Surface Processes Driving Intracontinental Basin Subsidence in the Context of India–Eurasia Collision:Evidence from Flexural Subsidence Modeling of the Cenozoic Southern Tarim Basin along the West Kunlun Foreland,NW Tibetan Plateau

The India–Eurasia collision has produced a number of Cenozoic deep intracontinental basins,which bear important information for revealing the far-afield responses to the remote collision.Despite their significance,their subsiding mechanism remains the subject of debate,with end-member models attributing it to either orogenic or sedimentary load.In this study,we conduct flexural subsidence modeling with a two-dimensional finite elastic plate model on the Hotan-Mazatagh section along the southern Tarim Basin,which defines a key region in the foreland of the West Kunlun Orogen,along the NW margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The modeling results indicate that the orogenic load of West Kunlun triggers the southern Tarim Basin to subside by up to less than ~6 km,with its impact weakening towards the basin interiors until ~230 km north from the Karakax fault.The sedimentary load,consisting of Cenozoic strata,forces the basin to subside by ~2 to~7 km.In combination with the retreat of the proto-Paratethys Sea and the paleogeographic reorganization of the Tarim Basin,we propose that surface processes,in particular a shift from an exorheic to an endorheic drainage system associated with the consequent thick sedimentary load,played a decisive role in forming deep intracontinental basins in the context of the India-Eurasia collision.

Geochemical characterization of the metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group within the southernmost North Equatorial tectonic belt:insights into geodynamic evolution

The Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group on the northern edge of the Congo Shield in Central Africa were investigated to understand their provenance and depositional environment.Petrography,geochemistry,and field evidence helped to subdivide the metasediments into paragneiss,mica schist,chlorite schist,and quartzite which were derived from greywacke,shale,quartz arenite,litharenite protoliths.They are immature with some mature samples,moderately weathered and reworked Neo-and Post-Archean metasediments.Rare earth element signatures(Chondrite Eu/Eu^(*)≤1),enrichment of light rare earth elements over the heavy ones,and the La/Sc ratio(>0.7)are compatible with those of the intermediate and felsic sources from the upper continental crust.These metasediments were deposited in the continental arc setting and have evolved during Proterozoic times according to the Wilson cycle to form the West Gondwana including NE Brazil.

Sequence Stratigraphy of Paleozoic in North Tarim Basin

The Paleozoic sequence stratigraphic system of North Tarim basin is established for the first time in this paper. The sequence stratigraphic system is composed of different orders of sequences, which includes 96 sequences, 31 supersequences, 9 supersequence sets and 4 megasequences. The characteristics of some important sequence boundaries are discussed and their time ranges are suggested, thus enhancing the precision of stratigraphic correlation in North Tarim basin.

STRATIGRAPHIC AND DEPOSITIONAL FILLING MODEL OF NORTH TARIM FORELAND BASIN SYSTEM

A stratigraphic and depositional filling modal of Triassic—Jurassic North Tarim foreland basin system is erected, through synthetic analysis of geological setting, depositional provenance, sequence stratigraphy, and quantitative tectonic stratigraphy. The result suggests that the major factors controlling formation and evolution of the system are oblique collision and convergence of different plates, and favorite hydrocarbon plays is predicted.The geological setting analysis emphasizes the historical succession of the foreland basin system formation and evolution. The tectonic setting analysis sketchy outlines formation of the system and tectonic setting of its successive evolution. The sedimentary geology analysis reveals the uplift and subsidence of the basin basement a seesaw style movement.

