＂Trades＂ and ＂Social Membership＂ into the Context of Feudal Friulian Society during Late Middle Ages （13th Century- 1511）

It is a very hard job for historians to keep themselves neutrals in from of the events they find during their studies. It is also difficult to notice the correlations among the different times of the history without falling in anachronistic mistakes. In fact, it is well-known that a historian must be wise and rational when he finds those correlations, because every society has its own characteristics, structures, and mentality. This brief essay focuses on the social structures in a north eastern italic region, which is called Friuli, between the 12th and 16th centuries. In the above mentioned centuries, it is possible to notice an evolution from a feudal ecclesiastical principality, ruled by prince-patriarchs, ecclesiastical institutions and nobility, to a more fluid and dynamic constitution formed by new classes which rose up in times of urban and economic development. But this development struggles to delete the old system, which persisted until the end of 18th century with the arrival of Napoleon. The transition from the Patriarch＇s power to Venice＇s dominion seems to have created two main consequences： by one hand a more bureaucratic and modem structure of the State, by the other hand a consolidation of the old connections between patrons and clients, consequence of the ＂modem＂ feudal system that consolidated its roots in the Late Middle Ages centuries.

Study on the History, Current Situation and Countermeasures of Meteorological Theme Parks

From the establishment of first meteorological theme park-Xiamen Huwei Mountain Meteorological Theme Park in 2009 to the end of September,2019,11 meteorological theme parks have been built in China.There are 12 meteorological parks under construction and 10 shelved projects.China put forward the concept of meteorological theme park earlier in the world,and the construction of meteorological theme parks in China started from Xiamen Huwei Mountain Meteorological Park.The construction of meteorological theme parks in China has experienced the germination stage,initial stage,development stage and normative stage.Main construction experience contains:paying attention to top level design and overall planning,emphasizing leaders'attention and experts'participation,concerning multi-party linkage and coordination,and strengthening media momentum and extensive publicity.The main deficiencies are the lack of brand awareness,the diversity of names and weak folk identity.But seen from the perspective of development,the future prospect of meteorological theme park construction is very broad.In the future,the following countermeasures should be taken for the construction of meteorological theme parks in China:overall planning for approval,highlighting personality and characteristics,strengthening propaganda and grasping popularization of science,enhancing connotation and bringing benefits into play.It should combine meteorological science popularization with regional culture,use new media and other channels and ways to establish brand and expand influence,and build regional meteorological science popularization base.

Rhinoplasty in China: A review of the most important events in its history of development

A review of the literature in commonly used retrieval systems generally yields minimal or no pertinent information on the early works of Chinese doctors.Herein,the early works in rhinoplasty by pioneers Dr.Maolian Hu(胡懋廉)and Dr.PC Nyi(倪葆春)were retrieved from the database of Chinese Medical Journal published before1949 that overseas doctors could not gain access to online possibly due to the language barrier in collecting and processing those old professional data by main retrieval systyems.They published original articles on costal cartilage applications for correction of saddle noses in as early as 1939 and 1949,respectively,which represent the earliest attempts of treating nasal deformities with costal cartilages in China as well as in Asia.The private cosmetic surgical practices in rhinoplasty from the 1930s to the 1940s were recovered and briefly reviewed,and some of the most important clinical cases were presented.Other important events related to rhinoplasty,such as the establishment of the first national society of rhinoplasty in Chengdu,China in 2011 and the successful performance of the first national congress on rhinoplasty in Shanghai,China in 2012,were included.

China-Arab Higher Education Cooperation:History and Current Situation

Education cooperation is an important channel to open up multi-cooperation among the world,an inevitable product of information development,and strong support for the operation of globalization.The cooperation between China and Arab countries began with trade contact and became firmly established with the promotion of bilateral education cooperation.The ancient Silk Road had laid a solid foundation for the friendship between China and Arab nations.The“Belt and Road”Initiative proposed in the new era has strengthened mutual understanding and recognition.As one of the important parts of the education system,higher education plays a leading role in the globalization of education,and also the most important embodiment of China-Arab education cooperation.This paper will review China-Arab higher education cooperation from the historical level and current situation,to analyze the existing problems and its future development trend.

