Hot air treatment activates defense responses and induces resistance against Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit

The effect of hot air（HA, 45°C, 3.5 h） treatment on reducing gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in strawberry fruit and the possible mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that HA treatment significantly reduced lesion diameter and enhanced activities of chitinase（CHI）, β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase（PAL） in strawberry fruit. Total phenolic contents were also increased by HA treatment. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and ascorbate peroxidase（APX） were higher in HA treated strawberry fruit than those in control. Expression of three defense related genes such as CAT, CCR-1 allele and PLA6 was greatly induced in HA treated strawberry fruit with or without inoculation by B. cinerea. In addition, the in vitro experiment showed that HA treatment inhibited spore germination and tube growth of B. cinerea. These results suggested that HA treatment directly activated disease resistance against B. cinerea in strawberry fruit without priming response and directly inhibiting growth of B. cinerea.

A method based on potential theory for calculating air ca formation of an air cavity resistance reduction ship

This research is intended to provide academic reference and design guidance for further studies to determine the most effective means to reduce a ship’s resistance through an air-cavity. On the basis of potential theory and on the assumption of an ideal and irrotational fluid, this paper drives a method for calculating air cavity formation using slender ship theory then points out the parameters directly related to the formation of air cavities and their interrelationships. Simulations showed that the formation of an air cavity is affected by cavitation number, velocity, groove geometry and groove size. When the ship’s velocity and groove structure are given, the cavitation number must be within range to form a steady air cavity. The interface between air and water forms a wave shape and could be adjusted by an air injection system.

Resistance Characteristics of Arc in Long Air Gap

Arc resistance is an important parameter for characterizing long arcs in air, and its laboratory testing is of importance for accurate arc modeling of electromagnetic transient caused by short circuit fault. Therefore, we constructed an experimental system to study the cha- racteristics of long AC arc in air. Driven by currents of 10 kA or 40 kA (root mean square value), the system produces arcs with different initial lengths of 1 m, 2 m and 4 m, and the movement of the arcs are captured by a high-speed camera. After performing experiments using the system, we carried out analysis and comparisons of the arc resistance of arcs with different lengths and different currents, as well as a study of the relationship between the macro-morphology and the resistance of the arcs. Conclusions were drawn from the experimental re- sults: the arc voltage had obvious saturation characteristics; the arc resistance increased with the increase of arc length and the decrease of current; the arcs bended or extended significantly in time and the peak arc voltage within a single cycle increased correspondingly; the arcs had voltage and current in the same phase. In the end, a formula of arc resistance based on the experiment results is derived.

Resistance of Air Injection Transportation in a Cutter-suction Dredger

Cutter-suction dredger transports slurry through pipeline. But the pipeline is easy to be jammed and frayed because of huge resistance, resulting in limited exertion of dredger and high energy consumption. One of the solutions is air injection transporting, which can reduce the resistance in pipeline. This paper makes research on the relations between pipeline distance and other factors such as slurry concentration, pressure of air injection and transportation distance, by making use of Prof. Aluf Orell＇ s slug model. The test data prove that the key factors are slurry concentration and air volume fraction, and that high slurry concentration and low air volume fraction can reduce more resistance, and such reducing effect becomes weaker with the increase of transportation distance.

Effect of cooling conditions on corrosion resistance of friction stir welded 2219-T62 aluminum alloy thick plate joint

Friction stir welding (FSW) with water cooling and air cooling was used to weld 2219-T62 aluminum alloy joints with a thickness of 20 mm. The effect of cooling conditions on the corrosion resistance of joints in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated using the open circuit potential (OCP), the potentiodynamic polarization, and the corrosion morphology after immersing for different time. And the precipitates distribution was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results reveal that the weld nugget zone (WNZ) owning positive potential, lower corrosion current density and fine and uniform precipitates, is much more difficult to corrode than the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the base metal (BM). Compared with air-cooled joint, the water-cooled joint has better corrosion resistance. In addition, the results of microstructure observation show that the potential, distribution and size of second phase particles determine the corrosion resistance of FSW AA2219 alloy joints in chlorine-contained solution.

