Analysis of Stress Concentration Factors due to in-Plane Bending and out-of-Plane Bending Loads on Tubular TY-Joints of Offshore Structures

The aim of this work is to study the stress distributions and the location of hot spots stress in the vicinity of the intersection lines of the tubular elements of the tubular TY-joints.Using the finite element models,we analyze the effects of geometrical parameters on the stress concentration factor in the case of in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending loads,around the weld toe of the tubular joints.Our results reveal the location of the maximum stress concentration factor at the heel or toe in the case of in-plane bending loads and at the saddle point in the case of out-of-plane bending loads.Six parametric equations are established and used to calculate the stress concentration factor at critical locations using the non-linear regression method.The results obtained from the finite element analysis are close to the results of the parametric equations and the experimental data from the previous work.

Flexural behavior of in-plane bending glass structures for design method

Experimental study was carried out on the in-plane bending behavior of glass plates without lateral supports, and the effects of the factors, such as height-to-span ratio, on the stability of glass panels were studied. Results show that the in-plane bending glass plates with both ends simply supported and their upper edge free lose overall stability under loads, which belongs to the limit-point type of instability. It is found that the buckling load increases linearly with the increase of height-to-span ratio of the glass plates. The lateral stress of in-plane bending glass plates without lateral supports increases linearly under loads; while the large-area stress increases nonlinearly and the lateral stress is not the controlling factor of instability. In finite element analysis, the first buckling mode is regarded as the initial imperfection and imposed on the model as 1/1000 of the span of the components. The numerical buckling load according to the theory of large deflection is less than the experiment result, which is more conservative and can provide some reference for design. For the design method, when the in-plane load is imposed on the glass plate, its lateral strength and the deflection should be verified. Considering the stability of the in-plane bending glass plate without reliable lateral support, buckling is another possible failure mode and calls for verification.

Bending properties and fracture mechanism of C/C composites with high density preform

C/C composites with banded structure pyrocarbon were fabricated by fast chemical vapor infiltration（CVI）,with C3H6 as carbon source,N2 as carrier gas,and three-dimensional（3D） 12K PAN-based carbon fabric with high density of 0.94 g/cm3 as preform.Experimental results indicated that the fracture characteristics of C/C composites were closely related to the frequency of high-temperature treatment（HTT） at the break of CVI process.According to the load？displacement curves,C/C composites showed a pseudoplastic fracture after twice of HTT.After three times of HTT,load？displacement curves tended to be stable with a decreasing bending strength at 177.5 MPa.Delamination failure and intrastratal fiber fracture were observed at the cross-section of C/C composites by scanning electronic microscope.Because the content of pyrocarbon and fibers has a different distribution in layers,the C/C composites show different fracture characteristics at various regions,which leads to good toughness and bending strength.

Relationship between Bending Property and Density of Wheat Stem

[ Objective] The aim is to research the relationship between bending property and density of wheat stem. [ Method ] The bending properties such as elastic modulus, bending strength, flexural rigidity, moment of inertia, density and water content of the second base internodes of Zhengmai 9023 and Yumai 25 were determined. [ Result] The results show that during filling stage, there are significant differences in the elastic modulus, moment of inertia, flexural rigidity and density among wheat varieties, while there are no significant differences in the bending strength and water content among wheat varieties. The moment of inertia, flexural strength and flexural rigidity have positive relationship to density but negative relationship to water content. [ Conclusion] The study results provide some references for the research on high yield cultivation and lodging resistance of wheat.

A PREDICTIVE APPROACH TO THE IN-PLANE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STITCHED COMPOSITE LAMINATES

This contribution attempts to model the alteration of the in-plane elastic properties in laminates caused by stitching, and to predict the in-plane effective tensile strength of the stitched composite laminates. The distortion of in-plane fibers is considered to be the main cause that affects the in-plane mechanical properties. A fiber distortion model is proposed to characterize the fiber misalignment and the fiber content concentration due to stitching. The undistorted region, the fiber distortion region, the resin-rich pocket and the through-thickness reinforcement section are taken into account. The fiber misalignment and inhomogeneous fiber content due to stitching have been formulated by introducing two parameters, the distortion width and maximum misalignment. It has been found that the ply stress concentration in stitched laminates is influenced by the two concurrent factors, the stitch hole and inhomogeneous fiber content. The stitch hole brings about the stress concentration whereas the higher fiber content at the local region induced by stitching restrains the local deformation of the composite. The model is used to predict the tensile strength of the [0/45/0/-45/90/45/0/-45]58 T300/QY9512 composite laminate stitched by Kevlar 29 yarn with different stitching configurations, showing an acceptable agreement with experimental data.