Cyclones and Societies in the Mascarene Islands 17th-20th Centuries

The recent IPCC-SREX report focuses on the impact of extreme weather events on societies and underlines the absence of reliable data to assert a solid link between them and the current global climate change. Thanks to the unpublished materials that are contained in historic archives, this article suggests studying the cyclones which affected the Mascarene islands between 1654 and 2007 and which supply us with a catalog of hitherto unpublished events. Inspired by the Simpson-Saffir hurricanes Wind Scale, the research proposes a relative evaluation of the extremes of the region. It underlines the big fluctuations in the last three centuries and partially answers the current debate on the reliability of the data in relation to hurricanes and their link with the contemporary climate. The available archives show that this type of meteorological event has occurred frequently during the relevant historical period and that for that reason, has given rise to original strategies of adaptation on the part of the societies affected. The results presented here constitute new and reliable data which could make an important contribution to the decision-makers and to climatologists trying to design strategies which the populations of small islands facing the climatic hazards of the future will have to adopt.

Is the Leader Effective in the Survival of the Managed Organization-a Case Study From the 20th Century

We can find many cases in the scientific literature,where the leader(CEO)of a political or business organisation is being declared a"hero"or"damned"in the"court of history"upon his/her action(s).The case study presented here analyses a politician who was active in the first half of the 20th century,examining if his activity was ended with success or failure for the state he led.The analysis focuses only on the decisions taken in the two world wars that were relevant for the'survival'of the organization he led.I examine his decisions that were made in a non'business-as-usual'situation from the view if they helped or threatened the survival of the state he led in the short and long term.In a particular situation,the decision has to be taken by the leader there and then,and it may not be possible to change or improve the decision later on.

English:A History of Communication

The development of the English language reflects the history of the society development.This paper is about how English has become it is today due to its communicative function.

The Political Leadership of Mao Zedong

This paper presents an analysis of the former Chinese Communist Party leader Chairman Mao Zedong’s political career(reigned 1949–1976),with regard to his success and failures.Mao was one of the most prominent Communist theoreticians who governed a quarter of humankind for a quarter of a century.His political philosophy,particularly his Method of Leadership,focusing on the“masses”is discussed here.The analytical arguments are centered on three phases of his leadership:The rise,the apex,and the fall.In the first phase,the paper attributes his victory before 1949 to his profound understanding of Chinese peasants.In the second phase,it elaborates on his successful method of leadership in the early 1950s.And in the third and last phase,it criticizes his disastrous political movements,particularly the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution,from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s.The study hopes to offer an objective and a balanced view of Chairman Mao,who had a complex personality and was a highly controversial figure in human history.The article also wishes to help readers gain a better understanding of China’s top leader in recent history,and how China came to be what it is today.

A Historical Overview of China's Upgrading of Its Industrial Structure

This paper investigates the history of upgrade of industrial structure in human society from a combined perspective of economic and philosophical history encompassing primitive society,ancient society and recent and modern society.As far as recent and modern society is concerned,this paper divides the upgrade into two basic aspects:the shifting dominant position of primary,secondary and tertiary industries,and that of laborintensive,capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries.Moreover,this paper has examined the history of upgrade of industrial structure in China since 1949 and identified that the upgrade of China's industrial structure demonstrates not only the characteristics of middle and late stages of industrialization but characteristics of modernization as well.According to the general pattern of upgrade of industrial structure in recent and modern society and China's reality,great efforts must be made to improve China's indigenous innovation capacity,expedite agriculture modernization,increase competitiveness and qualitative development of manufacturing sector,and vigorously promote service sector(especially producers services),environmental protection industry,culture industry and maritime industry.

Cultural Origins of English Idioms

Language and culture are inseparable.Culture contains language while language carries culture(Hu,2011:146).As the essence of a language,idioms are believed to be the most culturally loaded expressions in it.Accordingly,they are often consid ered as the mirror of culture,reflecting the special features of different cultures(Yu,1999:132).Hence,it is of vital importantce for English learners to trace the root of English idioms and understand their connotations culturally.This paper aims to explore the cultural origins of English idiomatic expressions from four perspectives,involving history,mythology,religion and society.

Regional Society and Xiangzu (Rural Lineage) Theories:Socioeconomic History from a Comparative Perspective

Today’s Chinese and Japanese scholars have maintained close dialogues and exchanges in their research on ancient Chinese history.The socioeconomic history of the Jiangnan region during the Ming and Qing dynasties involves two important research areas:regional history and socioeconomic history.Whereas the former embraces a holistic macro-view,the latter lays stress on the economic and social behavior of humankind.Over past years,endeavors to combine the two areas have produced a number of influential general conclusions on the social development of Jiangnan during the Ming and Qing.Professor Mori Masao,a Japanese scholar,has provided an in-depth interpretation of the theory of regional society,while Professor Zheng Zhenman,a Chinese scholar,has responded in terms of xiangzu theory.Long-term dialogues and exchanges in the international academic world that inspire theoretical innovation in studies of earlier societies can serve as a valuable source for the intellectual community.