Simplified Calculation of Flow Resistance of Suspension Bridge Main Cable Dehumidification System

To calculate the flow resistance of a main cable dehumidification system,this study considers the air flow in the main cable as the flow in a porous medium,and adopts the Hagen–Poiseuille equation by using average hydraulic radius and capillary bundle models.A mathematical derivation is combined with an experimental study to obtain a semi-empirical flow resistance formula.Additionally,Fluent software is used to simulate the flow resistance across the main cable relative to the experimental values.Based on the actual measured results for a Yangtze River bridge,this study verifies the semi-empirical formula,and indicates that it can be applied in actual engineering.

The Analysis of the Line Pattern of Nonlinear Winding Filament on FRP Composite Air Vessel Resisting High Pressure

The FW process is a prefect method of manufacturing FRP composite air vessel resisting high pressure and aerial press vessel.In this paper FW pattern of FRP composite air vessel resisting high pressure was analyzed in a nutshell.The stability of FW patterns on end head is very sensitive to changing of pattern parameter.Consequently,its FW pattern was based on geodesic track.The FW angles and on equators depend on the dimension of end part and the condition of geodesic FW.Generally speaking, the polar holes of rocket engine shell are disproportional.Therefore,the FW angles of the shell column are changeable.The feasi- bility of nongeodesic FW of the shell column was discussed in this paper.Furthermore,it expounded the indispensable condition be- tween the length of shell column and the FW friction coefficient.At the same time,the general mathematic models of the movement control of nongeodesic FW were deduced.

Bogie's Rotational Resistance Coefficient Analysis Based on Novel Parallel Mechanism

In this paper,a novel parallel mechanism which can be used to evaluate body-to-bogie yawtorque is proposed.It can satisfy experimental testing for rotation resistance coefficient(RRC) with various types of bogies,different rotational speeds,and different states of air spring.Aiming at the problem that computing speed of Newton iterative method for solving rotational angle is incompetence to meet the real-time requirements,and also that other methods adopting physical device such as laser displacement sensor to solve rotational angle possess larger measurement error,the analytical techniques method used for solving rotational angle is presented.Finally,by using the upper-single-6-DOF motion platform as an authentic urging mean to simulate a real vehicle,the test was carried out under the speeds of 0.2 and 1.0(°)/s,with the air spring at the inflated and deflated states,respectively.The results showthat the RRC of the bogie under various conditions is less than 0.06,which meets the standard requirement EN-14363.It was also found that the speed of vehicles moving along curves and the state of air spring were key factors influencing the RRC.The feasibilities of this model and test method are verified in this study.

Control of multidrug-resistant planktonic Acinetobacter baumannii:biocidal efficacy study by atmospheric-pressure air plasma

In this research,an atmospheric-pressure air plasma is used to inactivate the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in liquid.The efficacy of the air plasma on bacterial deactivation and the cytobiological variations after the plasma treatment are investigated.According to colony forming units,nearly all the bacteria（6-log） are inactivated after 10 min of air plasma treatment.However,7% of the bacteria enter a viable but non-culturable state detected by the resazurin based assay during the same period of plasma exposure.Meanwhile,86% of the bacteria lose their membrane integrity in the light of SYTO 9/PI staining assay.The morphological changes in the cells are examined by scanning electron microscopy and bacteria with morphological changes are rare after plasma exposure in the liquid.The concentrations of the long-living RS,such as H2O2,NO3^- and O3,in liquid induced by plasma treatment are measured,and they increase with plasma treatment time.The changes of the intracellular ROS may be related to cell death,which may be attributed to oxidative stress and other damage effects induced by RS plasma generated in liquid.The rapid and effective bacteria inactivation may stem from the RS in the liquid generated by plasma and air plasmas may become a valuable therapy in the treatment of infected wounds.