DEFINITING AND ITS GEOLOGIC MEANING OF SOUTH-NORTH TREND FAULTED STRUCTURE BELT IN QIANGTANG BASIN, NORTH PART OF TIBET

There were more expounding to north—west (west) trend fault and north\|east trend fault within Qiangtang Basin, North Part of Tibet, in the past literature. With increasing of geophysical exploration data, nearly east\|west trend structure began to be taken note to. Since the year of 1995, by a synthetic study to geophysical and geological data, that south\|north trend faulted structures are well developed. These structures should be paid much more attention to, because they have important theoretical meaning and practical significance.1 Spreading of south\|north faulted structure belt According to different geological and geophysical data, the six larger scale nearly south\|north faulted structure belt could be distinguished within the scope of east longitude 84°～96° and near Qiangtang Basin. The actual location of the six belts are nearly located in the west of the six meridian of east longitude 85°,87°,89°,91°,93°,95° or located near these meridian. The six south\|north faulted structure belts spread in the same interval with near 2° longitude interval. The more clear and much more significance of south\|north trend faulted structure belts are the two S—N trend faulted structure belts of east longitude 87° and 89°. There are S—N trend faulted structure belts in the west of east longitude 83°,81°, or near the longitudes. The structure belts spreading features,manifestation,geological function and its importance, and inter texture and structure are not exactly so same. The structure belts all different degree caused different region of geological structure or gravity field and magnetic field. There is different scale near S—N trend faulted structure belt between the belts.

Segmentations of foreland belts and their tectonic mechanism in the Southwest Tarim Basin

Based on lots of field investigations and comprehensive interpretations of seismic profiles with outcrop cross-sections, this paper shows that the foreland belts surrounding the Southwest Tarim Foreland Basin have the regularity of segmentation along the strike of foreland belts. There are many thin-skinned thrusting systems thrusting from mountains to the basin and the arcuate back-thrusting systems to the mountains distributed at intervals in the front of West Kunlun-Pamir and Southern Tianshan. Between thrusting and back-thrusting systems, the strike-slip faults developed. The northeast uplifts and depressions of Southwest Tarim Basin correspond with the segmentation of foreland basin. The thin-skinned thrusting system is formed in the case that the thickness of sedimentary covers is less than 10 km in depth where the basement is an uplift belt in general. The back-thrusting systems and triangle zones are formed in the case that the thickness of sedimentary covers is larger than 8 km in depth where the basement is a depression zone. The main mechanics of segmentation of foreland basin are the difference of mountain uplift and deformation rate along the longitude of the mountains, the huge sedimentary rocks in different depression centers, the uplift belts and depression zones in the basement rocks, and multi-displaced weak layers in the foreland basin. The segmentation of Southwest Tarim Foreland Basin is due to the intra-plate deformation of re-orogenies of West Kunlun-Pamir and Southwest Tianshan and the co-related deformation between mountains and basement of basin since Neocene.

Deep seismic reflection profile across the juncture zone between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains

Fine structures of the crust and upper mantle of the basin-and-range juncture on the northwestern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are first delineated by the deep seismic reflection profile across the juncture zone between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains. Evidence is found for the northward subduction of the northwest marginal lithosphere of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its collision with Tarim lithosphere beneath the West Kunlun Mountains. The lithosphere image of the face-to-face subduction and collision determines the coupling relationship between the Tarim Basin and the West Kunlun Mountains at the lithosphere scale and reflects the process of continent- continent collision.

Low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoir conductive model——Dual water clay matrix conductive model in the north area of Tarim Basin, Xinjiang, China

Shaly sands reservoir is one of the most distributive types of the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs discovered in China, and low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs are mostly shaly sands reservoirs. Therefore, shaly sands reservoir conductive model is the key to evaluate low resistivity oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs using logging information. Some defects were found when we studied the clay distribution type conductive model, dual-water conductive model, conductive rock matrix model, etc. Some models could not distinguish the conductive path and nature of microporosity water and clay water and some models did not consider the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume. So, we utilize the merits,overcome the defects of the above models, and put forward a new shaly sands conductive model-dual water clay matrix conductive model (DWCMCM) in which dual water is the free water and the microporosity water in shaly sands and the clay matrix(wet clay) is the clay grain containing water. DWCMCM is presented here, the advantages of which can tell the nature and conductive path from different water (microporosity water and freewater), in consid-eration of the clay distribution type and the mount of clay volume in shaly sands. So, the results of logging interpretation in the oil(gas)-bearing reservoirs in the north of Tarim Basin area, China with DWCMCM are better than those interpreted by the above models.

