Intestinal permeability of metformin using single-pass intestinal perfusion in rats

AIM： To characterize the intestinal transport and mechanism of metformin in rats and to investigate whether or not metformin is a substrate for P-glycoprotein （P-gp）. METHODS： The effective intestinal permeability of metformin was investigated using single-pass intestinal perfusion （SPIP） technique in male Waster rats. SPIP was performed in three isolated intestinal segments （duodenum, jejunum and ileum） at the same concentration of metformin （50 μg/mL） to test if the intestinal transport of metformin exhibited site- dependent changes, and in a same isolated intestinal segment （duodenal segment） at three different concentrations of metformin （10, 50, 200 μg/mL） to test if the intestinal transport of metformin exhibited concentration-dependent changes. Besides, P-gp inhibitor verapamil （400 μg/mL） was co-perfused with metformin （50 μg/mL） in the duodenum segment to find out if the intestinal absorption of metformin was affected by P-gp exiting along the gastrointestinal track. Stability studies were conducted to ensure that the loss of metformin could be attributed to intestinal absorption. RESULTS： The effective permeability values （Peff） of metformin in the jejunum and ileum at 50μg/mL were significantly lower than those in the duodenum at the same concentration. Besides, Peff values in the duodenum at high concentration （200 μg/mL） were found to be significantly lower than those at low and medium concentrations （10 and 50 μg/mL）. Moreover the coperfusion with verapamil did not increase the Peff value of metformin at 50 μg/mL in the duodenum.CONCLUSION： Metformin could be absorbed from the whole intestine, with the main absorption site at duodenum. This concentration-dependent permeability behavior in the duodenum indicates that metformin is transported by both passive and active carrier-mediated saturable mechanism. The Peff value can not be increased by co-perfusion with verapamil, indicating that absorption of metformin is not efficiently transported by P-gp in the gut wall. Furthermore metformin is neither a substrate nor an inducer of P-gp. Based on the Peff values obtained in the present study and using established relationships, the human fraction dose absorbed for metformin is estimated to be 74%-90% along human intestine.

The preparation of Garcinia Glycosides solid dispersion and intestinal absorption by rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion

Garcinia Glycosides is a candidate drug obtained by structural modification of Gambogic Acid (GA), which was acquired through High Throughput Screening(HTS). As Garcinia Glycosides is an effective but insoluble anti-tumor drug, the aim of this study was to obtain a solid dispersion form Garcinia Glycosides by using solvent-melt method so that improve the solubility and dissolution rate. The solid dispersion was characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectroscopy and evaluated the intestinal absorption of the drug by rat in situ single pass intestinal perfusion. The results showed the increase of solubility, dissolution velocity and absorption compared to other forms. This indicated that solid dispersion could greatly improve the relative bioavailability of Garcinia Glycosides in vivo.

Absorption of Curcumin Monophosphate in Rat Intestinal Circulation

[Objectives] This study aimed to study the absorption of curcumin monophosphate, a derivative of curcumin, in the small intestine of rats. [Methods] In situ recirculation perfusion technique was used to study the absorption of curcumin monophosphate in intestinal circulation of rats, and the content of curcumin monophosphate in intestinal circulation solution was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detector(HPLC/UV). [Results] The established HPLC/UV method has good specificity. Linear regression was conducted between the peak area of curcumin monophosphate(A) and the concentration of curcumin monophosphate(C). The established standard curve equation was y=30.07x+102.48(R^2=0.999 0), indicating that curcumin monophosphate has good linearity in the range of 1.25-100.00 μg/mL. After excluding the degradation of the drug and the loss of sampling, within the first 2 h of the experiment, the drug absorption in the small intestine of rat was 1.39 mg, accounting for 97.2% of the total drug absorption during the 5-h experimental period, and the absorption rate was 53.9%.[Conclusions] Curcumin monophosphate has a good absorption in the small intestine of rats.