超低阻呼吸防护用聚乳酸纳米纤维膜制备及长效过滤性能

长期暴露于大气环境中高浓度的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))会对人类的长期健康效应产生消极影响,传统空气过滤材料难以兼顾高效、低阻的防护效果,且不可降解,不仅加剧全球塑料污染,还易产生更强的微塑料危害。为此,制备了一种具有空气滑移效应、自供能且可生物降解的纳米纤维膜,以保障长效、低阻呼吸防护。提出两步水热法制备平均粒径49.6 nm、易分散的BaTiO_(3)电介质,同时利用“静电纺丝-静电喷雾”法将BTO纳米颗粒(BTO NPs)原位嵌入PLA纤维膜,利用BTO NPs的摩擦电效应和尺寸效应同步调控纤维膜的过滤效率和空气阻力。通过控制喷雾悬浮液中BTO NPs的浓度,探讨其与PLA/BTO纤维膜电活性、过滤性能和力学性能之间的关系。微观表征和性能测试结果表明:PLA/BTO纤维膜具有优异的电活性、过滤性能及力学性能。PLA/BTO纤维膜表面电势可高达5.9 kV,介电常数达1.20 F/m,平均输出电压高达12.4 V;得益于增强的空气分子滑移效应和电活性,PLA/BTO10纤维膜在显著降低空气阻力(低至20 Pa)的同时,对PM_(0.3)过滤效率提升了7.78%~9.05%,对PM_(2.5)过滤效率提升了2.90%~13.19%,即使在85 L/min高测试流量下仍能保证高达97.25%的PM_(2.5)过滤效率;同时,PLA/BTO纤维膜拉伸强度增幅高达60%(拉伸强度22.5 MPa),断裂伸长率增幅高达68%(断裂伸长率25%),而断裂韧性最高可提升1.3倍(断裂韧性3.6 MJ/m^(3))。因此,提出的兼具长效、低阻过滤且可降解纤维膜在呼吸防护领域具有广阔的应用前景,也为缓解废弃口罩加剧的塑料污染现状提供了一种新思路。

含引气剂海工混凝土的抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力

为了研究引气剂对海工混凝土抗冻性能及其梁受弯承载力的影响,对2种配合比6根海工混凝土梁及相应的冻损试件进行总计100次快速冻融试验;采用质量损失率、动弹性模量损伤度和抗压强度损失率对混凝土冻融损伤程度进行有效评价;考虑混凝土抗压强度退化以及等效矩形应力图系数的变化,提出了冻融作用下海工混凝土梁正截面受弯承载力计算公式。结果表明:加入引气剂可以增强海工混凝土的抗冻性能,降低梁的开裂弯矩退化速率,但会降低混凝土强度和梁的极限弯矩;在150次冻融循环内,提出的模型能够较好地预测冻融作用下海工混凝土梁的正截面受弯承载力。

百叶式自动调节风窗流场分布及局部阻力特征研究

针对自动调节风窗叶片开启角度和巷道局部风阻关系的问题,采用CFD数值模拟的方法建立巷道自动调节风窗的有限元模型,利用仿真计算得出了巷道中不同开启角度下风窗两侧的速度场和压力场分布。通过搭建25209工作面回风联络巷自动调节风窗调控试验平台,对风窗调节过程中的理论数值和实测数值进行对比。结果表明:自动调节风窗局部风阻与其过风面积呈负指数关系,同时紊流状态时风窗的风量大小对局部风阻几乎没有影响。实测风阻与拟合公式计算风阻最大相对误差5.83%,说明推导出的函数关系可用于回采工作面自动调节风窗的精确调节。

基于DSM的城市公园对PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的消减特征研究——以南昌市人民公园为例

【目的】PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)等空气颗粒物是城市空气首要污染物,在城市空气污染中占主导地位。了解固定外源下PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)在城市绿地的消减特征,可为城市阻控空气颗粒物、缓解空气污染提供有利依据。然而目前空气颗粒物的研究大多以点测定方式量化空间结构及植被类型对空气颗粒物的影响,对固定外源污染下PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)在城市绿地空间尺度上的影响机制研究较少。【方法】研究结合DSM与地统计学,以南昌市人民公园为例,探索城市公园阻隔外源污染的空间梯度效应及空间结构类型差异。利用克里金插值法对其空间分布特征进行可视化模拟;利用Arcgis和R语言等软件分析不同空间结构PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度差异。【结果】人民公园PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度在空间分布上趋势一致,均表现为以固定外源点为核心,浓度随距离增加呈极显著梯度递减的趋势,且在中部(约距外源点150~220 m处)消减效率最高,约为全园PM_(2.5)平均消减值的7.5倍,PM_(10)平均消减值的3.8倍;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)受多种因子影响:与空气温度、距离(主导因子)显著负相关、与相对湿度显著正相关,且PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)对不同因子响应特征存在差异;城市公园不同绿地空间结构对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的消减及扩散作用差异显著,受其双重影响,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的浓度表现为水体>广场>树林>草坪,其中PM_(2.5)受影响更显著;此外,受各因子和绿地空间结构耦合影响,部分区域PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)分布异常。【结论】以固定外源点为核心,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度随距离增加呈极显著梯度递减的趋势,且在中部消减效率最高;PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度与相对湿度显著正相关,与空气温度与距离显著负相关,其中PM_(10)对距离和相对湿度响应较为明显,而PM_(2.5)受空气温度影响较大;在随距离变化基础上,不同城市绿地空间结构对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)消减和扩散作用差异导致了局部分布差异。