Unconformity structures controlling stratigraphic reservoirs in the north-west margin of Junggar basin, North-west China

Tectonic movements formed several unconfor- mities in the north-west margin of the Junggar basin. Based on data of outcrop, core, and samples, the unconformity is a structural body whose formation associates with weath- ering, leaching, and onlap. At the same time, the structural body may be divided into three layers, including upper layer, mid layer, and lower layer. The upper layer with good primary porosity serves as the hydrocarbon migration system, and also accumulates the hydrocarbon. The mid layer with compactness and ductility can play a role as cap rock, the strength of which increases with depth. The lower layer with good secondary porosity due to weathering and leaching can form the stratigraphic truncation traps. A typical stratigraphie reservoir lying in the unconformity between the Jurassic and Triassic in the north-west margin of the Junggar basin was meticulously analyzed in order to reveal the key controlling factors. The results showed that the hydrocarbon distribution in the stratigraphic onlap reservoirs was controlled by the onlap line, the hydro- carbon distribution in the stratigraphic truncation reser- voirs was confined by the truncation line, and the mid layer acted as the key sealing rock. So a conclusion was drawn that ＂two lines （onlap line and truncation line） and a body （unconformity structural body）＂ control the formation and distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs.

An explosive seismic sounding profile across the transition zone between west Kunlun Mts. and Tarim Basin

The explosive seismic sounding profile across the transition zone from the west Kunlun Mts. to the Tarim Basin revealed the complex deep structure formed by continent-continent collision on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The profile shows that the attitude of the Moho is in agreement with that of the crystalline basement in the Tarim Basin and the whole crust dips as a thick slate southwards with an angle from 5° to 7°. Meanwhile, the Moho depth increases from 40 km to 57 km within a distance of 150 km in the southern Tarim region, depicting the subduction of the crust of this region towards the west Kunlun Mts. The crust of the northern slope of the west Kunlun Mts. shows an evident compressed and shortened feature, that is, the basement is uplifted, the interface dips northwards and the Moho rises abruptly to become flat, so that the lower crust is as thick as 20 km.

Discovery of the ancient Ordovician oil-bearing karst cave in Liuhuanggou,North Tarim Basin,and its significance

A typical ancient karst cave is found in the Yijianfang Formation of Ordovician at Liuhuanggou,North Tarim Basin.With an entrance of 4.8 m wide and 20 m high,the Liuhuanggou ancient karst cave extends to NW 315° and has been filled by sediments,which can be classified into three types according to their nature and origin:clastic sediments(gravels),chemical sediments(palaeotravertine),and mixed sediments.Among them,the Paleotravertine and gravels are most common.The palaeotravertine is laminated type and yellowish brown or black in color due to oil inside.When saturated with oil,the palaeotravertine is black.Under microscope,oil mainly accumulates in the cracks between calcite crystals.The filling period of the Liuhuanggou karst cave can be divided into three stages:mixed filling,chemical filling,and clastic(palaeotravertine breccia) filling.Numerous fractures are distributed on one side of the karst cave.The fractures can be as wide as 40 cm and over 40 m long.Fractures of different periods and sizes constitute a fracture network and are all filled with calcite veins.Oil can be found inside the fractures.In the chemical fillings,sulfur is also found,which can indicate the magma influence on karst caves.The existence of sulfur also confirms that the Liuhunggou karst cave was formed in ancient times rather than recently or nowadays.Different from normal sedimentary limestone,the ancient Liuhuanggou karst cave has a distinct isotope fractionation and the depletion of heavy carbon and oxygen isotope.Controlled by the northwest oriented vertical strike-slip shear fault,the karst cave is actually a dissolved vertical fault belt.