Absorption characteristics of the total alkaloids from Mahonia bealei in an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion assay

AIM: To investigate the absorption characteristics of the total alkaloids from Mahoniae Caulis(TAMC) through the administration of monterpene absorption enhancers or protein inhibitors. METHOD: The absorption behavior was investigated in an in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion(SPIP) assay in rats. RESULTS: The intestinal absorption of TAMC was much more than that of a single compound or a mixture of compounds(jatrorrhizine, palmatine, and berberine). Promotion of absorption by the bicyclic monoterpenoids(borneol or camphor) was higher than by the monocyclic monoterpenes(menthol or menthone), and promotion by compounds with a hydroxyl group(borneol or menthol) was higher than those with a carbonyl group(camphor or menthone). The apparent permeability coefficient(Papp) of TAMC was increased to 1.8-fold by verapamil, while it was reduced to one half by thiamine. The absorption rate constant(Ka) and Papp of TAMC were unchanged by probenecid and pantoprazole. CONCLUSION: The intestinal absorption characteristics of TAMC might be passive transport, and the intestinum tenue was the best absorptive site. In addition, TAMC might be likely a substrate of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) and organic cation transporters(OCT), rather than multidrug resistance protein(MRP) and breast cancer resistance protein(BCRP). Compared with a single compound and a mixture of compounds, TAMC was able to be absorbed in the blood circulation effectively.

异功散中人参皂苷类成分在脾虚大鼠模型肠吸收动力学变化及其陈皮的影响

目的基于脾虚大鼠模型探讨异功散中陈皮对人参皂苷类成分肠吸收变化的影响及其影响是否与P-gp蛋白外排作用有关。方法分组设计加入P-gp蛋白激动剂利福平与抑制剂维拉帕米,将36只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(6只)与模型组(30只),予以皮下注射利血平建立脾虚模型后将模型组分为异功散组(Y组)、去陈皮异功散组(Y-C组)、异功散利福平组(Y+R组)、去陈皮异功散利福平组(Y-C+R组)、去陈皮异功散维拉帕米组(Y-C+V组),以人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Re及人参皂苷Rg1为指标成分,进行在体单向肠灌流实验,采用HPLC-MS测定指标成分含量并计算肠吸收动力学参数有效渗透系数(P_(eff))与吸收速率常数(K_(a))。结果与Y组相比,Y-C组中人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Re在多个灌流时段的P_(eff)显著降低,Y+R组中人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Re及人参皂苷Rg1的P_(eff)和K_(a)在多个灌流时段降低,表明陈皮促进人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Re肠吸收且该作用与P-gp蛋白活性有关,但未能影响人参皂苷Rg1的肠吸收;与Y-C组相比,Y-C+V组中P-gp蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米使人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Re在多个灌流时段P_(eff)显著升高,而Y-C+R组中P-gp蛋白激动剂利福平使人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Re及人参皂苷Rg1的P_(eff)和K_(a)在多个灌流时段显著降低,说明无陈皮干预下,人参皂苷Rb1、人参皂苷Re及人参皂苷Rg1也可能是P-gp蛋白的底物。结论异功散中陈皮通过发挥抑制P-gp蛋白活性的类维拉帕米作用来促进人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Re肠吸收。

Comparison of intestinal absorption characteristics between rhubarb traditional Chinese medicine preparation and activity ingredients using in situ and in vitro model

Objective: The intestinal absorption characteristics of active ingredients are very important for oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.However, a deeper understanding about active ingredients absorption characteristics is still lack. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption properties and mechanism of rhubarb active ingredients in TCM preparation and pure form.Methods: The intestinal absorption behavior of active ingredients in Shenkang extract(SKE) and rhubarb anthraquinone ingredients(RAI) were investigated by in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. And the bidirectional transport characteristics of these active ingredients were assessed by in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayer model.Results: In situ experiment on Sprague-Dawley rats, the effective permeability coefficient values of aloeemodin, emodin and chrysophanol in RAI were higher than those in SKE, and the value of rhein in RAI was lower than that in SKE. But the easily absorbed segments of intestine were consistent for all ingredients,whether in SKE or in RAI. In vitro experiment, the apparent permeability coefficient values of rhein, emodin and chrysophanol in RAI were higher than those in SKE, and this value of aloe-emodin in RAI was lower than that in SKE. But their efflux ratio(ER) values in SKE and RAI were all similar.Conclusion: Four rhubarb anthraquinone ingredients in SKE and RAI have similar absorption mechanism and different absorption behavior, and the microenvironment of the study models influenced their absorption behavior. The results may provide an aid for understanding of the absorption characteristics of the TCM active ingredients in complex environments and the complementarities of different research models.