Bending Resistance Covalent Organic Framework Superlattice:“Nano‑Hourglass”‑Induced Charge Accumulation for Flexible In‑Plane Micro‑Supercapacitors

Covalent organic framework(COF)film with highly exposed active sites is considered as the promising flexible selfsupported electrode for in-plane microsupercapacitor(MSC).Superlattice configuration assembled alternately by different nanofilms based on van der Waals force can integrate the advantages of each isolated layer to exhibit unexpected performances as MSC film electrodes,which may be a novel option to ensure energy output.Herein,a mesoporous free-standing A-COF nanofilm(pore size is 3.9 nm,averaged thickness is 4.1 nm)with imine bond linkage and a microporous B-COF nanofilm(pore size is 1.5 nm,averaged thickness is 9.3 nm)withβ-keto-enamine-linkages are prepared,and for the first time,we assembly the two lattice matching films into sandwich-type superlattices via layer-by-layer transfer,in which ABA–COF superlattice stacking into a“nano-hourglass”steric configuration that can accelerate the dynamic charge transportation/accumulation and promote the sufficient redox reactions to energy storage.The fabricated flexible MSC–ABA–COF exhibits the highest intrinsic CV of 927.9 F cm^(−3) at 10 mV s^(−1) than reported two-dimensional alloy,graphite-like carbon and undoped COF-based MSC devices so far,and shows a bending-resistant energy density of 63.2 mWh cm^(−3) even after high-angle and repeat arbitrary bending from 0 to 180°.This work provides a feasible way to meet the demand for future miniaturization and wearable electronics.

Evolution of the texture and mechanical properties of 2060 alloy during bending

In this study, we examined the evolution of the texture and mechanical properties of 2060 （T8） alloy during bending. A pixel rotation method （PRM） was proposed and used to characterize the textural evolution during bending determined by electron backscatter diffraction. The results showed that the textural components changed insignificantly, with the exception of a decrease in the cube texture. The tensile and yielding properties of the alloy were evaluated at three different orientations with respect to the rolling direction. The mechanical strength was found to increase in three directions with decreasing bending radius; thus, it was concluded that the 2060 （T8） alloy sheet satisfies the usage requirement after bending deformation.

Morphology,Bending Property and Secondary Structure Estimation of Dog Hair

The morphology, bending property and secondary structure estimation of dog hair were investigated by scanning electron microscope( SEM),fiber compression bending analyzer,fiber frictional coefficient tester and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FTIR). The SEM micrograph of hair indicated guard hair( GH),intermediate hair( IH) and underhair( UH) from dog hair fibers displayed considerable differences in the diameter,length,scale shape and medulla. In addition,the bending property of fibers were related to the diameter of fibers and the percentage and structure of medulla. The UH had the greatest frictional coefficient,while the guard hair had the largest bending rigidity in three kinds of hairs. The analysis of amide I region implied that there was an apparent variety in the secondary structure of hairs,mainly the percentage of α-helix and β-pleated sheet and β-turn structure. The X-ray diffraction results showed that the crystallinity of the UH was the lowest in the three kinds of fibers. The tensile behaviors of dog hair also indicated that the increase of β-pleated and β-turn structure caused the increase of the breaking strength.

Bending and Rolling Shear Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber Fabricated with Canadian Hemlock

In this paper,bending performance and rolling shear properties of crosslaminated timber(CLT)panels made from Canadian hemlock were investigated by varied approaches.Firstly,three groups of bending tests of three-layer CLT panels with different spans were carried out.Different failure modes were obtained:bending failure,rolling shear failure,bonding line failure,local failure of the outer layer and mixed failure mode.Deflection and strain measurements were employed to calculate the global and local modulus of elastic(MOE),compared with the theoretical value.In addition,a modified compression shear testing method was introduced to evaluate the rolling shear strength and modulus,compared with the results from strain measurements in bending shear tests.According to testing results,bonding line failure and rolling shear failure were dominant failure modes in bending tests,and the theoretical value of bending property was beyond the average level of the calculating results obtained from both deflection and strain measurements.In addition,the rolling shear strength and modulus obtained from compression shear tests were relatively smaller than those from bending tests.

Tensile properties and microstructure of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet processed by repeated unidirectional bending

The mechanical properties of the AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet processed by repeated unidirectional bending (RUB) with a basal pole tilted in the rolling direction were systematically investigated at different temperatures. Compared with the as-received sheet exhibiting approximately the same average grain size, the fracture elongation increased while the proof stress decreased at room temperature. The initial texture had a significant influence on the mechanical properties at room temperature, while it showed a much weaker effect on the mechanical properties because of the activation of non-basal slips and initiation of dynamic recrystallization during deformation at elevated temperature.

