by Thermo-Mechanical Processing

This paper studied the microstructure evolution of a deformation-processed Cu-7Cr in situ composite prepared by thermo-mechanical processing. The longitudinal and transverse sectional microstructures were analyzed using an optical microscope and a scanning electronic microscope. In the longitudinal section, the initially randomly distributed Cr dendrites in the as-cast Cu-7Cr alloy were transformed into the fibres aligned parallel to the drawing axis;the Cr dendrites experienced breaking, flattening and rotating, lapping and merging, and homogenizing and refinement during thermo-mechanical processing. In the transverse section, the initially randomly distributed Cr dendrites in the as-cast Cu-7Cr alloy were changed into the curvy ribbon like fibres;the Cr dendrites underwent breaking, flattening and rotating, folding and twisting, and irregularizing and refinement during thermo-mechanical processing.

Structures and properties of deformation-processed Cu-16Fe-2Cr in-situ composites

Microstructure and properties of deformation processed Cu 16Fe 2Cr and Cu 18Fe in situ composite wires obtained by cold drawing combined with intermediate annealing were investigated. At lower strains( η <2.52), most of the Fe(Cr) phases were elongated into filaments except some remain granular because of their higher hardness. The ultimate tensile strengths of Cu 16Fe 2Cr and Cu 18Fe are approximately equal at the same drawing strains, suggesting the increase of strength of Cu 16Fe 2Cr due to higher strength of Fe(Cr) filaments than that of Fe filaments which is counteracted by the somewhat coarse Fe(Cr) filaments in Cu 16Fe 2Cr at the same drawing strains. The increase of the electrical conductivity of Cu 16Fe 2Cr and Cu 18Fe after intermediate annealing is attributed to the precipitation of Fe, Cr atoms, which dissolved during melting processing. Electrical conductivity of the Cu 16Fe 2Cr in situ composites is higher than Cu 18Fe in situ composites at the same drawing strains. The addition of Cr to Cu Fe system can increase mechanical stability of the filaments in the composites.

Strength of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites

The strength of the deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composite was conducted by material test system(MTS). The results show that the strength increases with the increasing deformation strain and iron content,which is greater than that of the calculated value based on the rule of mixture. The mechanism of strengthening was analysed and evidenced by interface barrier. The correlation between the strength and the thickness of copper phase (tcu) obeys Hall-Petch relationship and can be described well by geometrical necessary dislocation model and interface as dislocation source model.

Microstructure and properties of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites

The effects of intermediate annealings on the microstructure, the strength and the electrical resistivity of deformation-processed Cu-Fe in-situ composites were studied. The results show that intermediate annealings favour the formation of uniform tiny fibres from the iron dendrites but they have no obvious effect on the strength of the composite. The bigger the strain is, the higher the strength is. As the strain increases, the resistivity increases due to the increase of interface density. Intermediate annealings result in notable decreasing resistivity due to the precipitation of the iron atoms from the Cu matrix and decrease of solute scattering resistivity. The doping with Zr improves the strength of the composite slightly and the ultimate tensile strength(UTS) increases about 10%. The colligated performances of deformation-processed Cu-11.5%Fe and Cu- 11.5%Fe-Zr composites at strain η= 5.37 are 64.6% IACS/752MPa and 61.4% IACS/824MPa respectively.

Data processing and preliminary results of the Chang'e-3 VIS/NIR Imaging Spectrometer in-situ analysis

The Chang＇e-3 Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer （VNIS） is one of the four payloads on the Yutu rover. After traversing the landing site during the first two lunar days, four different areas are detected, and Level 2A and 2B ra- diance data have been released to the scientific community. The released data have been processed by dark current subtraction, correction for the effect of temperature, radiometric calibration and geometric calibration. We emphasize approaches for re- flectance analysis and mineral identification for in-situ analysis with VNIS. Then the preliminary spectral and mineralogical results from the landing site are derived. After comparing spectral data from VNIS with data collected by the Ma instrument and samples of mare that were returned from the Apollo program, all the reflectance data have been found to have similar absorption features near 1000 nm except lunar sample 71061. In addition, there is also a weak absorption feature between 1750-2400nm on VNIS, but the slopes of VNIS and Ma reflectance at longer wavelengths are lower than data taken from samples of lunar mare. Spectral parameters such as Band Centers and Integrated Band Depth Ratios are used to analyze mineralogical features. The results show that detection points E and N205 are mixtures of high-Ca pyroxene and olivine, and the composition of olivineat point N205 is higher than that at point E, but the compositions of detection points S3 and N203 are mainly olivine-rich. Since there are no obvious absorption features near 1250 nm, plagioclase is not directly identified at the landing site.