Application of Stable Strontium Isotope Geochemistry and Fluid Inclusion Microthermometry to Studies of Dolomitization of the Deeply Buried Cambrian Carbonate Successions in West-Central Tarim Basin, NW China

Detailed petrographic,geochemical(O-C-Sr isotopes)and fluid inclusion studies of the deeply buried Cambrian carbonates in the West-central Tarim Basin revealed three types of crystalline dolomites(fine-crystalline,nonplanar-a(s),dolomite(RD1),fine-to medium-crystalline,planar-e(s)dolomite(RD2),and medium-to coarse-crystalline,nonplanar-a dolomite(RD3)),medium-to coarsecrystalline,nonplanar-a saddle dolomite cement(CD)and early and later-stage calcite cement.The occurrence of RD1 along low-amplitude stylolites points to link with pressure dissolution by which minor Mg ions were likely released for replacive dolomitization during early-to intermediate-burial seawater dolomitization.The increasing crystal sizes of RD2 and RD3 with irregular overgrowth rims suggests intense recrystallization and replacement upon the RD1 or remaining precursor limestones by dolomitizing fluids during late intermediate burial dolomitization.The overlap ofδ^(18)O,δ^(13)C and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr values of RD1-RD3 and CD dolomite with coeval seawater values,suggests that the principal dolomitizing fluids that precipitated these dolomites was connate(Cambrian)seawater preserved in the host limestones/dolomites.Their high ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios suggest influx of radiogenic strontium into the Cambrian seawater.Two regimes of fluid flow are recognized in the study area:firstly,influx of magnesium-rich higher-temperature basinal brines along deep-seated faults/fractures,resulting in cementation by CD dolomite.Secondly,the incursion of meteoric waters,mixing with ascending highertemperature basinal brines,and an increase in Ca^(2+)/Mg^(2+)ratio in the fluids probably results in the precipitation of calcite cement in vugs and fractures.

Salt-related structure and deformation mechanism of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas of the Tarim Basin

The salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian are widespread in the middle-west parts of the Central Uplift and adjacent areas, the Tarim Basin. This paper presents the results of seismic interpretation and drilling data analysis, which discovered that the salt beds were formed in an old geologic age, deeply buried, with relatively small scaled flowing and gathering and uneven distribution. As the regional detachment layers, the salt sequences considerably control the structural deformation of the up-salt Paleozoic, forming a series of hydrocarbon traps. In due course, the salt beds of the Middle-Lower Cambrian provide excellent cap rocks and trap conditions; thus the value of exploring hydrocabon reservoir in the target strata of the sub-salt Sinian- Cambrian is greatly increased. Research has shown that the salt-related structures of the Middle-Lower Cambrian in the area mainly exist in the form of salt pillow, salt roller, up-salt anticline, salt diapir, assemblage of the salt arch and up-salt fault-block, assemblage of basement fault and salt anticline, assemblage of the basement fault-block and salt dome, assemblage of salt detachment and fault-related fold, and assemblage of basement fault-block, salt arch and up-salt imbricated thrusts. The evolution and deformation mechanisms of the salt-related structures are controlled largely by basement faulting, compressional shortening, plastic flowing and gathering, superstratum gravitation, and up-salt faulting and detaching. They are distributed in rows or belts along basement faults or fault block belts.

Geodynamic Indications on Igneous Rocks of Transitory Geologic Setting during the Late Hercynian in North Tarim Basin