Bending Properties of GCr15 Steel Guide Rail under the Multi-step Loading

To analyze the bending properties of GCr15 steel guide rail based on the elastic-plastic theory, the novel bending loading method consisting of multi-step loading and corresponding unloading was applied in three specimens with different cross section shape and different heat treatment condition. According to the experimental results, using numerical calculation software program and the numerical simulation with finite element analysis （FEA）, the relationships among the maximal load and displacement on cross section shape with each step bend loading, the loading stroke with the heat treatment condition, and the loading stroke with cross section shape were gained, and also those curves were discussed qualitatively. Finally, the contrast results between the numerical simulation and experiment were carried out to study the influence about the multi-step loading on specimen. It is put forward that enlightenment for the straightening stroke in the precision linear guide rail manufacture process.

The effect of number of joints on bending properties of laminated lumber made from poplar (Populus nigra)

Connection plays an important role in structural components and end jointing is one of the most common connections in structural applications. This study was designed to investigate some mechanical properties （MOE and MOR） of solid wood samples manufactured from poplar （Populus nigra）, joined together through end jointing. As well, we studied combinations of lumber manufactured from 10-mm veneer, using a polyvinyl acetate adhesive. The results show that non-jointed lumber （control samples） have better bending properties （MOE and MOR） than jointed specimens and lumber made from laminated layers. On the whole, side-by- side joints have a negative effect on the MOR and MOE of laminated products, which is more pronounced in the MOR. By increasing the number of joints, the properties of combination of three-ply, i.e., bending strength and modulus of elasticity, decreased.

RELATION OF STRUCTURE AND BENDING PROPERTY OF FABRICS

Simple mechanical models of fabric and yarns during fabric bending have been built tosimulate the bending performance or the fabric. On these models, the relation between fab-ric bending modulus and structure parameters is discussed, and a theoretical equation isgiven to describe this relation. Experiments have been arranged to measure fabric bendingmodulus and structure parameters. It is found that the equation gives out rather satisfiedresults and can be used in practice after certain modification.

Microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of 65Cu-35Zn brass tube during cyclic rotating−bending process

The cyclic rotating−bending(CRB)processes under different deformation conditions were carried out to refine the microstructure and improve the mechanical properties of the 65Cu−35Zn brass tubes.The microstructure and the mechanical properties in the axial direction of the tubes after the CRB process were studied with the OM,EBSD and conventional tensile test.To obtain the accumulated effective plastic strain of the tube during the CRB process,the FEM simulation was also executed.The results show that the average grain size decreases with the increase of rotation time at RT,and with the decrease of bending angle at 200℃.With the increase of accumulated effective plastic strain during the CRB process,the reduction rate of average grain size of the brass tube increases,the tensile strength of the brass tube increases in wave shape and the elongation increases first and then sharply decreases.

A Comparison of Bending Properties for Cellular Core Sandwich Panels

In this study, various sandwich panel structures with different reticulate lattice core geometries were designed and then fabricated in titanium via the electron beam melting (EBM) process. Bending tests were performed on the titanium samples, and mechanical properties such as modulus, bending strength, and energy absorption were evaluated. Different failure mechanisms were observed, and it was found that sandwich structures with auxetic cores exhibited more homogeneous deflection and bending compliance compared with other structures. It was also demonstrated that properties of auxetic sandwich structures can be tailored using different cell structure geometries to suit the needs of a given design application. Furthermore, it was found that other 3D cellular sandwich structures can also exhibit high stiffness and strength, which is desirable in potential applications.

Effect of bending and tension deformation on the texture evolution and stretch formability of Mg-Zn-RE-Zr alloy

Bending and tension deformations were performed on Mg-1.3 wt%Zn-0.2 wt%RE-0.3 wt%Zr(ZEK100)alloy sheets that initially had a transverse direction(TD)-split texture.The effects of bending and tension deformations on the texture formation and room-temperature formability of specimens were investigated.The specimen subjected to 3-pass bending and tension deformations exhibited an excellent Erichsen value of 9.6 mm.However,the Erichsen value deterioration was observed in the specimen subjected to 7-pass deformations.The rolling direction-split texture developed on the surface with an increasing pass number of deformations.Conversely,the clear TD-split texture remained at the central part.As a result,a quadrupole texture was macroscopically developed with an increasing pass number of deformations.The reduction in anisotropy by the formation of the quadrupole texture is suggested to be the main reason for the improvement in stretch formability.By contrast,the generation of coarse grains near the surface is suggested to be the direct cause for the deterioration of the stretch formability of the specimen subjected to 7-pass deformations.