Rheology in Processing of in Situ Composites of Polypropylene and Low Melting Poing Metals

The low melting point metallic tin powder or alloy of tin and lead was blended with polypropylene. A kind of in situ composite has been prepared. The variations of torque were studied when the composites were mixed in Haake torque rheogeniometer. By way of capillary extrusion, effects upon rheology of the in situ composites of the low melting point metals (LMPM) and coupling agent for their different variety and content, were investigated. From flow curves, the results indicate that in situ composites mixed with the LMPM are a kind of pseudoplastic fluid. If the LMPM were melted, the higher the content of the LMPM, the lower apparent viscosity of composites. Meanwhile, when the coupling agent is added into composites , the viscosity of composite will go up first and drop then. This shows that the LMPM have a promoter flow action on the polypropylene.

Heat Transfer Analysis During "One-Step" Directional Solidification Process for Giant Magnetostrictive Materials

By theoretical analysis of heat transfer during the "one-step" directional solidification process, the functional relation between the temperature in solid-liquid interface and its effect factor was studied. The thermal gradient in solid liquid interface and heat transfer coefficient between the samples and surroundings were also calculated. On the basis of the above analysis, some suggestions for improving the thermal gradient in solid-liquid interface were put forward. It will provide a theoretical instruction for preparing high performance giant magnetostrictive materials (GMM).

Connotation and strategic role of in-situ conversion processing of shale oil underground in the onshore China

In-situ conversion processing (ICP) of shale oil underground at the depth ranging from 300 m to 3 000 m is a physical and chemical process caused by using horizontal drilling and electric heating technology, which converts heavy oil, bitumen and various organic matter into light oil and gas in a large scale, which can be called"underground refinery". ICP has several advantages as in CO2capture, recoverable resource potential and the quality of hydrocarbon output. Based on the geothermal evolution mechanism of organic materials established by Tissot et al., this study reveals that in the nonmarine organic-rich shale sequence, the amount of liquid hydrocarbon maintaining in the shale is as high as 25%in the liquid hydrocarbon window stage (R o less than 1.0%), and the unconverted organic materials (low mature-immature organic materials) in the shale interval can reach 40%to 100%. The conditions of organic-rich shale suitable for underground in-situ conversion of shale oil should be satisfied in the following aspects, TOC higher than 6%, R o ranging between 0.5%and 1%, concentrated thickness of organic-rich shale greater than 15 meters, burial depth less than 3 000 m, covering area bigger than 50 km2, good sealing condition in both up-and down-contacting sequences and water content smaller than 5%, etc. The shale oil resource in China’s onshore region is huge. It is estimated with this paper that the technical recoverable resource reaches 70-90 billion tons of oil and 60-65 trillion cubic meters of gas. The ICP of shale oil underground is believed to be a fairway to find big oil in the source kitchen in the near future. And it is also believed to be a milestone to keep China long-term stability of oil and gas sufficient supply by putting ICP of shale oil underground into real practice in the future.

Fabrication of in-situ TiC reinforced composite coating via plasma transferred arc process

In this work, the in-situ TiC panicles reinforced composite coating was prepared by plasma transferred arc process on the surface of Q235 steel. Microstructures, phase composition and wear property of the coating were investigated. The results showed that the composite coating consisted mainly of T-Ni, TiC, Cr23C6, Cr7C3, Ni3Si, CrB, Cr5B3 and FeNi3 phases, and was characterized by fine TiC panicles embedded in Ni matrix. The wear resistance of composite coating was significantly improved compared with that of the steel substrate. The wear volume loss of the substrate was 443 mm3, which was about 9 times as that of in-situ TiC particles reinforced composite coating （49 mm3 ）. It is mainly attributed to the presence of chromium carbide particles and in-situ TiC particles and their favorable combination with Ni matrix.