长春西汀的大鼠在体肠吸收研究

采用单向灌流技术考察长春西汀的大鼠在体肠吸收性质。结果表明,灌流速度对药物吸收速率常数(Ka)和表观吸收系数(Papp)有极显著影响(P<0.01);药物浓度对Ka和Papp无显著影响(P>0.05);药物在全肠道吸收较好,吸收窗主要在小肠,且小肠内无明显的特定吸收部位;羟丙基-β-环糊精在1%～4%范围内对药物的肠吸收无显著影响。

淫羊藿黄酮类化合物的大鼠在体肠吸收研究

目的研究淫羊藿中黄酮类化合物在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠灌流模型对淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿总黄酮在大鼠各肠段的吸收特性进行研究。结果淫羊藿苷在大鼠各肠段的渗透系数按空肠、十二指肠、回肠、结肠顺序依次分别为(5.25±0.17),(4.27±0.28),(1.99±0.09),(0.80±0.03);淫羊藿总黄酮中淫羊藿苷在大鼠各肠段的渗透系数按空肠、十二指肠、回肠、结肠顺序依次分别为(3.65±0.18),(4.68±0.17),(1.64±0.08),(0.58±0.26)。结论淫羊藿总黄酮中有多种成分在大鼠肠段会发生代谢转化,其中淫羊藿苷经过大鼠肠段后代谢最为明显。

卡马西平大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的研究卡马西平在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠灌流方法,研究卡马西平大鼠肠吸收动力学。结果卡马西平在整个肠道均吸收良好,吸收速度按十二指肠、结肠、回肠、空肠的顺序依次下降,吸收速度常数依次为0.230、0.182、0.178、0.165 h-1。药物在肠道的吸收呈现一级吸收动力学,吸收机制为被动吸收。结论卡马西平的吸收窗比较长,适合于制备日服一次的缓释给药系统。

单向灌流法研究磷酸川芎嗪的大鼠在体肠吸收

目的研究磷酸川芎嗪的大鼠在体肠吸收性质。方法运用单向灌流模型、采用HPLC法对药物的质量浓度进行检测,分别研究灌流速度、药物质量浓度、pH值以及吸收部位对磷酸川芎嗪吸收的影响。结果灌流速度和pH值对磷酸川芎嗪的吸收速率常数(ka)和表观吸收系数(Papp)有显著性影响;药物质量浓度对ka和Papp无显著性影响;小肠各段间药物吸收的ka和Papp无显著性差异,但与回肠段相比吸收明显增大。结论磷酸川芎嗪的吸收速率不受药物质量浓度的影响,而与灌流速度、灌流液的pH值和肠段部位有关。药物在全肠道吸收较好,吸收窗主要在小肠,且小肠内无明显的特定吸收部位。

尼莫地平大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的研究尼莫地平在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠段灌流实验 ,主要从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值等 3方面对尼莫地平的肠段吸收特性进行研究。结果尼莫地平在大鼠肠道内无特定吸收部位 ,各肠段吸收速率常数按十二指肠、空肠、结肠、回肠顺序依次下降 ,吸收速率常数分别为 0 0 6 87、0 0 6 2 0、0 0 5 97、0 0 4 89h-1。在 4 8～ 14 3μmol·L-1浓度内药物吸收量与浓度呈线性关系 ;在 pH 5 0～ 7 4内药物吸收不受 pH值影响。 结论尼莫地平在大鼠全肠段均有吸收 ,吸收符合一级动力学特征 ,吸收机制为被动扩散 ,适于制备日服

大鼠肠道对左旋延胡索乙素及其消旋体的吸收差异研究

考察延胡索乙素(THP)的吸收机制,并研究其消旋体与左旋延胡索乙素(l-THP)在大鼠肠道的吸收差异。应用单向灌流模型,采用HPLC法测定THP及l-THP在灌流液中的浓度变化。灌流液中THP质量浓度为8,16,32μg.mL-1时,THP吸收速率常数和有效吸收系数均无统计差异(P>0.05),各肠段的吸收速率常数和有效吸收系数也无统计差异(P>0.05);l-THP和THP在大鼠肠道吸收存在显著性差异(P<0.05);在肠道灌流液中加入P-糖蛋白(P-gp)抑制剂维拉帕米后,THP吸收显著增加,而l-THP吸收几乎不变。THP在肠黏膜的转运为被动扩散过程,无特殊吸收窗口;THP消旋体与l-THP的吸收差异可能与P-gp与右旋THP的选择性结合有关。

