Penetration of sandwich plates with hybrid-cores under oblique ballistic impact

The oblique penetration performance of lightweight hybrid-cored sand- wich plates are investigated numerically. To compose the hybrid-core, ceramic prisms are inserted into pyramidal metal lattice trusses and fixed using epoxy resin. Three-dimensional finite element simulations are carried out for the hybrid- cored sandwich impacted at 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°obliquity by a hemispherical projectile. The ballistic limit, the energy absorbed by the constituting elements, and the critical oblique angle are quantified. The physical mechanisms underly- ing the failure and the influence of fundamental system parameters are explored. The angle of obliquity is found to have significant influence on the ballistic trajec- tory and erosion of the projectile, thus it is important for the impact response and penetration resistance of the sandwich. For oblique angles equal to or larger than 45°, the projectile moves mainly horizontally and can not effectively penetrate across the sandwich.

Studies on the Coefficient of Friction During the Oblique Impact of a Hard Sphere Against a Ductile Solid Target

Following the original approach of Bowden and Tabor and introducing state variables, an effective friction coefficient μ_e for solid particle erosion is defined as a combination of shearing term and ploughing term. In the case of continuous sliding, based on considering the interaction between asperities under certain condition, it is indicated that during the oblique impact of a hardened steel sphere against a mild steel target, a possible value of μ_e is 0.05, which was chosen in all of the calculations by Hutchings for consistency with both experiments and calculations. In the case of continuous ploughing, it is shown that the value of μ_e is a function of the impact process and the initial impact angle and is greater than 0.05 on an average for Hutchings' experiments. It is suggested that the variation of sliding, rolling and ploughing state at each instant in the impact process makes “the coefficient of friction” equal to 0.05 for Hutchings' experiments, and in general, makes the effective friction coefficient during particle impact on metal far less than the friction coefficient during simple continuous sliding on an average.

In-Plane Impact Dynamics Analysis of Re-Entrant Honeycomb with Variable Cross-Section

Due to the unique deformation characteristics of auxetic materials(Poisson’s ratioμ<0),they have better shock resistance and energy absorption properties than traditional materials.Inspired by the concept of variable crosssection design,a new auxetic re-entrant honeycomb structure is designed in this study.The detailed design method of re-entrant honeycomb with variable cross-section(VCRH)is provided,and five VCRH structures with the same relative density and different cross-section change rates are proposed.The in-plane impact resistance and energy absorption abilities of VCRH under constant velocity are investigated by ABAQUS/EXPLICIT.The results show that the introduction of variable cross-section design can effectively improve the impact resistance and energy absorption abilities of auxetic re-entrant honeycombs.The VCRH structure has better Young’s modulus,plateau stress,and specific energy absorption(SEA)than traditional re-entrant honeycomb(RH).The influence of microstructure parameters(such as cross-section change rateα)on the dynamic impact performance of VCRH is also studied.Results show that,with the increase in impact velocity andα,the plateau stress and SEA of VCRH increase.A positive correlation is also found between the energy absorption efficiency,impact load uniformity andαunder both medium and high impact speeds.These results can provide a reference for designing improved auxetic re-entrant honeycomb structures.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TWO-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM OBLIQUE IMPACT SYSTEM WITH NON-FIXED IMPACT POSITIONS

The dynamic behavior of a two-degree-of-freedom oblique impact system consisted of two pendulums with non-fixed impact positions is investigated. The relations between the restitution coefficient, the friction coefficient, as well as other parameters of the system and the states before or after impact, are clarified in this oblique impact process. The existence criterion of single impact periodic-n subharrnonic motions is deduced based on the Poincare map method and the oblique impact relations with non-fixed impact positions. The stability of these subharrnonic periodic motions is analyzed by the Floquet theory, and the formulas to calculate the Flocluet multipliers are given. The validity of this method is shown through numerical simulation. At the same time, the probability distribution of impact positions in this oblique system with nonfixed impact positions is analyzed.

