Application of Gaussian Beam Summation Migration in Reflected In-seam Wave Imaging

The geological conditions for coal mining in China are complex,with various structural issues such as faults and collapsed columns seriously compromising the safety of coal mine production.In-seam wave exploration is an effective technique for acquiring detailed information on geological structures in coal seam working faces.However,the existing reflected in-seam wave imaging technique can no longer meet the exploration precision requirements,making it imperative to develop a new reflected in-seam wave imaging technique.This study applies the Gaussian beam summation(GBS)migration method to imaging coal seams'reflected in-seam wave data.Firstly,with regard to the characteristics of the reflected in-seam wave data,methods such as wavefield removal and enveloped superposition are employed for the corresponding wavefield separation,wave train compression and other processing of reflected in-seam waves.Thereafter,imaging is performed using the GBS migration technique.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method for reflected in-seam wave imaging are validated by conducting GBS migration tests on 3D coal-seam fault models with different dip angles and throws.By applying the method to reflected in-seam wave data for an actual coal seam working face,accurate imaging of a fault structure is obtained,thereby validating its practicality.

An improved reverse time migration for subsurface imaging over complex geological structures:A numerical study

In seismic exploration,it is a critical task to image and interpret different seismic signatures over complex geology due to strong lateral velocity contrast,steep reflectors,overburden strata and dipping flanks.To understand the behavior of these seismic signatures,nowadays Reverse Time Migration(RTM)technique is used extensively by the oil&gas industries.During the extrapolation phase of RTM,the source wavefield needs to be saved,which needs high storage memory and large computing time.These two are the main obstacles of RTM for production use.In order to overcome these disadvantages,in this study,a second-generation improved RTM technique is proposed.In this improved form,a shift operator is introduced at the time of imaging condition of RTM algorithm which is performed automatically both in space and time domain.This effort is made to produce a better-quality image by minimizing the computational time as well as numerical artefacts.The proposed method is applied over various benchmark models and validated by implementing over one field data set from the Jaisalmer Basin,India.From the analysis,it is observed that the method consumes a minimum of 45%less storage space and reduce the execution time by 20%,as compared to conventional RTM.The proposed RTM is found to work efficiently in comparison to the conventional RTM both in terms of imaging quality and minimization of numerical artefacts for all the benchmark models as well as field data.

Reverse time migration based on normalized wavefield decomposition imaging condition

With the increasing complexity of prospecting objectives,reverse time migration( RTM) has attracted more and more attention due to its outstanding imaging quality. RTM is based on two-way wave equation,so it can avoid the limits of angle in traditional one-way wave equation migration,image reverse branch,prism waves and multi-reflected wave precisely and obtain accurate dynamic information. However,the huge demands for storage and computation as well as low frequency noises restrict its wide application. The normalized cross-correlation imaging conditions based on wave field decomposition are derived from traditional cross-correlation imaging condition,and it can eliminate the low-frequency noises effectively and improve the imaging resolution. The practical procedure includes separating source and receiver wave field into one-way components respectively,and conducting cross-correlation imaging condition to the post-separated wave field. In this way,the resolution and precision of the imaging result will be promoted greatly.

The influence of irregular seafloor topography on the seismic wave field and migration imaging

One of the problems experienced in marine geophysical exploration is that the layered features in the migration imaging profile are blurred and the seismic energy reflected is weaker in the middle or lower parts. In this study we model the seismic wavefield records in the undulating seafloor when there is both a slight change and significant change in seafloor topography to analyze its influence on the seismic reflection data and migration imaging profiles. We compare and analyze the wave field records collected at the same point on the original and modified velocity models, and the cross-bonding resulting migration imaging profiles. The results show that whether the seismic reflection data collection is performed along the direction of the survey line or against the direction of the survey line, slight changes in the seafloor topography have little effect on the wave field records and the migration profile, while significant changes in the seafloor topography have great effect on both the wave field records and migration profile.

Preserved amplitude migration based on the one way wave equation in the angle domain

Traditional pre-stack depth migration can only provide subsurface structural information. However, simple structure information is insufficient for petroleum exploration which also needs amplitude information proportional to reflection coefficients. In recent years, pre-stack depth migration algorithms which preserve amplitudes and based on the one- way wave equation have been developed. Using the method in the shot domain requires a deconvolution imaging condition which produces some instability in areas with complicated structure and dramatic lateral variation in velocity. Depth migration with preserved amplitude based on the angle domain can overcome the instability of the one-way wave migration imaging condition with preserved amplitude. It can also offer provide velocity analysis in the angle domain of common imaging point gathers. In this paper, based on the foundation of the one-way wave continuation operator with preserved amplitude, we realized the preserved amplitude prestack depth migration in the angle domain. Models and real data validate the accuracy of the method.