Assessment of the Greenhouse Gas Footprint and Environmental Impact of CO_(2)and O_(2)in situ Uranium Leaching

Under the new development philosophy of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,CO_(2)and O_(2)in situ leaching(ISL)has been identified as a promising technique for uranium mining in China,not only because it solves carbon dioxide utilization and sequestration,but it also alleviates the environmental burden.However,significant challenges exist in assessment of CO_(2)footprint and water-rock interactions,due to complex geochemical processes.Herein this study conducts a three-dimensional,multicomponent reactive transport model(RTM)of a field-scale CO_(2)and O_(2)ISL process at a typical sandstone-hosted uranium deposit in Songliao Basin,China.Numerical simulations are performed to provide new insight into quantitative interpretation of the greenhouse gas(CO_(2))footprint and environmental impact(SO_(4)^(2–))of the CO_(2)and O_(2)ISL,considering the potential chemical reaction network for uranium recovery at the field scale.RTM results demonstrate that the fate of the CO_(2)could be summarized as injected CO_(2)dissolution,dissolved CO_(2)mineralization and storage of CO_(2)as a gas phase during the CO_(2)and O_(2)ISL process.Furthermore,compared to acid ISL,CO_(2)and O_(2)ISL has a potentially smaller environmental footprint,with 20%of SO_(4)^(2–)concentration in the aquifer.The findings improve our fundamental understanding of carbon utilization in a long-term CO_(2)and O_(2)ISL system and provide important environmental implications when considering complex geochemical processes.

月球资源开发利用的进展与展望

中国探月工程“绕、落、回”三步走圆满收官,后续将建立国际月球科研站,并进一步规划建立月球基地。月球探测任务由探测勘察进入到开发利用新阶段,月面资源的勘查、开发和利用是未来月球探测的重点任务。总结了月球资源开发利用方面的国内外重要进展,涉及月球资源勘探、水冰等挥发分分析、月球矿物冶炼与材料制备、月面建造与月壤3D打印等四个方面。同时,月球资源开发利用面临极端月面环境、独特月壤理化特性、全流程无人自主控制等重大挑战,为解决这些问题,提出了未来月球资源开发利用的重点任务和研究思路,可为后续科学研究和工程任务实施提供参考。

药物晶型研究及其在临床和结晶工艺中的应用进展

药物晶型的差异导致药物溶解度和稳定性不同,进而影响药物的临床疗效及生物利用度。因此,近年来药物晶型越来越受到研究者们的重视。该文通过查阅并整理相关文献,从药物晶型的影响因素、药物晶型的识别与控制、药物晶型评价方法及应用等方面对近年来药物结晶理论研究进展进行概括总结,旨在为药物晶型的控制、工艺筛选等提供参考。

