The barriers of joining in vitro fertilization programs among infertile couples in developing countries:A scoping review

Objective:To determine the barriers of joining in-vitro fertilization(IVF)programs among infertile couples in developing countries.Methods:This study assessed infertile couples and the barriers or associated factors resulting in delayed decision-making of joining IVF program by searching databases PubMed,ScienceDirect,EBSCO,ClinicalKey,and Cochrane Library from inception until December 31,2021.Additional search strategies were snowballing literature search and citation tracking.Results:Eleven articles were included in the scoping review.The cost was the greatest barrier of joining IVF program.Limited access and lack of assisted reproductive technology centers,few qualified infertility trained staff,insufficient government support,low priority in government policy,along with sociocultural factors,such as religion and false beliefs or myths were also majorly considered to be associated obstacles.Conclusions:The main barrier associated with IVF program among infertile couples in developing countries is the high cost of the IVF services.

Live births from in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer following the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist without gonadotropins:Two case reports

BACKGROUND The prevalence of female infertility between the ages of 25 and 44 is 3.5%to 16.7%in developed countries and 6.9%to 9.3%in developing countries.This means that infertility affects one in six couples and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the fifth most serious global disability.The International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology reported that the global total of babies born as a result of assisted reproductive technology procedures and other advanced fertility treatments is more than 8 million.Advancements in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation procedures led to crucial accomplishments in human fertility treatments.The European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology guideline on ovarian stimulation gave us valuable evidence-based recommendations to optimize ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology.Conventional ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization(IVF)–embryo transfer are based upon the administration of gonadotropins combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)analogues,either GnRH agonists(GnRHa)or antagonists.The development of ovarian cysts requires the combination of GnRHa and gonadotropins for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.However,in rare cases patients may develop an ovarian hyper response after administration of GnRHa alone.CASE SUMMARY Here,two case studies were conducted.In the first case,a 33-year-old female diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome presented for her first IVF cycle at our reproductive center.Fourteen days after triptorelin acetate was administrated(day 18 of her menstrual cycle),bilateral ovaries presented polycystic manifestations.The patient was given 5000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Twenty-two oocytes were obtained,and eight embryos formed.Two blastospheres were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.In the second case,a 37-year-old woman presented to the reproductive center for her first donor IVF cycle.Fourteen days after GnRHa administration,the transvaginal ultrasound revealed six follicles measuring 17-26 mm in the bilateral ovaries.The patient was given 10000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin.Three oocytes were obtained,and three embryos formed.Two high-grade embryos were transferred in the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycle,and the patient was impregnated.CONCLUSION These two special cases provide valuable knowledge through our experience.We hypothesize that oocyte retrieval can be an alternative to cycle cancellation in these conditions.Considering the high progesterone level in most cases of this situation,we advocate freezing embryos after oocyte retrieval rather than fresh embryo transfer.

Effect of Mitochondrial Function of Ovarian Granulosa Cells on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Outcomes in Obese Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients

Objective:To investigate the effect of abnormal ovarian granulosa cell metabolism on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET)outcomes in obese polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)patients.Methods:Patients with PCOS who met the study criteria were screened according to the inclusion criteria.A total of 32 patients with obese PCOS were recruited into the study group,and 39 patients with non-obese PCOS were recruited into the control group.The general data(age,body mass index,and years of infertility),insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),granulosa cell mitochondrial function,and IVF-ET outcome of patients in the study group and control group were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The differences in age and years of infertility between the study group and the control group were insignificant(P>0.05),and the body mass index(BMI)of the study group and control group was 30.5±1.24 kg/m2 and 22.3±1.12 kg/m2,respectively,in which the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);the HOMA-IR of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);the reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05),and the ATP content in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05);comparing the FSH and LH levels between the two groups,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05);the rate of IVF-ET failure was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group.Conclusion:PCOS is a complex endocrine disorder,and obesity is one of the independent risk factors for the development of PCOS.