The “Dual Structure” of World History and Contemporary China's Development Road in the Context of Globalization

The Marxist view of world history provides theoretical evidence for the correct use of the term ＂globalization.＂ Many of the facts implied in the popular yet non-standard use of ＂globalization＂ reflect our identification of the ＂transition from history to world history.＂ However, this has failed to bring about a realization of the structural changes in world history that are taking place in the course of this transition. The ＂transition from history to world history＂ has led to the emergence of ＂international society＂ and ＂global society,＂ which together constitute the ＂dual structure＂ of world history. Despite differences in their main structure and interest structure, their development goals and principles, and in their characteristics and patterns, international society and global society are interconnecting and interpenetrating. On the basis of a critique of ＂globalizing＂ ＂world history＂ and a scientific analysis of the situation and trends in contemporary world history, the ＂dual structure＂ theory of world history is a good entry point both for the full application to globalization of the Marxist view of world history and research on its development and for the contemporary development of the Marxist view of world history. At the same time, this theory will also provide methodological support for our exploration of socialist China＇s developmental road in a globalizing world.

基于ESTP-Chain四维分析法的老年福祉技术竞争态势分析

针对我国现阶段对福祉技术的研究较少且主要集中于定性分析,缺乏数据支撑等问题,从定量的角度,在明确福祉技术定义的基础上,采用改进的ESTP-Chain四维分析法,分别从环境链,主体链、技术链和地位链四个维度,对该领域的国际竞争态势进行分析。结果表明,ESTP-Chain四维分析法分析角度更为全面,能更好的揭示出福祉技术领域的竞争格局,为我国有效地适应老龄化社会的发展提供建议与支持。

基于Android的中国象棋游戏的模拟

针对Android移动终端人机实时交互的特点,结合中国象棋的特点,牵涉到Android开发和Java程序设计以及算法分析等相关知识。即勾勒了整个程序的结构框架,又详细分析和设计了其中的功能模块,例如棋子绘制,局面状态变量的意义和变化逻辑,人机交互的全过程等。全面讲解了搜索算法,从棋局表示、走法生成、局面估计到搜索树的遍历和AlphaBeta剪枝算法。

The Asiatic Mode of Production in World History Perspective: From a Universal to a Particularistic View of History

Discussions on Marx＇s ＂Asiatic mode of production＂ are essentially about the relationship between the universal and the particularistic view of history. Marx adhered to the world history position, but in the course of formulating his theory of the Asiatic mode of production he moved from universal history to a particularistic view of history; whereas the shift from the ＂Russian path＂ and ＂Russian way＂ provided by the Russian revolution to Stalin＇s doctrine of the ＂five forms＂ of social development represented a return from particularistic to universal history. In developing a Chinese view of history, three elements cannot be overlooked： the Chinese pattern of historical development and China＇s present development experience; Marx＇s theory of social forms and his thoughts on Oriental society in his later years; and the ＂Russian path＂ and ＂systemic transformation＂ launched by the October Revolution.

Relationship between Translation and Social Elements

Translation can not exist alone. It must be carried out by its agent that is under multiple influence of history, culture,power and other social elements for he is exactly the product of society. Meanwhile, those elements also change and evolve with the development of translation. The relationship between them can be considered as rather delicate and sophisticated.

中国公共图书馆事业百年社会影响若干案例分析研究

文章指出,图书馆与社会是一个宏大的专业主题,是极具学术纵横维度价值并且体现理论与实践相结合的命题,存在广阔的研究空间。文章仅是20世纪以来中国视域的图书馆与社会宏大叙事的学海拾贝,试图通过民国年间的合众图书馆、中国改革开放初期的北京图书馆新馆、21世纪的深圳“图书馆之城”等三个典型案例,分析阐述图书馆对社会发展的影响及其折射的逻辑之道。

梁启超的变局观念与史家自觉——以《李鸿章》为中心的考察

《李鸿章》是梁启超“新史学”思想付诸实践的成果,也是晚清思想史上的一项重要标本。梁启超根据进化史观,基于“过渡时代”的视角,纵论李鸿章的生平经历和成败得失,揭示了“世界之中国”时代的历史变迁大势。该书体现了一种新型“史识”和史家自觉,反映了梁启超对晚清士大夫“变局”观的承接和超越。梁著及相关文本开创了一套关于中国近代史的整体贯通论述,对于20世纪中国近代史学术体系的构建具有重要意义和深远影响。