Plate reinforced square hollow section X-joints subjected to in-plane moment

The static test of 13 square hollow section(SHS) X-joints with different β and different types of plate reinforcement under in-plane moment in brace was carried out. Experimental test schemes, failure modes of specimens, moment-vertical displacement curves, moment-deformation of the chord, and strain strength distribution curves were presented. The effect of β and plate reinforcement types on in-plane flexural property of SHS X-joints was studied. Results show that punching shear of chord face disappears, brace material fracture appears and concave and convex deformation of chord decrease when either collar plates or doubler plates were welded on chord face. Moment-vertical displacement curves of all specimens have obvious elastic, elastic-plastic and plastic stages. As β increases, the in-plane flexural ultimate capacity and initial stiffness of joints of the same plate reinforcement type increase, but ductility of joints decreases. With the same β, the in-plane flexural initial stiffness and ultimate capacity of doubler plate reinforced joints, collar plate reinforced joints, and unreinforced joints decrease progressively. Thickness of reinforcement plate has no obvious effect on in-plane flexural initial stiffness and ultimate capacity of joints. As thickness of reinforcement plate increases, the ductility of reinforced X-joints decreases. The concave and convex deformation of every specimen has good symmetry;as β increases, the yield and ultimate deformation of chord decrease.

Modulated thermal transport for flexural and in-plane phonons in double-stub graphene nanoribbons

Thermal transport properties are investigated for out-of-plane phonon modes （FPMs） and it-plane phonon modes （IPMs） in double-stub graphene nanoribbons （GNRs）. The results show that the quantized thermal conductance plateau of FPMs is narrower and more easily broken by the double-stub structure. In the straight GNRs, the thermal conductance of FPMs is higher in the low temperature region due to there being less cut-off frequency and more low-frequency excited modes. In contrast, the thermal conductance of IPMs is higher in the high temperature region becau~,＇.e of the wider phonon energy spectrum. Furthermore, the thermal transport of two types of phonon modes can be modulated by the double-stub GNRs, the thermal conductance of FPMs is less than that of IPMs in the low temperatures, but it dominates the contribution to the total thermal conductance in the high temperatures. The modulated thermal conclu~＇tanc：e can provide a guideline for designing high-performance thermal or thermoelectric nanodevices based on graphene.

寒地玉米秸秆力学特性研究

为了合理利用玉米秸秆这种生物质资源,采集了寒地整株玉米秸秆,结合自制试验装置,利用电子万能试验机等设备,测试了整株玉米秸秆不同直径部位在相同加载速率下有节段径向和轴向压缩及无节段抗弯的力学性能。对试验数据进行了拟合,建立了相关数学模型,结果表明:当直径小于20mm时,轴向压缩实验中直径对压力影响并不明显,直径达到25mm左右时影响开始显现,直径大于29mm后影响非常显著;径向压缩时,离秸秆顶端较近的几节直径与压力近似线性相关,但随着直径的增加径向压力并不是均值上升,具有一定的离散性。抗弯试验中,在初始阶段压力在某一范围内上下波动,直径对压力影响并不显著;当直径大于23mm后,所需压力值显著增加;当直径大于30mm之后,直径对压力的影响产生了较为明显的波动性。试验数据真实可靠,拟合结果具有较强的可参考性,可为更好地开发利用秸秆资源及优化秸秆收获装置结构提供理论依据。

Determination of the Properties of Some Selected Timber Species for Structural Application

One of the alternative sustainable and green construction materials to concrete is timber. Timber is of numerous varieties, and this acts as a barrier to the extent of its usage, especially in structural application. Despite many researches on wood’s mechanical and physical properties, only a few are geared toward the structural application of wood. The present work investigated the mechanical properties of five timber species;Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis (Teak), Terminalia superba (Afara), Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), and Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), to determine their suitability for constructing long-span roof trusses. These are available in the South Western part of Nigeria. Their mechanical properties;bending strength, compressive strength, shear strength, tensile strength, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and density, were determined in the laboratory. The results obtained showed that all the timber types, except Terminalia superba (Afara), have higher values of mechanical properties than the values that are obtainable for classes of strength D30 to class D70 in the British Code of Practice. It means these species are of higher quality than the stipulated strength classes in the British code. The results also show that the order of relevance of the species for structural design (or work) is Acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), Gmelina Arborea, and Tectona grandis (Teak). Terminalia superba (Afara) is not recommended for structural works.