乙炔选择加氢反应中碳化钯的动态精细调控: 气氛和氧化锌助剂的作用

碳化钯通常被认为是乙炔选择加氢反应中原位生成的活性相,其生成有助于抑制次表面非选择性的氢化钯物种,从而实现高选择性乙炔加氢制乙烯的目标.次表面上碳化钯和氢化钯物种之间的竞争很大程度上决定了乙炔加氢反应的选择性.然而,由于实际反应环境的复杂性,反应环境下的两种物种之间的动态转化过程和竞争关系尚不清晰.特别是,反应环境(比如氢气组分)对碳化钯物种的调控机制仍不明确,也使得对碳化钯活性物种的精准调控变得困难.此外,氧化锌助剂作为乙炔选择加氢反应中最常用的助剂之一,存在典型的金属-氧化物界面相互作用,也会对渗碳过程产生重要影响.因此,从动态视角理解碳化钯物种的原位形成过程,对于精准设计和合成高性能乙炔选择加氢钯基催化剂具有重要的科学意义.近年来,先进原位表征光谱技术的不断发展使得从原子、分子层面理解原位过程机制成为可能.本文旨在通过先进的原位表征技术揭示乙炔选择加氢反应中碳化钯物种的动态生成过程,并进一步探究气氛环境、温度、助催化剂等参数对碳化钯物种的动态调控机制,从而为高性能乙炔选择加氢催化剂的精准设计和合成提供有力支撑.原位研究结果表明,在氢气升温还原条件下,空气焙烧后新鲜催化剂中氧化钯相首先转变为氢化钯相;随着还原温度升高,氢化钯相的含氢量逐渐降低.当切换至乙炔选择加氢反应原料气时,氢化钯相迅速分解为金属钯,并随着恒温碳化时间的延长,烃类裂解产生的碳原子逐渐渗入钯的体相,最终形成稳定的碳化钯活性相.通过移除乙炔加氢反应原料气氛中的氢气,考察了反应气中的氢气组分对碳化钯形成的调控机制.实验发现,在仅有乙炔和乙烯存在时,碳化过程仍能发生;而引入少量氢气(体积分数2.2%)后,碳化程度显著增强,C/Pd原子比从0.136提升至0.154.相变机理研究表明,氢气的引入促进了氢化钯物种的形成,并通过晶格扩张作用促进渗碳过程.此外,还研究了氧化锌助剂对原位渗碳过程的影响,揭示了氧化锌助剂对碳化钯的抑制作用.结合原位CO吸附漫反射红外光谱、准原位X射线光电子能谱分析发现,低温氢气还原下Pd-ZnO界面作用促进了微量表面PdZn合金的生成,从而抑制了碳的渗入.这种现象在不含氢气的碳化气氛中尤为显著,碳含量降低一个数量级(C/Pd原子比仅为0.019).在此基础上,通过调节反应条件,实现了对碳化钯物种碳含量的精准调控,并与反应活性关联,揭示了碳化钯含量与乙炔选择加氢反应活性之间的线性关系.电子结构表征和同位素实验进一步表明,Pd-C的电子相互作用促进了向Pd中心原子的电子转移,从而提高了氢气的活化解离能力和乙炔加氢反应活性.综上,本工作原位解析了碳化钯的动态形成过程,阐明了氢气辅助插碳和ZnO抑制插碳的微观机制,实现了碳化钯活性物种的精准调控,揭示了碳化程度与反应活性的线性关系,为高性能乙炔选择加氢催化剂设计提供了参考.

矿物对黑臭水体氮磷释放抑制及流场仿真模拟

利用片状闽东南麦饭石作为覆盖材料,对受污染底泥进行覆盖并研究其对氮磷缓释的影响,探究不同覆盖量与流速对底泥氮磷污染物的抑制效果.结果表明,当麦饭石的覆盖量达到8 kg·m-2以上,流速不超过0.1 m·s-1时,对底泥原位覆盖488 h后上覆水满足Ⅳ类水质标准.研究结果表明麦饭石对氮和磷的吸附过程分别符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型;吸附类型分别为单分子层化学吸附和多分子层物理吸附.最后根据污染物的扩散迁移规律建立一种流场-浓度场耦合模型,模型预测的氮磷释放量与实验数据的平均相对误差分别为0.235和0.010,表明该模型对氮磷释放的计算与预测是准确可靠的.