柚皮素大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的研究

目的研究柚皮素在大鼠小肠内的吸收特性。方法运用大鼠在体肠灌流模型,采用紫外分光光度法测定灌流液中柚皮素和酚红的浓度,计算柚皮素的吸收率和吸收速率常数。结果不同浓度的柚皮素在小肠的吸收率为(34.24±2.31)%,(38.35±2.20)%,(43.61±0.16)%,吸收速率常数为(0.195±0.002)h-1,(0.203±0.006)h-1,(0.211±0.009)h-1;柚皮素在不同肠段的吸收率为(15.96±0.25)%,(12.67±0.78)%,(7.42±1.43)%,(5.46±0.51)%,吸收速率常数为(0.101±0.008)h-1,(0.085±0.011)h-1,(0.063±0.009)h-1,(0.035±0.013)h-1;柚皮素在未结扎胆管和结扎胆管大鼠的小肠吸收率为(38.35±2.20)%和(30.77±4.80)%,吸收速率常数为(0.203±0.005)h-1和(0.164±0.004)h-1。结论质量浓度对于柚皮素的吸收无影响;柚皮素在不同肠段的吸收有显著性差异,十二指肠为最佳吸收部位。胆汁的分泌有利于柚皮素的吸收;初步推测柚皮素在小肠的吸收主要为被动转运方式,吸收动力学为一级吸收。

普朗尼克抑制P-糖蛋白药泵的作用

采用Caco-2细胞和动物模型,以维拉帕米为阳性对照,考察普朗尼克对塞利洛尔在Caco-2单层膜与肠道黏膜吸收的影响。用高效液相色谱法检测药物浓度,计算表观透过系数、吸收速率常数与有效透过系数等参数,评价普朗尼克对P-糖蛋白药泵的抑制作用。结果显示,塞利洛尔Caco-2细胞膜转运基底端(BL)到顶端(AP)的透过系数Papp大于AP到BL的Papp,分别为(2.10±0.13)×10-6和(0.333±0.018)×10-6cm.s-1,且双向转运受到抑制剂维拉帕米和普朗尼克的影响。大鼠在体肠灌流实验中塞利洛尔在十二指肠段、空肠、回肠与结肠段的吸收速率常数ka分别为(0.09±0.03),(0.14±0.04),(0.11±0.03)与(0.05±0.02)h-1;合用维拉帕米后各肠段吸收速率常数ka分别为(0.14±0.03),(0.24±0.02),(0.25±0.03)和(0.23±0.02)h-1;合用普朗尼克后各肠段吸收速率常数ka分别为(0.13±0.02),(0.22±0.02),(0.22±0.03)和(0.20±0.03)h-1。可见,普朗尼克通过抑制P-gp外排作用,促进塞利洛尔Caco-2细胞膜和大鼠肠道黏膜的吸收。

淫羊藿苷大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的研究

目的:研究淫羊藿苷在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法:采用大鼠在体肠灌流模型对淫羊藿苷在大鼠各肠段的吸收特性进行研究。结果:淫羊藿苷在大鼠各肠段的渗透系数按空肠、十二指肠、回肠、结肠顺序依次分别为(5.25±0.17)、(4.27±0.28)、(1.99±0.09)、(0.80±0.03),各肠段均能检测到淫羊藿次苷。结论:淫羊藿苷在大鼠肠段代谢成淫羊藿次苷后被吸收。

建立大鼠原位肠-肝灌流模型评价绿原酸的代谢

目的:建立大鼠原位肠-肝灌流模型,运用该模型研究绿原酸在大鼠肠、肝中的代谢转化。方法:采用液相色谱质谱联用(HPLC-MS)法测定大鼠原位肠-肝灌流模型灌流液中绿原酸及其代谢产物咖啡酸、阿魏酸和马尿酸。结果:绿原酸十二指肠给药后,灌流液中主要活性代谢产物为阿魏酸,同时在灌流液中也检测到少量活性代谢产物咖啡酸和大量代谢终产物马尿酸。结论:大鼠原位肠-肝灌流模型适用于绿原酸生物转化和代谢动力学的研究;绿原酸在肠中存在广泛的代谢。