ELASTIC-PLASTIC DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A CANTILEVER BEAM SUBJECTED TO OBLIQUE IMPACT AT ITS TIP

By employing large deformation governing equations expressed in the form of finite difference, the dynamic responses of an elastic, perfectly plastic cantilever subjected to an oblique impact at its tip was numerically studied. Through analyzing the instantaneous distribution of the yield function （φ = ｜M/Mo｜ ＋ （N/No）^2）, bending moment and axial force during the early stage of the response, the elastic-plastic deformation mechanism and the influence of axial component of an oblique impact on the dynamic response of a cantilever beam were discussed. The present analysis shows that the deformation mechanism of an elastic-plastic cantilever subjected to an oblique impact consists of four phases, i.e. ‘the expanding compressed plastic region＇ mode; the ‘generalized traveling plastic hinge＇ and ‘shrinking plastic region＇ mixed mode; the ‘stationary plastic hinge＇ mode and ‘elastic vibration＇ mode. Compared with the two-phase deformation mode obtained by using the rigid, perfectly plastic approach, the mode of shrinking plastic region that occurred instantly after the oblique impact and the mode of stationary hinge were both confirmed. The primary features of the deformation mechanism are captured by both analysis methods. It has also been found that the beam＇s deformation is mainly controlled by the axial component of the oblique impact in the early phase of the dynamic response, the deformation mechanism is obviously different from the case of a transverse impact. With further development of the response, the axial component attenuates rapidly and gives negligible contribution to the yielding of the beam cross-section. At the same time, the bending moments along the cantilever develop gradually and dominate the beam＇s deformation. The numerical results indicate that the mass, impact speed and oblique angle are the important factors that influence the elastic-plastic dynamic response of a cantilever beam.

Mechanical characteristics of composite honeycomb sandwichstructures under oblique impact

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)and CFRP-based composite honeycomb sandwich structures are particularly sensitive to impact.The mechanical characteristics of composite honeycomb sandwich structures under oblique impact are studied by numerical simulation and experiment.The oblique impact model is established,and the reliability of the model is verified by the oblique impact test.To further analyze the influence of structural parameters on energy absorption under oblique impact,the influence of impact angle,face sheet thickness and wall thickness of the honeycomb is numerically studied.The results show that the impact angle has an important effect on energy distribution.The structural parameters also have an effect on the peak contact force,contact time,and energy absorption,and the effect is different from normal impact due to the presence of frictional dissipation energy.Compared with normal impact,the debonding of oblique impact will be reduced,but the buckling range of the honeycomb core will be expanded.

Quantitative analysis of the protective performance of bicycle helmet with multidirection impact protection system in oblique impact tests

Purpose:The current study aimed to assess the protective performance of helmets equipped with multidirectional impact protection system(MIPS)under various oblique impact loads.Methods:Initially,a finite element model of a bicycle helmet with MIPS was developed based on thescanned geometric parameters of an actual bicycle helmet.Subsequently,the validity of model wasconfirmed using the KASK WG11 oblique impact test method.Three different impact angles(30°,45°,and 60°)and 2 varying impact speeds(5 m/s and 8 m/s)were employed in oblique tests to evaluateprotective performance of MIPS in helmets,focusing on injury assessment parameters such as peaklinear acceleration(PLA)and peak angular acceleration(PAA)of the head.Results:The results demonstrated that in all impact simulations,both assessment parameters werelower during impact for helmets equipped with MIPS compared to those without.The PAA wasconsistently lower in the MIPS helmet group,whereas the difference in PLA was not significant in the noMIPS helmet group.For instance,at an impact velocity of 8 m/s and a 30°inclined anvil,the MIPS helmetgroup exhibited a PAA of 3225 rad/s^(2) and a PLA of 281 g.In contrast,the no-MIPS helmet group displayeda PAA of 8243 rad/s^(2) and a PLA of 292 g.Generally,both PAA and PLA parameters decreased with theincrease of anvil angles.At a 60°anvil angles,PAA and PLA values were 664 rad/s^(2) and 20.7 g,respectively,reaching their minimum.Conclusion:The findings indicated that helmets incorporating MIPS offer enhanced protection againstvarious oblique impact loads.When assessing helmets for oblique impacts,the utilization of larger angleanvils and rear impacts might not adequately evaluate protective performance during an impact event.These findings will guide advancements in helmet design and the refinement of oblique impact testprotocols.