花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程:来自矿物原位微区成分与同位素组成的制约

花岗岩作为大陆地壳的重要组成部分,其岩浆作用过程一直是地学领域研究的热点。传统上利用全岩地球化学和同位素数据来示踪花岗岩成因和演化过程的方法已不够准确,为此,本文系统总结了近年来报导的花岗岩中单矿物的原位微区成分——这些数据记录了全岩数据无法识别的单矿物颗粒内部和不同矿物颗粒之间元素和同位素组成的变异特征,明显提高了对花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程的认识。首先,矿物原位微区成分对花岗质岩浆的源区性质和混合过程具有指示意义。花岗岩中岩浆锆石Hf同位素组成的变异可能暗示其源区在深熔作用过程中发生了锆石的不平衡和选择性熔融,而未必是壳幔混合作用的结果,这是对“锆石效应”概念新的扩展;同一花岗岩样品中分选出的磷灰石颗粒可以具有完全不同的稀土元素配分模式、Eu异常、Sr含量和Sr-Nd同位素组成等,表明它们中的部分颗粒是岩浆形成和上升过程中从围岩捕获的,是小规模地壳混染作用的产物;榍石的微区成分分带记录了多种岩浆混合过程,也反映了熔体成分、氧逸度和温度等因素的变化;花岗岩与其中发育的包体、捕虏体和相关围岩的锆石Hf-O同位素和磷灰石Sr-Nd同位素组成可以记录上述岩石在形成过程中经历岩浆混合和同化混染等作用。其次,矿物原位微区成分可以反映花岗质岩浆的分离结晶过程。岩浆成因磷灰石不同的稀土元素配分模式可能指示它们受到了其他矿物分离结晶作用的影响,如帘石族、榍石、角闪石、斜长石等;花岗伟晶岩系统中岩浆成因独居石Sm/Nd值在不同岩带中的规律性变化揭示了岩浆分离结晶程度的差异;榍石的多种微区元素含量和它们之间的协变关系受控于花岗质岩浆的结晶分异过程和氧化还原状态;岩浆成因绿帘石族矿物的震荡环带表明在绿帘石结晶的晚期阶段花岗质岩浆中的Fe^(3+)含量降低,且结晶过程中褐帘石和绿帘石并不能形成完全连续的固溶体,因此晚期结晶的绿帘石环边与褐帘石核具有成分间断;根据角闪石的电子探针数据可以计算得到花岗质岩浆结晶时的温度、压力和f_(O2),并据此推断出岩浆起源的深度。此外,矿物原位微区成分可以记录花岗质岩石晚期经历的构造热事件和矿化作用过程。经历晚期变质/交代作用改造的花岗岩中的磷灰石具有低的轻稀土元素含量和变化很大的Nd同位素组成,导致花岗岩具有Nd-Hf位素体系解耦的特点;晚期变质/交代作用同样会改变磷灰石和榍石的δ^(18)O值,造成各副矿物之间δ^(18)O值相互解耦的现象;蚀变独居石的元素和U-Th-Pb同位素体系指示流体交代过程中多种置换反应的发生以及普通Pb混染和Pb丢失的过程;热液成因绿帘石族矿物的成分环带表明氧化环境下热液流体成分会不断演化,根据矿物-流体平衡模型,可以利用绿帘石成分计算出成矿作用发生的温度以及流体的pH值,研究表明绿帘石向流体中释放的大量Ca^(2+)有效促进了硫化物矿床的成矿作用进程。综上,单矿物原位微区成分分析技术的不断提高使我们对花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程的认识有了很大进步,在未来的研究中,如何取长补短,将这些数据进行良好地运用是本领域的重要方向。

新疆洪海沟矿床酸法地浸采铀试验

洪海沟矿床是我国新疆千吨铀矿大基地的重要后备资源。为确立该矿床开发的适宜浸出工艺,在前期实验室研究基础上,开展了“四注一抽”规模的酸法地浸采铀试验。结果表明:该矿床微酸和低酸浸出均未达到预期浸出效果,采用3.0~4.0 g/L酸度酸化、7.0~7.5 g/L酸度浸出是适宜工艺;300 mg/L剂量的H_(2)O_(2)能加速铀的浸出,但受限于溶出的Fe含量较低,氧化剂效能受限;尽管矿床碳酸盐含量不高,但浸出液Ca^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)持续增加易形成石膏沉淀导致抽注流量下降,需要在后续生产中予以关注。

中性地浸采铀全流程溶液中颗粒粒径分布及过滤建议

掌握中性地浸采铀全流程溶液中颗粒大小,对调控浸出过程、优选过滤器、确定除固位置、缓解矿层堵塞、恢复抽注液量和减轻树脂床层板结等具有指导意义。以内蒙古纳岭沟矿床中性地浸采铀全流程溶液为对象,基于激光粒度仪测试数据,获取了全流程溶液中颗粒粒径分布规律。结果表明,浸出液中颗粒粒径频率分布曲线呈非对称性,累计分布曲线呈“S”型,粒径分布范围窄,最大颗粒粒径<100μm;树脂床层对颗粒物有较强的过滤作用,吸附尾液过滤器的滤袋精度应根据树脂粒径大小和系统压力确定;中性体系中加入的O 2或CO 2对颗粒粒径影响微弱;淋洗合格液和沉淀罐中母液的颗粒粒径频率分布曲线均呈“双峰”型,贫液中颗粒粒径频率则呈正态分布;母液槽中颗粒最大粒径约为40μm。建议该矿床原液袋式过滤器的滤袋精度选用10~50μm,同时在母液槽与淋洗剂配制罐之间增加10~20μm精度的过滤器。