独活有效成分大鼠在体单向灌流肠吸收

为了考察独活提取物中二氢欧山芹醇乙酸酯、蛇床子素、二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯等3种主要有效成分在大鼠的肠吸收性质，了解中药提纯后对大鼠肠吸收的影响，本文运用单向灌流模型并采用HPLC法测定独活提取物Ⅰ（总香豆素含量〈10％）灌流液中3种成分在体肠灌流的浓度变化，并与独活提取物Ⅱ（总香豆素含量≥60％）进行比较。结果表明二氢欧山芹醇乙酸酯、蛇床子素及二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯的质量浓度分别为62～555μg·mL^-1、101～887μg·mL^-1和19～186μg·mL^-1，吸收量与浓度呈线性关系，无高浓度饱和现象，吸收速率常数（Ka）、吸收渗透系数（Papp）值基本保持不变。3种成分在大鼠小肠主要以被动扩散方式吸收；在各肠段均有吸收，其中结肠吸收最好，各肠段的Ka、Papp是结肠〉十二指肠〉空肠〉回肠，且结肠的Ka、Papp值显著大于其他肠段；独活提取物Ⅱ中3种成分的Ka、Papp值显著小于独活提取物Ⅰ中相应成分。

生姜对小柴胡汤中柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷肠道吸收的影响

目的研究配伍生姜对小柴胡汤中柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷在大鼠肠道吸收的影响。方法采用大鼠在体单向肠灌流,用质量法校正灌流液体积,通过HPLC法测定柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷的含有量,考察配伍生姜对柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷在肠道吸收的影响。结果配伍生姜的小柴胡汤中柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷的吸收速率常数和表观吸收系数均高于不配伍生姜组,且两组间有显著性差异(P<0.05);结论生姜可促进小柴胡汤中柴胡皂苷a和黄芩苷在肠道的吸收。

山楂叶总黄酮的在体肠吸收研究

目的:研究山楂叶总黄酮中牡荆素鼠李糖苷的肠吸收机制。方法:运用大鼠在体肠单向灌流模型并采用高效液相色谱法测定灌流液中山楂叶总黄酮中的牡荆素鼠李糖苷浓度,计算其有效渗透系数。结果:牡荆素鼠李糖苷在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的有效渗透系数没有显著性差异(P>0.05);山楂叶总黄酮的浓度为0.05～0.5mg/mL时,牡荆素鼠李糖苷的有效渗透系数均大于0.2×10-4cm/s,并且均无显著性差异(P>0.05),而加入P-糖蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米和地高辛后,都能显著提高牡荆素鼠李糖苷的有效渗透系数。结论:山楂叶总黄酮中的牡荆素鼠李糖苷属于高渗透性药物,其在大鼠小肠的转运机制为被动扩散,无特殊的吸收窗,P-糖蛋白介导了牡荆素鼠李糖苷的小肠吸收。

脱水穿心莲内酯在大鼠体内的口服生物利用度和肠道处置(英文)

目的研究脱水穿心莲内酯在大鼠体内的口服生物利用度和肠道处置,为其在临床的使用和开发提供有用的信息。方法研究脱水穿心莲内酯在大鼠体内的药代动力学行为。采用Caco-2细胞模型和大鼠在体肠灌流模型研究脱水穿心莲内酯在大鼠体内的肠道处置。结果脱水穿心莲内酯的口服绝对生物利用度是11.92%。在Caco-2细胞模型中,脱水穿心莲内酯从基底膜到顶端膜方向转运的表观渗透系数(5.37×10-5cm/s)约等于其从相反方向转运的表观渗透系数(4.56×10-5cm/s),表明外排转运蛋白没有参与脱水穿心莲内酯的细胞转运。大鼠在体肠灌流模型中,脱水穿心莲内酯在不同肠段的吸收没有显著性差异,同时没有代谢。脱水穿心莲内酯经胆汁排泄,其排泄量约占吸收量的0.1%。在P-糖蛋白和乳腺癌蛋白抑制剂的作用下,脱水穿心莲内酯在不同肠段的吸收和胆汁排泄量都没有提高(P>0.05)。结论脱水穿心莲内酯的口服生物利用度是11.92%。它在肠道中的吸收较好,不进行代谢。外排转运蛋白例如P-糖蛋白和乳腺癌蛋白不参与脱水穿心莲内酯的细胞转运。