A 1D time-domain method for in-plane wave motions in a layered half-space

A 1D finite element method in time domain is developed in this paper and applied to calculate in-plane wave motions of free field exited by SV or P wave oblique incidence in an elastic layered half-space. First, the layered half-space is discretized on the basis of the propagation characteristic of elastic wave according to the Snell law. Then, the finite element method with lumped mass and the central difference method are incorporated to establish 2D wave motion equations, which can be transformed into 1D equations by discretization principle and explicit finite element method. By solving the 1D equations, the displacements of nodes in any vertical line can be obtained, and the wave motions in layered half-space are finally determined based on the characteristic of traveling wave. Both the theoretical analysis and the numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method has high accuracy and good stability.

入水速度对冰孔约束下圆柱体倾斜入水过程的影响分析

针对极地环境下超空泡圆柱体入水问题,基于雷诺平均方程引入流体体积模型,结合重叠网格技术建立了冰孔约束下圆柱体入水数值仿真方法。在此基础上,开展不同入水速度下圆柱体穿越冰孔入水过程仿真,分析了圆柱体入水过程中的空泡演化与载荷特性。研究结果表明:冰孔约束限制了孔内水域的流动,进而改变了表面喷溅的状态及空泡壁的形态,以至延迟了空泡表面闭合时间。随着入水速度的增大,冰孔约束对空泡形态的限制作用基本一致,圆柱体头部出现了更大范围的高压区域,且呈现出非对称分布;冰孔约束增大了圆柱体入水冲击载荷,使得圆柱体水下速度加快衰减,并促使圆柱体偏转角度大于无冰工况。研究结果可为极地超空泡武器入水稳定性提供参考。

球体低速斜撞击成坑规律试验研究

通过设计球体发射低速撞击试验装置,系统开展不同角度条件下球体撞击干砂靶成坑试验,定量分析撞击速度、角度对撞击坑型的影响,定性分析球体低速斜撞击干砂靶的成坑过程及机理,修正低速斜撞击条件下的成坑相似律.讨论所修正的相似律在不同撞击条件下的适用性及其在天文学上的应用.试验结果表明,坑型随撞击速度的增加而增大;坑长、坑体积随撞击角度增加而增加,坑宽随撞击角度的增加先减小再增加,坑深随撞击角度的增加先增加后减小;成坑体积可由撞击角度、撞击速度、球体尺寸、球体密度、重力参数进行缩放得到;低速斜撞击成坑过程中动量和能量共同影响耗散冲击过程.

大尺度跨介质航行器高速倾斜入水冲击载荷特性研究

为了研究大尺度跨介质航行器高速倾斜入水冲击载荷特性,基于流体体积多相流模型耦合S-DOF刚体运动模型构建了跨介质航行器高速倾斜入水三维非定常数值计算模型,采用细长体高速入水自由运动试验数据对数值计算模型的计算精度进行了校核及验证,对比研究了平头、锥头头型高速倾斜入水的冲击载荷特性。结果表明:锥头头型入水的最大轴向、纵向冲击载荷发生的时间几乎同步,而平头头型最大轴向冲击载荷相比纵向载荷发生的时间显著延迟;对于最大冲击载荷,平头头型的轴向冲击载荷大于其纵向冲击载荷,而锥头头型的轴向、纵向冲击载荷几乎相同;相较于平头头型,锥头头型的轴向冲击载荷显著降低,45°入水时,其最大峰值约为平头头型的1/3。

