Research on Alliance Decision of Dual-Channel Remanufacturing Supply Chain Considering Bidirectional Free-Riding and Cost-Sharing

This study delves into the formation dynamics of alliances within a closed-loop supply chain(CLSC)that encom-passes a manufacturer,a retailer,and an e-commerce platform.It leverages Stackelberg game for this exploration,contrasting the equilibrium outcomes of a non-alliance model with those of three differentiated alliance models.The non-alliance model acts as a crucial benchmark,enabling the evaluation of the motivations for various supply chain entities to engage in alliance formations.Our analysis is centered on identifying the most effective alliance strategies and establishing a coordination within these partnerships.We thoroughly investigate the consequences of diverse alliance behaviors,bidirectional free-riding and cost-sharing,and the resultant effects on the optimal decision-making among supply chain actors.The findings underscore several pivotal insights:(1)The behavior of alliances within the supply chain exerts variable impacts on the optimal pricing and demand of its members.In comparison to the non-alliance(D)model,the manufacturer-retailer(MR)and manufacturer-e-commerce platform(ME)alliances significantly lower both offline and online resale prices for new and remanufactured goods.This adjustment leads to an enhanced demand for products via the MR alliance’s offline outlets and the ME alliance’s online platforms,thereby augmenting the profits for those within the alliance.Conversely,retailer-e-commerce platform(ER)alliance tends to increase the optimal retail price and demand across both online and offline channels.Under specific conditions,alliance behavior can also increase the profits of non-alliance members,and the profits derived through alliance channels also exceed those from non-alliance channels.(2)The prevalence of bidirectional free-riding behavior largely remains constant across different alliance configurations.Across these models,bidirectional free-riding typically elevates the equilibrium prices in offline channel while negatively affecting the equilibrium prices in other channel.(3)The effect of cost-sharing shows relative uniformity across the various alliance models.Across all configurations,cost-sharing tends to reduce the manufacturer’s profits.Nonetheless,alliances initiated by the manufacturer can counteract these negative impacts,providing a strategic pathway to bolster CLSC profitability.

Effect of quality uncertainty of parts on performance of reprocessing system in remanufacturing environment

Aimed at the problem of stochastic routings for reprocessing operations and highly variable processing times,an open queuing network is utilized to model a typical reprocessing system.In the model,each server is subject to breakdown and has a finite buffer capacity,while repair times,breakdown times and service time follow an exponential distribution.Based on the decomposition principle and the expansion methodology,an approximation analytical algorithm is proposed to calculate the mean reprocessing time,the throughput of each server and other parameters of the processing system.Then an approach to determining the quality of disassembled parts is suggested,on the basis of which the effect of parts quality on the performance of the reprocessing system is investigated.Numerical examples show that there is a negative correlation between quality of parts and their mean reprocessing time.Furthermore,marginal reprocessing time of the parts decrease with the drop in their quality.

Remanufacturing production planning considering quality cost and demand substitution

Aiming to minimize the total production costs in a single planning period, a nonlinear integer programming model for remanufacturing production plans is established considering the influence of different qualities of returns acting on production cost. Three different remanufacturing and discarding strategies are adopted to analyze the change rules of the total production costs. The results returns is greater than indicate that when the number of remanufacturing returns of high the demand, preferentially quality and discarding those of low quality can bring better economic benefits due to manufacturing cost reduction. However, when the number of returns is smaller than the demand, there is no need to consider grading of returns, whereas new demand of remanufacturing. parts are required to satisfy the

Performance of bottleneck shifting for remanufacturing system considering returns' quality grading

Aimed at the remanufacturing system, the effect of the uncertainty of returns＇ quality on bottleneck shifting is investigated. A novel definition of bottleneck station is presented and the probability of a station becoming a bottleneck is also given. By calculating the effective output, the effective operation time （EOT） and the ratio of EOT of each station, the system＇s current bottleneck of effective output time is determined. By calculating the probability coefficient of variation and index of bottleneck shifting, the quantitative performance of bottleneck shifting is obtained. Discrete event simulation and the experiment design method are adopted to simulate the system, in which the proportion of quality grading, repair rates and process routes are considered. The case study shows that the uncertainty of returns＇ quality greatly increases the probability of bottleneck shifting, and with the increase of the discrete degree of the returns＇ repair rate, the bottleneck shifting phenomenon is more obvious. Furthermore, bottleneck shifting is closely related to the process route of the dominating returns＇ quality grade.