A nomogram predicting clinical pregnancy in the first fresh embryo transfer for women undergoing in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection(IVF/ICSI) treatments

The extent to which factors affect the probability of clinical pregnancy in the first fresh embryo transfer after assisted conception is unknown.In order to examine the predictors of clinical pregnancy,a retrospective cohort study was launched between January 1,2013 and December 31,2016 in four infertility clinics including 19837 in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection(IVF/ICSI)fresh cycles with known outcomes and relevant records.A multivariable logistic regression was used to select the most significant predictors in the final nomogram for predicting clinical pregnancy.Furthermore,the model was validated by an independent validation set and the performance of the model was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves along with the area under the ROC curve(AUC)and calibration plots.In a training set including 17854 participants,we identified that female age,tubal factor,number of embryos transferred,endometrial thickness and number of good-quality embryos were independent predictors for clinical pregnancy.We developed a nomogram using these five factors and the predictive ability was 0.66 for AUC(95%CI=0.64−0.68),which was independently validated in the validation set(AUC=0.66,95%CI=0.65−0.68).Our results show that some specific factors can be used to provide infertile couples with an accurate assessment of clinical pregnancy following assisted conception and facilitate to guide couples and clinicians.

Case Report: Acupuncture Treatment in Female Patient Undergoing IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

Acupuncture as part of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is used for a very long time as a treatment for infertility issues. Through the specific acupoints located on the meridians, with the acupuncture treatment the Qi and blood flow can be regulated and the whole body energy balanced. Acupuncture increases the blood flow to the ovaries and uterus, improving the implantation condition, the ovarian and follicular function and balancing the hormones. In this research, it is presented a case of 32-year-old woman who has already had an unsuccessful in vitro cycle, 6 months before starting acupuncture treatments. The patient has done 8 acupuncture treatments in our clinic before starting the second cycle of embryo transfer. The treatments were done twice monthly in a period of 4 months. Before starting the first embryo transfer, the FSH was at high levels: 11 mIU/mL (1.98 - 11.6). After the acupuncture treatments, it was normalized to 8.11 mIu/mL. The second embryo transfer was successful and so far the patient is in good health. Acupuncture treatment as part of the TCM, helps the female reproductive system to function properly, especially in an important periods of fertilization, keeping the pregnancy rates high.

子宫内膜不典型增生/早期子宫内膜癌患者保留生育功能治疗后IVF-ET妊娠结局及复发因素分析

目的分析子宫内膜不典型增生/早期子宫内膜癌(AH/EEC)患者保留生育功能治疗后接受体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗的临床特点和预后,分析影响助孕妊娠结局和疾病复发的主要因素。方法回顾性分析2012年2月至2022年2月在北京协和医院接受AH/EEC生育保留治疗后进行IVF-ET治疗的78例患者的临床资料。总结分析纳入患者的临床特征、IVF-ET相关指标、妊娠结局和复发情况,以单因素和多因素分析临床妊娠率、活产率以及疾病复发的影响因素。结果78例患者中51例(65.38%)为AH患者,27例(34.62%)为EEC患者;开始IVF-ET周期的平均年龄为(34.17±3.70)岁。共有74例患者至少接受了1次移植,每移植周期的临床妊娠率和活产率分别为36.31%(65/179)和18.99%(34/179),累积妊娠率为72.97%(54/74)。多因素分析提示子宫内膜病变初次发病年龄是活产率的独立影响因素[OR=0.8794,95%CI(0.785,0.983),P=0.02]。纳入患者IVF-ET期间子宫内膜病变的总复发率为6.41%(5/78),多因素分析提示子宫内膜病变的病理类型和IVF-ET前复发史是疾病复发的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论AH/EEC患者保留生育功能治疗后的辅助生殖结局相对满意,在肿瘤治疗过程中,进行病变评估时应尽量保护内膜,减少损伤;在肿瘤治疗结束后,应尽快进行助孕治疗,以最大程度降低复发率。

不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因反复种植失败的预测因素分析

目的分析不孕症患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)后不明原因反复种植失败(RIF)的预测因素。方法前瞻性纳入2020年6月至2022年6月无锡市妇幼保健院接诊的82例IVF-ET的不孕症患者作为研究对象,根据RIF发生原因将患者分为RIF组与不明原因RIF组。比较两组患者的基线资料、实验室指标,分析IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的影响因素;分析各项影响因素对不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的预测价值。结果82例患者中不明原因RIF 22例,占比为26.83%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,高水平CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)是不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的独立危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05),高水平抗米勒管激素(AMH)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)是其保护因素(OR<1,P<0.05)。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线结果显示,AMH、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、FIB、VEGF、G-CSF预测不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF的曲线下面积(AUC)>0.70,均具有一定预测价值。结论AMH、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)、FIB、VEGF、G-CSF对不孕症患者IVF-ET后不明原因RIF有一定预测价值。