Prestack reverse-time depth migration of arbitrarily wide-angle wave equations

Based on arbitrarily wide-angle wave equations,a reverse-time propagation scheme is developed by substituting the partial derivatives of depth and time with central differences. The partial derivative of horizontal direction is replaced with high order difference. The imaging condition is computed by solving the eikonal equations. On the basis of above techniques,a prestack reverse-time depth migration algorithm is developed. The processing exam-ples of synthetic data show that the method can remove unwanted internal reflections and decrease the migration noise. The method also has the advantage of fidelity and is applicable of dip angle reflector imaging.

Study on Wave Field Characteristics and Imaging of Collapse Column in Three-Dimensional Detection with Love Channel Wave Reflected outside the Working Face

The safety accidents caused by collapse column water diversion occur frequently, which has great hidden danger to the safety production of coal mine. Limited by the space of underground, the detection of collapse column on the outside of working face has been a difficult problem. Based on this, numerical simulation and imaging research were carried out in this paper. The results indicate that when a seismic source near the roadway is excited, a part of seismic wave propagates along the roadway direction, namely direct P-wave, direct S-wave and direct Love channel wave. When the body waves and Love channel wave propagating to the outside of working face meet the interface of collapse column, the reflected Love channel wave and reflected body waves are generated. Reflection body waves and direct waves are mixed in time domain, which is difficult to identify in seismic records, while reflected Love channel wave whose amplitude is relatively strong. The reflected Love channel wave which has a large interval from other wave trains in the time domain is easily recognizable in seismic record, which makes it suitable for advanced detection of collapse column. The signal-to-noise ratio of X component is higher than that of Y component and Z component. According to the seismic records, polarization filtering was carried out to enhance the effective wave, which removed the interference waves, and the signal was migrated to get the position parameters of collapse column interface, which was basically consistent with the model position.

Extraction of amplitude-preserving angle gathers based on vector wavefield reverse-time migration

Angle-domain common-image gathers （ADCIGs） transformed from the shot- domain common-offset gathers are input to migration velocity analysis （MVA） and prestack inversion. ADCIGs are non-illusion prestack inversion gathers, and thus, accurate. We studied the extraction of elastic-wave ADCIGs based on amplitude-preserving elastic-wave reverse- time migration for calculating the incidence angle of P- and S-waves at each image point and for different source locations. The P- and S-waves share the same incident angle, namely the incident angle of the source P-waves. The angle of incidence of the source P-wavefield was the difference between the source P-wave propagation angle and the reflector dips. The propagation angle of the source P-waves was obtained from the polarization vector of the decomposed P-waves. The reflectors＇ normal direction angle was obtained using the complex wavenumber of the stacked reverse-time migration （RTM） images. The ADCIGs of P- and S-waves were obtained by rearranging the common-shot migration gathers based on the incident angle. We used a horizontally layered model, the graben medium model, and part of the Marmousi-II elastic model and field data to test the proposed algorithm. The results suggested that the proposed method can efficiently extract the P- and S-wave ADCIGs of the elastic-wave reverse-time migration, the P- and S-wave incident angle, and the angle-gather amplitude fidelity, and improve the MVA and prestack inversion.

Elastic reverse time migration based on vector wavefield decomposition

Prestack elastic reverse time migration( RTM) requires multicomponent seismic data. But for multicomponent elastic Kirchhoff migration,there is a limitation that ray theory no longer applies if thegeology becomes complicated. In this paper,the authors have created a new 2D migration context for isotropic,elastic RTM,which included decomposition of the elastic source and receiver wavefields into P and S wave vectors by decoupled elastodynamic extrapolation,which retained the same stress and particle velocity components as the input data. Then we appliedsource-normalized crosscorrelation imaging condition in elastic reverse time migration to compensate the energy of deep strata. We found that the resulting images were nearly identical to the velocity model,and the resolution has been improved. Our method is a wavefielddecomposition based on vector,and we can alsoavoid the problem of polarity reversal of converted shear wave imaging. It proved the applicability of the method proposed in our paper.