Facility location model for a remanufacturing logistics network

First a remanufactming logistics network is con- structed, in which the structure of both the forward logistics and the reverse logistics are of two levels and all the logistics facilities are capacitated. Both the remanufactming products and the new products can be used to meet the demands of customers. Moreover, it is assumed that homogeneous facilities can be designed together into integrated ones, based on which a mixed integer nonlinear programming （MINLP） facility location model of the remanufacturing logistics network with six types of facilities to be sited is built. Then an algorithm based on enumeration for the model is given. The feasible combinations of binary variables are searched by enumeration, and the remaining sub-problems are solved by the LP solver. Finally, the validities of the model and the algorithm are illustrated by means of an example. The result of the sensitivity analysis of parameters indicates that the integration of homogeneous facilities may influence the optimal solution of the problem to a certain degree.

Remanufacturing system based on totally automatic MIG surfacing via robot

Remanufacturing system is a term of green system project which conforms to the national sustainable development strategy. With the demand of the high adaptability of the varieties of waste machining parts, the short product cycle, the low machining cost and the high product quality are offered. Each step of the remanufacturing system from the beginning of the scanning to the accomplishment of the welding was investigted. Aiming at building a remanufacturing system based on totally automatic MIG surfacing via robot, advanced information technology, remanufacturing technology and management, through the control of the pretreatment and the optimization to minimize the time of remanufacturing and realize the remanufacturing on the terminal products of varieties, were applied. The steps mainly include: 1) using the visual sensor which is installed at the end of the Robot to rapidly get the outline data of the machining part and the pretreatment of the data; 2) rebuilding the curved surface based on the outline data and the integrated CAD material object model; 3) building the remanufacturing model based on the CAD material object model and projecting the remanufacturing process; and 4) accomplishing the remanufacture of the machining part by the technology of MIG surfacing.

Developing remanufacturing engineering,constructing cycle economy and building saving-oriented society

In the course of creating immense wealth, manufacturing industry has excessively consumed the resources and energy in the earth, and seriously polluted the environment. To take progress as the sustainable development way, save resource and improve environment, our nation has been advocating to construct the cycle economy and saving-oriented society. Taking the remanufacturing engineering as the representative, the “4R” rule (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Remanufacture) is the important measure to get the goal. Remanufacturing engineering is the industrialization of high-tech maintenance of the waste and worn productions, and is one of the most active factors in “4R”. The development of high and new technology takes the important effect to promote the remanufacturing engineering.

Remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network design based on genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm

As the huge computation and easily trapped local optimum in remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network (RCSCN) design considered, a genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. The total cost of closed-loop supply chain was selected as fitness function, and a unique and tidy coding mode was adopted in the proposed algorithm. Then, some mutation and crossover operators were introduced to achieve discrete optimization of RCSCN structure. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can gain global optimal solution with good convergent performance and rapidity. The computing speed is only 22.16 s, which is shorter than those of the other optimization algorithms.

Path planning for MIG surfacing of robot-based remanufacturing system

Robot-based remanufacturing system can scan the worn parts and develop the corresponding models, compare them with the standard model, calculate the weld deposit, implement welding path planning, and repair the worn parts with MIG surfacing automatically. This paper investigates the welding path planning after calibrating, scanning and model rebuilding. The following aspects are contained： introducing the planning principle, selecting the suitable welding process based on welding parameters （current and speed）, calculating welding overlap quantity by the superposition method. Also, it has been verified that good weld profile can be obtained with the optimized parameters.