中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产疗效分析

目的探讨中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者的疗效。方法选择2021年5月—2022年5月医院收治的80例IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者,按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,各40例。对照组使用黄体酮注射液治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上,联合中药安胎一号穴位贴敷治疗,两组均持续治疗2周。2周后比较两组治疗后的临床疗效、中医证候积分、雌二醇(E_(2))、孕酮(P)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)水平及不良反应发生率。结果观察组临床疗效总有效率比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组阴道出血、腰腹疼痛、神疲乏力、头晕耳鸣积分均低于对照组,E_(2)、P、β-HCG水平均高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率相比,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论中药安胎一号穴位贴敷联合黄体酮治疗IVF-ET术后先兆流产患者的疗效明显,缓解临床症状,并改善性激素水平,值得临床推广。

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in cases with a history of in vitro fertilization failure

<abstract>Aim: To evaluate the effect of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in the management of cases with a history of conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure. Methods: Two groups of patients, 19 with normal semen parameters and a history of IVF failure (metaphase Ⅱ oocytes: 0~30 %) and 28 with severe male factor infertility received ICSI technology during the same period. Ovarian stimulation was achieved by conventional procedure. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte collection was done 35~37 h after human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injection. Only metaphase Ⅱ oocytes were selected for microinjection. Results: Fertilization was achieved with ICSI in all the patients. The fertilization rate (75.6 %±21.1 % vs. 73.9 %±19.2 %), cleavage rate (85.1 %±19.3 % vs. 82.7 %±22.1 %), clinical pregnancy rate per embryo transfer cycle (31.6 % vs. 28.6 %) and implantation rate per embryo (15.3 % vs. 14.4 %) did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: ICSI is a valuable method for couples with a history of IVF failure. These patients may have a similar ICSI result as in severe male infertility.

Fertilization of IVF/ICSI Using Sibling Oocytes from Couples with Subfertile Male or Unexplained Infertility

The significance of the performance of conventional in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) using sibling oocytes from couples with subfertile male or unexplained infertility was evaluated. A total of 410 sibling oocyte cumulus-corona complexes (OCCC) from 21 couples with subfertile male (group A) and 11 unexplained infertile couples (group B) were randomly divided, in order of retrieval, into two groups inseminated either by conventional IVF or by ICSI. The treatment outcomes and the influence of infertility factors on fertilization in each group were compared. The results showed that although the two pronuclear (2PN) fertilization rate per injected sibling oocytes was significantly higher after ICSI (group A: 68.2 %±28.8 %; group B: 66.2 %±24.9 %) than after conventional IVF (group A: 41.8 %±32.7 %; group B: 40.1 %±22.1 %), the other variables studied included: the fertilization rates of per allocated sibling oocytes IVF/ICSI, the fertilization rates of sibling oocytes IVF/ICSI after excluding failed IVF fertilization cycles, as well as the cleavage rates of normal fertilization were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, though the total fertilization failure rate in the IVF group (group A: 42.9 %; group B: 36.4 %) was significantly higher than in the ICSI group (group A: 4.8 %; group B: 0), we did not cancel cycles due to the normal fertilization of sibling oocytes. Embryo transfer was possible in all 32 couples. There were 10 clinical pregnancies in the two groups. We also discovered a possible association between some semen parameters and sperm functions of group A, and women age and duration of infertility of group B and fertilization. It is suggested that adoption of the split IVF/ICSI technology in the above cases may help eliminate fertilization failures. This is also a useful method to investigate the effect of single factor on the employment of assisted reproductive technology.