臂式离心机机室空气内摩擦功率及支座摩擦系数的实验反演分析

为了提高臂式离心机驱动功率的预估精度,对工程解析计算方法中几个前提参数(即机室空气内摩擦发热消耗功率与总风阻功率之比C_(1)、机室内空气从出风口自然流出的线速度与其环向线速度之比C_(2)、支座的摩擦系数f_(e))的确定方法进行了研究。首先,针对一台臂式离心机以四种不同转速稳定运行的状态,利用离心机控制系统,读取了四组驱动电枢电压U和电枢电流I数据,采用三杯仪测试了四个空气从出风口流出的线速度V_(0)数据;然后,根据离心机风阻功率、排风功率和支座摩擦功率的解析理论表达式、能量守恒原理,建立了含待定系数C_(1)、C_(2)、f_(e1)和f_(e2)的关于U、I和V_(0)的求解方程,并将四组实测数据U、I和V_(0)代入所建方程,得到了关于系数C_(1)、C_(2)、f_(e1)和f_(e2)的求解方程组;最后,将所得C_(1)、C_(2)、f_(e1)和f_(e2)的值用于计算另一台类似臂式离心机的驱动功率。研究结果表明:所得驱动功率的计算结果比实测结果大2.23%,而以前依据经验取定C_(1)、C_(2)和f_(e)时的计算结果比实测结果小6.30%。对应用实例的综合分析表明:所建方法可弥补这些参数在以前的工程计算中,其取值缺乏实验依据的不足,提高这些参数的取值准确性和臂式离心机驱动功率的预估精度。

空气过滤棉荷尘阻力特性的实验研究

为研究复合式空气过滤棉的阻力特性,选择3层复合空气过滤棉作为主要研究对象,通过实验系统地研究荷尘速率对其阻力变化的影响,并与过滤纸进行对比。研究结果表明:在相同过滤风速下,荷尘质量浓度越低,过滤棉阻力上升速度越快;过滤棉等级越低,荷尘质量浓度对其阻力增长影响越大,归一化阻力随单位面积荷尘质量的增长越快;过滤风速对过滤棉归一化阻力的增长有影响,过滤风速越大,归一化阻力增长越缓慢,但对效率较高的过滤棉影响不大。相同荷尘条件下,相较于过滤纸,过滤棉的归一化阻力上升更慢;基于实验归纳得到3层复合空气过滤棉的阻力增长特性方程。研究结果可为其使用寿命预测提供参考。

丁腈橡胶耐石油开采介质影响因素分析

研究了结合丙烯腈含量、硫化体系、增强体系和增塑体系对丁腈橡胶(NBR)耐石油开采领域中常见化学介质腐蚀规律的影响。结果表明,随着结合丙烯腈含量的增加,NBR硫化胶的物理机械性能及耐热空气老化性能均提高,耐煤油、海底控制液等非极性介质的性能较好,耐甲醇、蒸馏水和乙二醇水溶液的性能逐渐下降,耐酸碱盐水溶液的性能相差不大;硫化体系主要影响NBR硫化胶的物理机械性能及耐热空气老化性能,对NBR硫化胶耐各种石油开采介质的影响则相差不大;对于高硬度NBR硫化胶,当增强体系采用小粒径炭黑时,NBR硫化胶的物理机械性能最好,不同增强体系对NBR硫化胶耐热空气老化性能的影响并不明显,但当增强体系采用大粒径炭黑时,NBR硫化胶具有更好的耐甲醇和煤油的性能,同时要求选用惰性填料进行增强;添加了大分子酯类增塑剂的NBR硫化胶较添加小分子酯类增塑剂、液体NBR增塑剂的物理机械性能更为优异,耐热空气老化性能相差不大,但耐各种石油开采介质的体积变化均偏大,耐甲醇、煤油及10%氢氧化钠水溶液的性能较差,而耐其他石油开采介质的影响则较小。