不同冲击角度对复合材料层合板低速冲击损伤特点的影响

复合材料结构在服役过程中常受到低速冲击影响,产生不可目视的内部损伤,这将降低结构的承载能力。实际工程中,低速冲击物与结构相互作用时,可能呈现不同的冲击角度。因此,本文针对一种典型铺层的碳纤维/环氧复合材料层合板,采用ABAQUS建立90°和不同倾斜角度的低速冲击数值模型,以分析不同冲击角度对层合板接触力与损伤的影响,以及冲头旋转造成的二次接触对损伤的影响。在数值模型中,采用连续介质损伤力学模型和三维Hashin准则模拟层内的失效,并采用内聚力模型与双线性牵引-分离本构关系模拟层间分层。对90°模拟结果与试验结果进行对比分析,结果证明了所建立数值模型的可靠性。不同冲击角度冲击模拟结果表明:在冲击角度从30°升至90°过程中,法向接触力始终增大,切向接触力先增大后减小;随着冲击角度的减小,损伤的整体偏移逐渐明显,并且基体拉伸损伤面积始终较大。不同冲击能量下的二次接触模拟结果表明,随着冲击能量增大,产生二次接触的冲击角度范围减小,且二次接触对层合板顶部造成了新的损伤。

阻尼复合装甲抗多发子弹斜冲击性能研究

建立氧化铝陶瓷/超高分子质量聚乙烯层合板/阻尼材料复合装甲抗冲击的有限元模型,通过侵彻试验验证了该模型的有效性,对该阻尼复合装甲进行连续抗多发子弹冲击以及同时抗多发子弹冲击的数值模拟研究,分析了弹着点之间的距离和弹着点的高度对其防弹性能的影响。结果表明:弹着点相同时,相较于子弹连续冲击,两发子弹同时侵彻的复合装甲面板产生的应力集中区域更大,这为复合装甲抗多发子弹侵彻性能的研究提供了参考。

激光微织构表面水滴撞击动力学行为特性研究

为了探究低韦伯条件下,微织构超疏水表面的液滴撞击动力学行为特性,利用激光微织构技术在航空用材Ti 6Al4V试样表面用不同扫描速度的纳秒激光制备出三角纹理微纳织构,借助高速摄像实验平台研究水滴撞击水平表面和倾斜表面动力学行为特性。实验结果表明,水滴冲击平表面高度越高,空气越不容易进入片层,使最大铺展系数增加;与平表面相比,相同高度的斜表面滑移时更多空气进入片层,最大铺展系数最小;其中在扫描速度为100mm/s的工况下,表面凸起占比达到64611,表面纳米颗粒最大,微米颗粒最多,表面的静态接触特性与动态接触特性最优。受表面结构和表面能协同作用共同影响水滴弹离表面的状态。本实验可为航空领域制备超疏水、主动防除冰表面提供一定参考。

侧面柱碰撞工况下Farside气囊对主驾WorldSID 50th假人损伤研究

在2023版Euro NCAP侧面柱碰撞试验中主驾和副驾均放置WorldSID 50th假人,为了研究Farside气囊对该工况下主驾假人的保护效果,选取某款车型分别在两种工况下进行实车碰撞试验,对驾驶员假人头部加速度、颈部力、右侧肩部力、右侧股骨力、右侧骶髂力等进行对比分析。

Modeling and Calculation of Impact Friction Caused by Corner Contact in Gear Transmission

Corner contact in gear pair causes vibration and noise,which has attracted many attentions.However,teeth errors and deformation make it difficulty to determine the point situated at corner contact and study the mechanism of teeth impact friction in the current researches.Based on the mechanism of corner contact,the process of corner contact is divided into two stages of impact and scratch,and the calculation model including gear equivalent error-combined deformation is established along the line of action.According to the distributive law,gear equivalent error is synthesized by base pitch error,normal backlash and tooth profile modification on the line of action.The combined tooth compliance of the first point lying in corner contact before the normal path is inversed along the line of action,on basis of the theory of engagement and the curve of tooth synthetic complianceload-history.Combined secondarily the equivalent error with the combined deflection,the position standard of the point situated at corner contact is probed.Then the impact positions and forces,from the beginning to the end during corner contact before the normal path,are calculated accurately.Due to the above results,the lash model during corner contact is founded,and the impact force and frictional coefficient are quantified.A numerical example is performed and the averaged impact friction coefficient based on the presented calculation method is validated.This research obtains the results which could be referenced to understand the complex mechanism of teeth impact friction and quantitative calculation of the friction force and coefficient,and to gear exact design for tribology.