Improved Ant Colony-Genetic Algorithm for Information Transmission Path Optimization in Remanufacturing Service System

The information transmission path optimization(ITPO) can often a ect the e ciency and accuracy of remanufactur?ing service. However, there is a greater degree of uncertainty and complexity in information transmission of remanu?facturing service system, which leads to a critical need for designing planning models to deal with this added uncer?tainty and complexity. In this paper, a three?dimensional(3D) model of remanufacturing service information network for information transmission is developed, which combines the physic coordinate and the transmitted properties of all the devices in the remanufacturing service system. In order to solve the basic ITPO in the 3D model, an improved 3D ant colony algorithm(Improved AC) was put forward. Moreover, to further improve the operation e ciency of the algorithm, an improved ant colony?genetic algorithm(AC?GA) that combines the improved AC and genetic algorithm was developed. In addition, by taking the transmission of remanufacturing service demand information of certain roller as example, the e ectiveness of AC?GA algorithm was analyzed and compared with that of improved AC, and the results demonstrated that AC?GA algorithm was superior to AC algorithm in aspects of information transmission delay, information transmission cost, and rate of information loss.

Remanufacturing Scheme Design for Used Parts Based on Incomplete Information Reconstruction

The different conditions of use of a component result in a variety of damage levels.Therefore,excluding differences in shape and size,used parts show a high degree of uncertainty regarding failure characteristics,quality conditions,and remaining life,which seriously affects the efficiency of a remanufacturing scheme design.Aiming to address this problem,a remanufacturing scheme design method based on the reconstruction of incomplete information of used parts is proposed.First,the remaining life of the reconstructed model is predicted by finite element analysis,and the demand for the next life cycle is determined.Second,the scanned 3D damage point cloud data are registered with the original point cloud data using the integral iterative method to construct a missing point cloud model to achieve the restoration of geometric information.Then,according to reverse engineering and laser cladding remanufacturing,the tool remanufacturing process path can be generated by the tool contact point path section line method.Finally,the proposed method is adopted for turbine blades to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.This study proposes a remanufacturing scheme design method based on the incomplete reconstruction of used part information to solve the uncertain and highly personalized problems in remanufacturing.

Establishment and application of service mapping model for proactive remanufacturing impeller

Since the complex impeller structure and the difficult remanufacturing process may easily cause advance remanufacturing or excessive use,an optimized design method of impeller and service mapping model was presented for its proactive remanufacturing with setting up to explore the best remanufacturing time point in this work.Considering a certain model of long distance pipeline compressor impeller with the Basquin equation and the design method of impeller,the mathematical relationship between the changes of structure and life of the impeller was established.And the service mapping model between the structure and life was set up and simulated by ANSYS software.Thus,the service mapping model was applied to feedback the original design for proactive remanufacturing.In this work,the best proactive remanufacturing time point of impeller was analyzed with the service mapping model,and the structural parameter values could be optimized at this time point.Meanwhile,in the results of this simulation,it proves that the impeller under this optimization performance could satisfy the impeller operating demands.Therefore,comparing with the traditional optimization design method,the remanufacturing optimized design based on the service mapping model is feasible in proactive remanufacturing for sustainable development.

MODELING AND ROBUST DESIGN OF REMANUFACTURING LOGISTICS NETWORKS BASED ON DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT

The uncertainty of time, quantity and quality of recycling products leads tothe bad stability and flexibility of remanufacturing logistics networks, and general design onlycovered the minimizing logistics cost, thus, robust design is presented here to solve theuncertainty. The mathematical model of remanufacturing logistics networks is built based onstochastic distribution of uncontrollable factors, and robust objectives are presented. Theintegration of mathematical simulation and design of experiment method is performed to do sensitiveanalysis. The influence of each factor and level on the system is investigated, and the main factorsand optimum combination are studied. The numbers of factors, level of each factor and designprocess of experiment are investigated as well. Finally, the process of robust design based ondesign of experiment is demonstrated by a detailed example.

Investigation on welding procedures for in-service pipelines

Some research results are given in this paper about burnthrough and hydrogen cracking with a flowing chamber and a loop. Many factors including plate thickness, running rate, heat input and so forth have been studied. By experiments it can be found that occurrence of hydrogen cracking can be effectively reduced by properly increasing heat input and using the tempering bead technique.