交流高压静电防护服装标准的解读

为推动标准的有效推广和实施,以及交流高压静电防护服装的科学制备和合理适用,对GB/T18136—2008《交流高压静电防护服装及试验方法》和DL/T 1238—2013《1000 kV交流系统用静电防护服装》中的关键技术指标进行了探讨。对比分析了两个标准的异同点,并提出了合理化建议,为标准的修订提供参考。认为:应进一步增加衣料撕破强力、透湿量、色牢度、甲醛含量、pH值、接缝强力等考核指标,并明确相关考核指标的测试参数。

基于流固耦合的正压呼吸面罩抗变形分析

随着正压呼吸防护装备的设计向轻量化方向发展,面罩的厚度逐渐降低,在实际的使用过程中,送风系统产生的进气流量导致面罩存在变形的问题。为研究不同材质的呼吸防护面罩的抗变形能力,采用流固耦合数值模拟及实验验证的方法,分析PP、PET、PVC 3种材质对进气流量的抗变形能力,并且,结合不同环境温度对面罩变形量的影响进行综合分析。结果表明,进气量对PP材料的影响较大,PVC次之,PET变形程度最小;在380 L/min的进气流量下,PP变形量约为3.7 mm,PET变形量约为1.6 mm;除此以外,在不同环境温度下,对3种材料进行变形分析发现,环境温度对PVC的影响较大,PP次之,PET变形程度最小。综合以上分析结果,选择PET材料作为正压呼吸面罩材料。

一种高抗冻剂对于混凝土抗冻性能的影响

主要研究了一种高抗冻剂相较于引气剂对混凝土的抗冻融性能的影响。结果表明:相较于在混凝土加入引气剂,加入高抗冻剂对混凝土的抗冻性能的提升作用更加显著,尤其是在强度等级为C30的混凝土中,在300次冻融循环后,相较于加入引气剂的试样,弹模比从57.3%提升至87.4%。并且在300次冻融循环后,加入高抗冻剂相较于加入引气剂的试样,弹模比从61.4%提升到90.5%。而在C40强度组中,300次冻融循环之后,加入高抗冻剂试样相较于加入引气剂的试样,其弹模比从61.4%提升至90.5%。可以看出高抗剂对C30、C40强度等级试样的抗冻性有巨大的提升。并且加入高抗冻剂的C30、C40、C50试样在28 d抗压强度分别为39.9 MPa、48.2 MPa、56.9 MPa,均满足国标GB/T 50107-2010《混凝土强度检验评定标准》中对C30、C40、C50强度等级的要求。

空气中抗生素耐药菌和耐药基因的赋存特征及研究现状

抗生素被广泛用于医疗和养殖行业,由此引起的微生物耐药性已成为全球公共卫生难题。当前对土壤和水体环境中抗生素耐药菌(Antibiotic-resistant bacteria,ARB)及耐药基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的报道较多,而针对空气中的研究较为缺乏。本文全面揭示了国内外不同类型环境空气中ARB和ARGs的赋存特征、影响因素及传播机制,以期为微生物耐药性的跨介迁移规律解析及科学应对提供理论支撑。结果表明,空气中ARB和ARGs的丰度受环境条件影响,养殖场、污水处理厂及医院等典型污染区丰度较高,四环素类、磺胺类和β-内酰胺类ARGs为主要类型。其中,养殖场空气中ARGs的丰度高于其他环境2~3个数量级,猪舍在所有畜禽舍类型中丰度最高。目前,对空气中ARB和ARGs的采样要求缺乏统一的规范标准,采样季节、时长、粒径及共存污染物均对测定结果产生影响。同时,大气污染程度、土壤含水率、降水情况及气团运动等一定程度上影响着空气中ARB和ARGs的环境行为,有关其在土壤−大气界面的迁移规律及驱动机制仍有待进一步深入研究。