Untreated Prior Pulmonary Tuberculosis Adversely Affects Pregnancy Outcomes in Infertile Women Undergoing in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective Prior pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) on chest X-ray(CXR) was commonly found in infertile patients receiving examinations before in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET). It was unclear whether untreated PTB would affect pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET.Method We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 14,254 infertile patients who had received IVFET at Peking University Third Hospital in 2017. Prior PTB was defined as the presence of signs suggestive of old or inactive PTB on CXR, with or without a clinical TB history. Patients who had prior PTB on CXR but had not received a clinical diagnosis and anti-TB therapy were included for analysis. Live birth,clinical pregnancy, and miscarriage rates were compared between the untreated PTB and non-PTB groups.Results The untreated PTB group had significantly lower clinical pregnancy(31.7% vs. 38.1%) and live birth(23.8% vs. 30.6%) rates than the non-PTB group(both P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that untreated PTB was a risk factor for decreased live birth rate [odds ratio(OR), 0.80;95% confidence interval(CI), 0.66–0.98;P = 0.028] in all patients and for increased miscarriage(OR, 4.19;95% CI,1.69–10.39;P = 0.002) and decreased live birth(OR, 0.45;95% CI, 0.24–0.83;P = 0.011) rates in patients with unexplained infertility.Conclusions Untreated PTB was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes after IVF-ET, especially in patients with unexplained infertility, highlighting the clinical significance of PTB in this specific patient population.

Reproductive Outcomes in Women with Prior Cesarean Section Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization:A Retrospective Case-control Study

The impact of prior cesarean section（CS） on the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET） was investigated. A retrospective analysis was performed on 144 patients with prior CS between January 2013 and December 2015. The pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal outcomes of patients who had previous CS delivery and received IVF-ET were analyzed. The control group comprised 166 patients who had only previous vaginal delivery（VD） and received IVF-ET during the same period. The results showed that the basal follicle stimulating hormone level, estradiol level on human chorionic gonadotropin（h CG） day, gonadotrophin dosage, duration of stimulation, retrieved oocytes, fertilization rate, high-quality embryo rate, multiple birth rate, abortion rate and ectopic pregnancy rate had no significant difference between the two groups（P〉0.05）. The pregnancy rate（40.28% vs. 54.22%） and implantation rate（24.01% vs. 34.67%） were significantly lower（P〈0.05）, and the ratio of embryo difficulty transfer（9/144 vs. 0/166） was significantly higher in CS group than in VD group. The risk of pernicious placenta previa and postpartum hemorrhage in twin deliveries was significantly increased in CS group as compared with that in VD group（P〈0.05）, and gestational age and neonatal birth weight were significantly reduced in twin deliveries as compared with singleton deliveries in both groups（P〈0.05）. It was suggested that the existence of CS scar may impact embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy outcome, and increase the difficulty of ET. We should limit the number of transfer embryos to avoid multiple pregnancies and strengthen gestational supervision in patients with cesarean scar.

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a small molecule glycerophospholipid,which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.In this study,sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.At first,the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid(SOF)were optimized for sheep IVF,and then the effects of LPA were investigated.From 0.1 to 10μmol L^(–1),LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate(P>0.05),but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration(P<0.05),and the blastocyst morphology was normal.When the LPA concentration was 15μmol L^(–1),the maturation rate,cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly(P<0.05),and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into highquality blastocyst.Besides,the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2,LPAR4,TE-related gene CDX-2and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10μmol L^(–1).The expression of LPAR2,LPAR4,CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1μmol L^(–1)to LPA-10μmol L^(–1)groups in early embryos were extremely significant(P<0.05),while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15μmol L^(–1)LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10μmol L^(–1)group(P<0.05).The inner cell mass in 15μmol L^(–1)LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed,and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.Secondly,the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10μmol L^(–1),while 15μmol L^(–1)LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1μmol L^(–1)group and LPA-10μmol L^(–1)group extremely significantly increased(P<0.05),but there was significant decrease in LPA-15μmol L^(–1)group compared with LPA-10μmol L^(–1)group(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10μmol L^(–1)concentration.This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.

Does Lower Dose of Long-acting Triptorelin Maintain Pituitary Suppression and Produce Good Live Birth Rate in Long Down-regulation Protocol for In-vitro Fertilization?