Application of Two Migration Methods for Ground Penetrating Radar Data

This paper begins with the basic principles of finite-difference migration and diffraction scan migration, and then compares the processing results of the practical ground penetrating radar GPR data with these two migration methods. It is illustrated that migration can refocus the reflecting points in radar record to their true spatial location and provide the foundation for interpretation, thus improving precision of interpretation of (GPR) profiles. Key words finite-difference wave equation migration - diffraction scan migration - GPR - migration image CLC number TN 715.7 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) and the National High Technology Development 863 Program of China (2001AA132050-03)Biography: Shi Jing (1979-), female, Master candidate, research direction: signal processing

Migration of Magnetotelluric Data in Two——Dimensional Model

Since the wave equation of magnetoteiluric (MT)field is similar to the one of seismic , the migration techniques used in seismic can be applied to MT data . In this paper we make use of the principle of reflector mapping (i. e. U/D imaging principle ) to image MT data . That is, the MT wavefield observed on the surface of the earth can be resolved into upgoing and downgoing waves , the waves are extrapolated downward by the phase - shift method or the phase - shift plus interpolation (PSPI )method . Conductivity interfaces of the medium could be found by using the time coincidence of the upgoing and downgoing waves . Theoretical calculations show that the migration technique of MT data presented here is very effective . It can not only enhance the lateral resolution of MT data , but also obtain the visual image of subsurface interfaces . As compared with the conventional 2 - D inversion , this procedure is more simple in calculation and can be easily put into practice on a personal computer and is able to obtain the MT depth section , which is similar to seismic section .

Plane wave shot PSDM and controlled illumination techniques

The Pre-Stack Depth Migration （PSDM） method based on wavefield continuation is the most reliable method for imaging complex structure in the subsurface, although there are large computational costs and poorly adaptive geometry. Plane wave shot migration is another method to perform exact wave equation prestack imaging with high computational efficiency and without the migration aperture problem. Moreover, wavefield energy can be compensated at the target zone by controlled illumination. In this paper, plane wave shot PSDM was implemented by the control of the plane down-going wavefield and selection of number and range of the raypaths in order to optimize the imaging effect. In addition, controlled illumination techniques are applied to enhance the imaging precision of interesting areas at different depths. Numerical calculation indicates that plane wave shot imaging is a rapid and efficient method with less computational cost and easy parallel computation compared to the single-square-root operator imaging for common shot gathers and double- square-root operator imaging for common midpoint gathers.

Separation of diffracted waves via SVD filter

Diffracted seismic waves may be used to help identify and track geologically heterogeneous bodies or zones.However,the energy of diffracted waves is weaker than that of reflections.Therefore,the extraction of diffracted waves is the basis for the effective utilization of diffracted waves.Based on the difference in travel times between diffracted and reflected waves,we developed a method for separating the diffracted waves via singular value decomposition filters and presented an effective processing flowchart for diffracted wave separation and imaging.The research results show that the horizontally coherent difference between the reflected and diffracted waves can be further improved using normal move-out(NMO) correction.Then,a band-rank or high-rank approximation is used to suppress the reflected waves with better transverse coherence.Following,separation of reflected and diffracted waves is achieved after the filtered data are transformed into the original data domain by inverse NMO.Synthetic and field examples show that our proposed method has the advantages of fewer constraints,fast processing speed and complete extraction of diffracted waves.And the diffracted wave imaging results can effectively improve the identification accuracy of geological heterogeneous bodies or zones.

面向深部地热岩体的弹性波逆时偏移成像方法

地热能作为一种清洁能源正受到全世界的日益关注,因此对于深部地热岩体的高精度成像格外重要。传统的弹性波逆时偏移方法是利用耦合纵横波直接成像,从而得到耦合波场的成像结果;然而这种方法可能会出现串扰假象,导致成像结果不够清晰;为了解决这个问题,采用基于解耦的弹性波方程,实现纵横波场的分离;通过利用内积成像条件,对两个典型的干热岩模型进行数值测试。结果表明,相较于耦合波场成像结果,基于解耦方程分离得到的弹性波成像剖面具有更清晰的同相轴,深部能量更加均衡,该方法能够实现对深部地热岩体的高质量成像。

基于弹性反射波正演表达的转换波逆时偏移与反偏移

针对线性化弹性反射波方程无法直接用于弹性转换波反偏移模拟的问题,本文提出基于高频近似的一次反射波模拟新方法.该方法基于地震波传播的散射理论,先对地下速度扰动的空间变化进行高频近似,再基于散射波传播方程推导得到线性化一次反射波传播方程.基于弹性反射地震数据表达,本文采用线性算子的伴随估计反射系数,实现反射波逆时偏移.根据该线性表达,联合背景速度和成像值来模拟一次反射横波传播,实现了弹性波角度域反偏移,并进一步导出成像值关于波速的梯度.数值实验表明,基于弹性反射地震数据表达的偏移成像方法,既克服了极性反转效应,又使成像结果包含了更为丰富的反射角信息;一次反射波模拟方法获得的弹性地震数据具有较高的精度和稳定性,得到的弹性波场的振幅和相位信息与理论解析解吻合较好,有效保证了成像域层析速度反演梯度的稳定求解.