Basic and intermediate-acidic igneous rocks were developed during the late Hercynian in North Tarim basin. The geochemistry characteristics of the rocks show that basic volcanic rock has K2O/Na2O = 0.18-0.61 〈 1 and falls into a category of basalt of sodium system. The rocks contain enriched large-ion lithophile elements （LILE） （K, Rb, Ba, Th） and high-field strength elements （HFSE） （Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, P）, with the magmatic material from the upper mantle. The intermediate-acidic volcanicrocks have σ = 1.91-2.96 〈 3.3, K2O/Na2O = 1.25-1.59 〉 1, as well as the enriched LILE and depleted HFSE （Nb, Ta, Ti, P）, presenting the same trace element compositions and characteristics as in the granitic rocks of South Tianshan Mt.; they are either shoshonitic igneous rocks or high-K calc-alkaline igneous rocks, with a distinct crust-derived component feature. The comprehensive analyses on the characteristics of the trace elements, the graphic tectonic discrimination, and the distribution features of the two types of igneous rocks show that they were formed under different tectonic settings and geodynamic environments： the basalt was formed in the active rifting period when the active mantle upwelling caused the thinning of lithosphere; the intermediateacidic volcanic-intrusive rock was formed in the island arc area of the active continental margin in North Tarim; the formation is associated with the plate subduction during the course of South Tianshan Ocean closure--the subduction of Middle Tianshan Mountain toward the Tarim plate. The basic and intermediate-acidic igneous rocks reveal a tectonic regime of extension-extrusion transition, which is significant in determining the key tectonic revolution period of North Tarim basin.

塔里木盆地东部超深层油气勘探快速实现新突破

塔里木盆地东部蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,是我国陆上油气资源增储上产的重点地区。在国家油气勘查开采体制改革、新一轮找矿突破战略行动等政策背景下,中央-地方-企业紧密融合新机制助推了油气勘探开发快速实现突破的新模式,带来了极大的经济效益和社会效益。创新优化制定了塔东尉犁西1区块勘探部署方案,实现了8000 m以深地质层位设计和实钻对比“零”误差,取得了信源1井、信源2井、信源3井超深层油气重大发现。同时,形成了一系列科技创新成果,提高了超深层地质体识别精度,形成了地质工程一体化技术体系,明确了缝洞型储层发育区,形成了2亿t级规模超深层油气富集新区。新机制新模式开辟了“十四五”油气增储上产新领域,奠定了塔东油气资源接续基地建设基础,推进了新一轮找矿突破战略行动目标的实现。

顺北地区四号断裂带奥陶系超深层油气地球化学特征与相态差异性成因

顺北地区4号断裂带奥陶系油气藏相态复杂,自NE向SW,油气藏相态的变化情况是挥发油藏—低气油比凝析气藏—高气油比凝析气藏—中等气油比凝析气藏。使用地球化学分析方法研究了顺北4号断裂带油气藏的地球化学特征,分析了相态差异性的成因。4号断裂带原油生标含量低甚至缺失,原油生源与1号断裂带原油生源相同。4号断裂带原油成熟度高于1号断裂带原油,等效反射率为1.14%~1.60%。4号断裂带天然气干燥系数由NE向SW方向渐进增大,天然气成熟度为1.30%~1.70%。天然气中H2S、CO_(2)含量由NE向SW方向呈现增加的趋势。全油色谱正构烷烃摩尔分数对数与正构烷烃碳数的关系表明,4号断裂带原油未遭受蒸发分馏作用;4号带原油金刚烷含量分布范围为27.26~523.31μg/g,原油裂解作用程度为20.5%~95.8%,裂解程度较1号断裂带原油裂解作用高;SB4、SB41X-C和SB42X井原油硫代金刚烷含量为33.76~76.92μg/g,表明这些油气藏发生了硫酸盐热化学还原(TSR)作用。顺北4号断裂带奥陶系油气藏相态变化与两个因素有关:一是4号断裂带地温梯度呈现两侧略低、中部较高的特点,这使得中部烃源岩生成的油气成熟度较高,中部油气藏原油裂解作用较强;二是中部及SW部油气藏发生了TSR作用,这导致油气藏中CO_(2)、H_(2)S和GOR(气油比)增加。