A data-driven method to predict future bottlenecks in a remanufacturing system with multi-variant uncertainties

The remanufacturing system is remolding the manufacturing industry by bringing scrapped products back to such a condition that reintegrated performance is just as good as new.The remanufacturing environment is featured by a far deeper level of uncertainty than new manufacturing,such as probabilistic routing files,and highly variable processing time.The stochastic disturbances result in the production bottlenecks,which constrain the productivity of the job shop.The uncertainties in the remanufacturing process cause the bottlenecks to shift when the workshop is processing.Considering this outstanding problem,many researchers try to optimize the production process to mitigate dynamic bottlenecks toward a balanced state.This paper proposes a data-driven method to predict bottlenecks in the remanufacturing system with multi-variant uncertainties.Firstly,discrete event simulation technology is applied to establish a simulation model of the remanufacturing production line and calculate the bottleneck index to identify bottlenecks.Secondly,a data-driven method,auto-regressive moving average(ARMA)model is employed to predict the bottlenecks in the system based on real-time data captured by the Arena software.Finally,the proposed prediction method is verified on real data from the automobile engine remanufacturing production line.

Study on the microstructure and hardness of in-service welded joint of X70 pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） is one of the main problems of in-service welding onto active pipeline. Microstructure and hardness of welded joint have a vital effect on hydrogen induced cracking. The microstructure and hardness of welded joint of XTO pipeline steel were studied using simulation in-service welding device. The results show that the main microstructures of in-service welded seam are grain boundary ferrite , intracrystalline acicular ferrite , as well as small amount of widmanztatten structure. The main microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） are coarse granular bainite, lath ferrite and martensite. Metastable phases such as martensite and lath ferrite are found in CGHAZ because of the too quick cooling velocity a＇nd the hardness of the CGHAZ is high.

Cell Layout Application in Product Recovery： A Lean Proposal to Increase Efficiency in Remanufacturing

The growing demand of organizations for alternative technologies to reduce environmental damage and meet new legislative issues brought greater focus to the activities of product recovery. One way to recover and revalue a product is by remanufacturing, which is defined as the process of recovering a product to its original specifications, promoting the reuse of materials and improving its quality and functionality. However, the context of the remanufacturing industry faces difficulties and is considered unstable and inefficient if compared to manufacturing. In this sense, this paper aims to propose a cell layout based on lean concepts and adapted to the context of remanufacturing, aiming to minimize waste, reduce variability and thereby increase efficiency. The cell layout proposal was based on a literature review and researchers＇ practical experience in the area. This layout can provide the flexibility to handle the variations inherent in the context of remanufacturing, boosting product recovery and related environmental issues.

FAILURE ANALYSIS AND INSPECTION OF CRACKING OF IN-SERVICE CATALYTIC REGENERATOR

The special subject 'research on life prediction technology of important in-service pressure' mainly analyzes the failure mechanism of large-sized important and criticalin-service pressure vessels under the action of working medium and investigates safety assessmentand life prediction technology with a view to enhance the operation reliability of in-servicepressure vessels in China. Based on a series of accident investigation and test & measuringresearch, the cause of cracking of catalytic regenerator is analyzed and the in-line non-destructiveexamination method and failure prevention measures for the cracking of catalytic regenerator areproposed.

Influence of cooling conditions on X70 pipeline steel in-service welding HAZ

The chamber device was designed and set up to simulate the in-service welding. The results show ： the t8/5 , t8/3 and inner wall peak temperature Tp decrease with the cooling rate increases. The welding energy is carried off by flowing medium, the cooling rate increases, and many unbalanced microstructures such as granular bainite, martensite and M-A generate ; it worsens the properties of HAZ. Under air-cooling, the cooling rate is slow, the austenite grain grows obviously, the lath ferrite crosses the whole austenite, and it causes the hardness value is also big. The change of HAZ width is not obvious with the increase of cooling rate; and burn-through is not susceptible to the cooling rate. The quench microstructures increase and the hydrogen does not outflow from the HAZ easily when increase the cooling rate, so the susceptibility of hydrogen cracking increases.

Remanufacturing strategy for chemical equipment

Failure, especially induced by cracks, usually occurred in the service process of chemical equipment, which could cause the medium leakage, fire hazard and explosion and induced the personnel casualty and economic losses. To assure the long-term and safety service, it is necessary to apply the remanufacturing technology on the chemical equipment containing cracks. The recent research advances on the remanufacturing, the failure modes and the life extension technology for chemical equipment were reviewed. The engineering strategy of the remanufacturing for the chemical equipment was proposed, which could provide a reasonable and reliable technical route for the remanufacturing operation of chemical equipment. In the strategy, the redesign was also been considered.