Impact Strength Analysis of Plate Panels with Welding-Induced Residual Stress and Deformation

The paper describes the simulation of impact loads applied on plate panels with welding-induced residual stresses and deformation (WSD). Numerical simulations using FEM are carried out to study the influence of welding-induced residual stresses and deformation on the impact strength of plate panels. Welding is simulated using a three dimensional thermal mechanical coupled finite element method. The welding stress and deformation are taken as the initial imperfections in the impact strength analysis and their influence on the behavior of plate panels subjected to impact loadings. The impact loadings from the three directions, the lateral direction and two in-plane directions of the plate panels are studied. Results show a certain reduction in the impact strength due to the existence of welding stress and deformation in the plate panels. It is found that the reduction of impact force is strongly influenced by the welding deformation and the impact directions in the plate panels. This reduction is more significant when the impact force is in the lateral direction.

Low-Velocity Impact and Compression after Impact(CAI)Behaviors of Carbon-Aramid/Epoxy Hybrid Braided Composite Laminates

Low-velocity impact and in-plane axial compression after impact(CAI)behaviors of carbon-aramid/epoxy hybrid braided composite laminates were investigated experimentally.The following three different types of carbon-aramid/epoxy hybrid braided composite laminates were produced and tested:(a)inter-hybrid laminates,(b)sandwich-like inter-hybrid laminates,and(c)unsymmetric-hybrid laminates.At the same time,carbon/epoxy braided composite laminates were used for comparisons.Impact properties and impact resistance were studied.Internal damages and damage mechanisms of laminates were detected by ultrasonic C-scan and B-scan methods.The results show that the ductility index(DI)values of three kinds of hybrid laminates aforementioned are 37%,4%and 120%higher than those of carbon/epoxy laminates,respectively.The peak load of inter-hybrid laminates is higher than that of sandwich-like inter-hybrid laminates and unsymmetric-hybrid laminates.The average damage area and dent depths of inter-hybrid laminates are 64%and 69%smaller than those of carbon/epoxy laminates.Those results show that carbon-aramid/epoxy hybrid braided composite laminates could significantly improve the impact properties and toughness of non-hybrid braided composite laminates.

斜冲击动荷系数的能量法推导

冲击问题是工程中常见的问题,也是材料力学授课的重要组成部分。然而一般授课中只讲竖直冲击和水平冲击问题,对于工程中可能遇到的斜冲击问题暂无涉及。该文针对斜冲击问题,采用能量方法对动荷系数进行了推导。结果表明:对于斜冲击动荷系数,水平杆的水平冲击问题取极大值,竖直梁的水平冲击问题取极小值,得到的斜冲击动荷系数可以退化到水平冲击和竖直冲击。并用有限元数值模拟进行了验证,数值解与理论解相对差不超过1.5%。该结果有助于深入了解冲击问题,对材料力学的教学和工程应用问题的分析具有重要意义。

CFRP板倾斜冲击损伤的非线性超声评价

针对碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)板的倾斜冲击损伤检测问题,提出用非线性Lamb波响应进行评估,并应用ABAQUS软件中的Explicit模块,通过有限元法建立了CFRP板受到低速冲击以及损伤后的非线性超声检测的全过程仿真模型,通过低速冲击试验和非线性检测试验验证了模型的正确性。利用此模型进一步研究了冲击角度与检测距离对相对非线性系数(RANP)的影响。研究结果表明:在一定冲击角度区间中,冲击角度的增加会导致CFRP板吸收能量及分层损伤的减小,并进一步导致了RANP的降低,而RANP与检测距离的变化趋势相一致。