南水北调西线工程受水区节水潜力研究

科学论证南水北调西线工程调水规模,需要以充分考虑黄河流域节水潜力为基础。以南水北调西线工程受水区为研究区域,分析了不同行业的节水现状、节水潜力及面临的问题。结果表明:黄河流域现状节水总体达到国内较高水平,但空间分布不均匀;黄河流域毛节水潜力约为25亿m^(3),净节水潜力约为19亿m^(3);西线工程受水区毛节水潜力约为21亿m^(3),净节水潜力约为16亿mm^(3);农业节水潜力占全流域及西线工程受水区节水潜力的80%以上;黄河流域节水潜力远低于缺水量,且农业节水量难以转让给其他行业;资源性缺水是根本问题,未来需要通过建设跨流域调水工程解决黄河流域缺水问题。

新疆塔里木盆地2021年“7·19”暴雨水汽特征的初步分析

新疆塔里木盆地是世界著名干旱区,年均降水量不足100 mm,2021年7月19日前后盆地出现罕见暴雨过程,最大累积雨量和日雨量为107.3 mm和78.5 mm(均达新疆大暴雨量级),通过分析此次暴雨水汽特征得出以下结论:(1)首次提出南亚高压“匀双体”概念,100 hPa南亚高压“西高东低”转“匀双体”过程中,500 hPa伊朗高压与高原反气旋、中亚低压与印度低压以及高原涡共同架构了“两高夹一低”环流形势。(2)揭示了在伊朗高压稳定反气旋环流下,阿拉伯海与孟加拉湾北部洋面的水汽进入盆地的大尺度环流及物理机制。阐明盆地暴雨水汽主源地为地中海及以西洋面、中亚地区、阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾,水汽输送有西方、东转西、西南+南方三条路径与轨迹,指出伊朗高压南侧东风和中亚地区西风在“东转西”水汽输送中具有关键作用,阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的东风北上后与西风带汇合形成的水汽输送带是此次暴雨发生的重要条件。(3)水汽由西、南、东三个边界输入,东边界水汽收入主要源于低层东风,西和南两个边界水汽收入源于中高层三条路径,“西南+南方”路径水汽输送致使南边界水汽输入贡献明显大于西边界。塔里木盆地暴雨既要重视中亚低压,更要关注能否出现中亚低压与印度低压、高原涡共存并影响的大气环流场。

塔里木盆地夏季降水的年代际变化及其影响环流

基于1961-2020年夏季塔里木盆地33站逐日降水数据和NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析数据,分析了塔里木盆地夏季降水的年代际变化特征及影响环流。结果表明:塔里木盆地夏季降水在1986/1987年发生了由少到多的年代际突变,降水显著增加的区域集中在盆地的西部和北部,主要由降水日数的增加贡献。不同年代际背景下,塔里木盆地夏季降水的影响环流配置存在差异。1961-1986年,影响盆地夏季降水的中亚副热带西风急流位置显著南移,中亚上空的异常气旋位于40°N附近,水汽主要源于阿拉伯海;1987-2020年,中亚上空的异常气旋位置移至40°N以南,水汽主要源于孟加拉湾和西北太平洋。东大西洋-西俄罗斯大气遥相关型在塔里木盆地夏季降水的年代际变化中扮演了重要角色。

西昆仑-塔西南坳陷晚古生代以来的沉积构造演化

自柯克亚深层油气勘探取得突破以来,塔西南坳陷一直受到各类地质学家的广泛关注,有关该盆地的形成和演化历史及其油气资源评价近年来更是成为人们的研究热点。本文在总结前人资料的基础上,探讨塔西南和西昆仑地区自晚古生代以来所经历的构造及沉积格架的演变过程,对塔西南坳陷性质及其演化阶段划分所存在的争议进行了归纳,分析了塔西南-西昆仑这一盆山体系形成和演化中的构造变形和沉积记录。总体来说,根据现有沉积和构造变形资料,中生代之前西昆仑和塔西南坳陷分别处于同一构造背景下的不同沉积单元;二者之间盆山体系的形成主要自晚侏罗世-早白垩世,中-上新世是造盆造山作用机制发生重大转折的时期,或者说早更新世末的构造运动基本上奠定了西昆仑-塔里木盆地南缘现今的盆-山构造格架。