The effects of pituitary suppression with one-third depot of long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone（Gn RH） agonist in Gn RH agonist long protocol for in vitro fertilization（IVF）/intracytoplasmic sperm injection（ICSI） were investigated. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 3186 cycles undergoing IVF/ICSI with Gn RH agonist long protocol in a university-affiliated infertility center. The pituitary was suppressed with depot triptorelin of 1.25 mg or 1.875 mg. There was no significant difference in live birth rate between 1.25 mg triptorelin group and 1.875 mg triptorelin group（41.2% vs. 43.7%）. The mean luteinizing hormone（LH） level on follicle-stimulating hormone（FSH） starting day was significantly higher in 1.25 mg triptorelin group. The mean LH level on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin（h CG） administration was slightly but statistically higher in 1.25 mg triptorelin group. There was no significant difference in the total FSH dose between the two groups. The number of retrieved oocytes was slightly but statistically less in 1.25 mg triptorelin group than in 1.875 mg triptorelin group（12.90±5.82 vs. 13.52±6.97）. There was no significant difference in clinical pregnancy rate between the two groups（50.5% vs. 54.5%）. It was suggested that one-third depot triptorelin can achieve satisfactory pituitary suppression and produce good live birth rates in a long protocol for IVF/ICSI.

Sperm chromatin structure assay results after swim-up are related only to embryo quality but not to fertilization and pregnancy rates following IVF

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the sperm chromatin structure assay （SCSA） results after swim-up are related to fertilization rates, embryo quality and pregnancy rates following in vitrofertilization （IVF）. A total of 223 couples undergoing IVF in our hospital from October 2008 to September 2009 were included in this study. Data on the IVF process and sperm chromatin structure assay results were collected. Fertilization rate, embryo quality and IVF success rates of different DNA fragmentation index （DFI） subgroups and high DNA stainability （HDS） subgroups were compared. There were no significant differences in fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy or delivery rates between the DFI and HDS subgroups. However, the group with abnormal DFI had a lower good embryo rate. So, we concluded that the SCSA variables, either DFI or HDS after swim-up preparation, were not valuable in predicting fertilization failure or pregnancy rate, but an abnormal DFI meant a lower good embryo rate following IVF.

子宫腺肌病病灶位置与IVF-ET结局的相关性研究

目的探讨子宫腺肌病患者病灶位置对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法选取唐山市妇幼保健院2019年10月至2022年10月收治的335例有妊娠意愿的子宫腺肌病患者作为研究对象。所有患者均进行磁共振成像检查,根据病灶位置将患者分为肌层组(病灶累及子宫肌层)、浆膜组(病灶位于子宫浆膜侧)和内膜组(病灶位于子宫内膜侧)。比较三组患者行IVF-ET的妊娠率、流产率和最终活产率。结果最终280例患者纳入研究,包括178例肌层组,70例浆膜组和32例内膜组。浆膜组患者IVF-ET后的流产率显著低于肌层组和内膜组(P<0.05),且最终活产率显著高于肌层组和内膜组(P<0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析显示,与肌层组相比,浆膜组患者IVF-ET后的流产风险小(OR=0.07,95%CI:0.00~0.62,P=0.014)且活产率较高(OR=8.38,95%CI:1.47~31.38,P=0.020)。结论子宫腺肌病病灶位置会影响IVF-ET结局,评估子宫腺肌病病灶位置有助于确定治疗方案。

单发肌壁间肌瘤患者IVF/ICSI生殖结局影响因素分析

目的:探究单发肌壁间肌瘤患者体外受精-胚胎移植/卵胞质内单精子显微注射(IVF-ET/ICSI)生殖结局的可能相关影响因素。方法:纳入2014年1月至2019年12月于山东大学附属生殖医院接受IVF/ICSI治疗的单发肌壁间肌瘤不孕症患者1348例,根据患者妊娠结局分为活产组(403例)与未活产组(945例)、妊娠组(634例)与未妊娠组(714例)。采用倾向性匹配评分(PSM)对活产组与未活产组患者进行1∶1条件匹配控制混杂因素,共386对患者匹配成功。两组间有统计学差异的协变量采用二元logistic回归分析。采用ROC曲线分析肌壁间肌瘤与生殖结局的关系,并评价其预测价值。通过计算约登指数找到截断值。结果:PSM匹配后,未获得活产组的宫腔操作史、子宫内膜压迫患者比例明显高于活产组,肌壁间肌瘤大小明显大于活产组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);未妊娠组患者的子宫肌瘤直径显著大于妊娠组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经二元logistic回归分析校正混杂因素后,宫腔操作史、子宫内膜受压及单发肌壁间肌瘤的直径对患者活产率存在显著影响(P<0.05);单发肌壁间肌瘤直径大小对患者妊娠存在显著影响(P=0.004)。通过ROC曲线分析得出单发肌壁间肌瘤直径在预测活产率方面的截断值为2.35cm。结论:在单发肌壁间肌瘤患者中,成功活产与未活产患者相比,在宫腔操作史、子宫内膜受压以及子宫肌瘤直径方面存在显著差异,且三者均为导致活产率下降的独立影响因素,当肌瘤直径≥2.35cm对活产率的影响更为显著。