应用保幅逆散射成像条件的全波场偏移方法

地震波传播机制与成像机理逐渐成熟化、系统化,对于多次散射波的处理不再局限于噪声去除,而是将其用于高精度地震成像。不同于基于单次散射的常规成像方法,全波场偏移是一种基于多次散射假设与反演理论的数据驱动成像方法。基于逆散射成像理论,对现有全波场偏移的成像条件进行改进,发展了一种保幅逆散射成像条件,实现了高精度地震成像。该成像条件是通过对已有的直达波估计与下行格林函数互相关成像条件添加拉普拉斯滤波和照明项,衰减后向散射并补偿深部能量。相较于原有成像条件,改进后的保幅逆散射成像条件对于复杂构造具有更高的成像精度和更强的适应性。数值测试验证了方法的有效性和适用性。

分层媒质中的分步相位偏移光声成像方法

为了解决波场外推方法在横向声速不均匀的分层媒质中图像重建能力受限的问题,提出了一种基于分步相位偏移的不规则分层媒质光声成像方法。该方法将横向声速差异等效为分层媒质界面处的扰动声源,利用该扰动声源对相位偏移的结果进行额外的校正偏移,并采用变步长的混合外推机制,实现光声波场的逐层外推重建。仿真模拟及实验结果均表明,分步相位偏移方法能够有效抑制不规则分层媒质光声成像中伪影的产生,并提升成像分辨率以及图像对比度。

Dreamlet:A New Representation and Migration of Seismic Wavefield in Full Local Domains

Seismic events have limited time duration,vary with space/traveltime and interact with the local subsurface medium during propagation.Partitioning is a valu-able strategy for nonstationary seismic data analysis,processing and wave propagation.It has the potential for sparse data representation,flexible data operation and highly accurate local wave propagation.Various local transforms are powerful tools for seismic data segmentation and representation.In this paper,a detailed description of a multi-dimensional local harmonic transformed domain wave propagation and imaging method is given.Using a tensor product of a Local Exponential Frame(LEF)vector as the time-frequency atom(a drumbeat)and a Local Cosine Basis(LCB)function as the space-wavenumber atom(a beamlet),we construct a time-frequency-space-wavenumber local atom-dreamlet,which is a combination of drumbeat and beamlet.The dreamlet atoms have limited spatial extension and temporal duration and constitute a complete set of frames,termed as dreamlet frames,to decompose and represent the wavefield.The dreamlet transform first partitions the wavefields using time-space supporting functions and then the data in each time-space blocks is repre-sented by local harmonic bases.The transformed wavefield is downward-continued by the dreamlet propagator,which is the dreamlet atom evolution weightings deduced from the phase-shift one-way propagator.The dreamlet imaging method is formulated with a local background propagator for large-scale medium propagation and com-bined with a local phase-screen correction for small-scale perturbations.The features of dreamlet migration and imaging include sparse seismic data representation,accurate wave propagation and the flexibility of localized time operations during migration.Numerical tests using Sigsbee 2A synthetic data set and real marine seismic data demonstrate the validity and accuracy of this method.With time-domain localization being involved,the dreamlet method can also be applied effectively to target-oriented migration and imaging.

Fracture identification based on remote detection acoustic reflection logging

Fracture identification is important for the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs. However, conventional logging equipment has small depth of investigation and cannot detect rock fractures more than three meters away from the borehole. Remote acoustic logging uses phase-controlled array-transmitting and long sound probes that increase the depth of investigation. The interpretation of logging data with respect to fractures is typically guided by practical experience rather than theory and is often ambiguous. We use remote acoustic reflection logging data and high-order finite-difference approximations in the forward modeling and prestack reverse-time migration to image fractures. First, we perform forward modeling of the fracture responses as a function of the fracture-borehole wall distance, aperture, and dip angle. Second, we extract the energy intensity within the imaging area to determine whether the fracture can be identified as the formation velocity is varied. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the fracture-borehole distance, fracture aperture, and dip angle on fracture identification.

一种基于平面波静态编码的最小二乘逆时偏移方法

平面波偏移是一种面炮偏移方法,相对于常规逐炮偏移,其具有较高的计算效率.然而常规平面波偏移方法成像精度低,且成像时会产生串扰噪音.为此,本文在实现常规平面波偏移算法基础上,引入反演思想实现了基于静态平面波编码的最小二乘偏移理论方法及处理流程,在优化算法基础上对平层模型和复杂砂砾断块模型进行了成像测试并与其他成像策略进行对比.研究结果表明:基于时移编码的平面波最小二乘偏移能有效抑制低频成像噪音和串扰噪音,补偿中深部成像能量,是一种较为有效的保幅成像策略.