Intramural pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer:A case report

BACKGROUND Intramural pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy,which is diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.Management strategies vary depending on the site of the pregnancy,the gestational age and the desire to maintain fertility.The incidence of intramural pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology is higher than that in natural pregnancy.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of intramural pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and elective single embryo transfer following salpingectomy.The patient was completely asymptomatic and her serumβ-human chorionic gonadotropin level increased from 290 m IU/m L to 1759 m IU/m L.Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound indicated a heterogeneous echogenic mass arising from the uterine fundus which was surrounded by myometrium and a slender and extremely hypoechoic area stretching to the uterine cavity which was thought to be a fistulous tract.Therefore,we considered a diagnosis of intramural pregnancy and laparoscopic surgery was conducted at 7 wk gestation.CONCLUSION Early diagnosis and treatment of intramural pregnancy is significant for maintaining fertility.

A highly homozygous and parthenogenetic human embryonic stem cell line derived from a one-pronuclear oocyte following in vitro fertilization procedure

因为他们的人的白血球抗原(HLA ) haplotype 将强烈增加与房间线的相对更小的队为某些人口匹配的度，同型结合的人的胚胎的干细胞(hESCs ) 被认为是为 hESC 银行的更好的房间来源。同型结合的 hESCs 能从单性生殖的胚胎被产生，但是仅仅异质接合的 hESCs 用当前的策略被建立了没有第二极的身体挤出，人工地激活卵母细胞。这里，我们在 vitro 授精处理从 one-pronuclear 卵母细胞追随者例程报导一根人的同型结合的转换字符线(chHES-32 ) 的第一成功的推导。chHES-32 房间与正常 hESCs 表示普通标记和基因。他们处于一个无差别的状态被宣传超过一年(】P50 ) 了并且维持了 46 的稳定的 karyotype， XX。当在 vivo 并且在 vitro 区分了时， chHES-32 房间能从所有三胚胎的细菌层形成衍生物。五父亲一般地表示的印的基因和他们与卵母细胞施主相同的 HLA 遗传型的几乎无法发现的表示显示了他们的单性生殖的起源。用染色体宽的单个核苷酸的多型性分析并且 DNA 采指纹， chHES-32 房间的 homozygosity 进一步被证实。结果显示“讨厌”的 one-pronuclear 卵母细胞可能是为人的同型结合、单性生殖的转换字符的潜在的来源，并且为从单性生殖的 haploid 卵母细胞获得同型结合的 hESC 线建议了其他的策略。

卵巢低反应人群IVF-ET中采取拮抗剂方案与PPOS方案的疗效比较

目的探讨拮抗剂方案与高孕激素促排卵(PPOS)方案在卵巢低反应人群体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中的应用效果。方法选择该院2018年1月至2022年7月就诊的卵巢低反应患者128例为研究对象,根据促排卵方案不同分为拮抗剂组和PPOS组,每组64例。比较两组重组人绒毛膜促性腺素(HCG)注射日性激素水平[孕酮(P)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、雌二醇(E_(2))、促黄体生成素(LH)]、卵泡周围血流参数[搏动指数(PI)、收缩期最大血流速度(PSV)、阻力指数(RI)、动脉收缩期峰值流速/舒张末期血流速度(S/D)]、血清生长分化因子-9(GDF-9)、骨形态发生蛋白-15(BMP-15)及促排卵情况、胚胎质量、妊娠结局。结果PPOS组HCG注射日血清E_(2)、BMP-15水平及PSV、优势卵泡数、可移植胚胎数、获卵数、成熟卵数、优质胚胎数、两原核(2PN)受精数、临床妊娠率、活产率大于或高于拮抗剂组,LH水平、周期取消率、流产率低于拮抗剂组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在卵巢低反应人群IVF-ET中,与拮抗剂方案相比,PPOS方案可通过调节性激素水平,改善卵泡周围血流参数及BMP-15水平,提升促排卵效果,改善胚胎质量及妊娠结局。