It was found earlier that moisture content (MC) of intact kernels of grain and nuts could be determined by Near Infra Red (NIR) reflectance spectrometry. However, if the MC values can be determined while the nuts are ...It was found earlier that moisture content (MC) of intact kernels of grain and nuts could be determined by Near Infra Red (NIR) reflectance spectrometry. However, if the MC values can be determined while the nuts are in their shells, it would save lot of labor and money spent in shelling and cleaning the nuts. Grain and nuts absorb low levels of NIR, and when NIR radiation is incident on them, a substantial portion of the radiation is reflected back. Thus, studying the NIR reflectance spectra emanating from in-shell peanuts, an attempt is made for the first time to determine the MC of in-shell peanuts. In-shell peanuts of two different market types, Virginia and Valencia, were conditioned to different moisture levels between 6% and 26% (wet basis), and separated into calibration and validation groups. NIR absorption spectral data from 1000 nm to 2500 nm in 1 nm intervals were collected from both groups. Measurements were obtained on 30 replicates within each moisture level. Reference MC values for each moisture level in these groups were obtained using standard air-oven method. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was performed on the calibration data, and prediction models were developed. The Standard Error of Calibration (SEC), and R2 of the calibration models were computed to select the best calibration model. The selected models were used to predict the moisture content of peanuts in the validation sets. Predicted MC values of the validation samples were compared with their standard air-oven moisture values. Goodness of fit was determined based on the lowest Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) and highest R2 value obtained for the prediction models. The model, with reflectance plus normalization spectral data with an SEP of 0.74 for Valencia and 1.57 for Virginia type in-shell peanuts was selected as the best model. The corresponding R2 values were 0.98 for both peanut types. This work establishes the possibility of sensing MC of intact in-shell peanuts by NIR reflectance method, and would be useful for the peanut and allied industries.展开更多
Groundnuts marketed from farms are generally referred to as groundnuts in-shell. When freshly harvested, they may contain some dirt, vines and other foreign materials. Grades of these stocks are established based on i...Groundnuts marketed from farms are generally referred to as groundnuts in-shell. When freshly harvested, they may contain some dirt, vines and other foreign materials. Grades of these stocks are established based on intended use. Groundnut producers and commercial buyers use the grade as guidelines for trading. Grading aims at raising the quality and value of the product. Grading is generally limited to measurement of physical properties, such as, size distributions of the pods and percentage by weight of shelled kernels in the undecorticated groundnuts and percentage by weight of foreign materials. A groundnut grader was designed and developed. It was designed to sort three selected groundnut varieties commonly cultivated in Nigeria into three grades based on the geometric dimensions of the selected varieties. These varieties are SAMNUT 10, 14 and 18.Analyses of grading trials indicate that while SAMNUT 10 exhibits the three grades, the other varieties (SAMNUT 14 and 18) can only be graded into two grades. The grader has a rated capacity of grading 224 th-1 of undercorticated pods. The maximum ranges within each grade when all the varieties were considered were: grade I—15.81 mm to 18.05 mm, grade II—12.44 mm to 15.78 mm and grade III—10.60 mm to 13.30 mm.展开更多
The Australian almond industry desires to improve storage of harvested almonds awaiting processing.The present work quantified some storage-related physical properties of almonds.The sample used in the study was Nonpa...The Australian almond industry desires to improve storage of harvested almonds awaiting processing.The present work quantified some storage-related physical properties of almonds.The sample used in the study was Nonpareil almonds with a kernel moisture content of 4.5% d.b.The mass composition of the sample was 55% hull,32% kernel and 13% shell.Tests showed that the bulk stored in-shell almonds had only 41% of the volume of in-hull almonds and 45% of the mass.Thus removing hulls before storage would result in saving both storage and subsequent transportation costs.Tests simulating various storage heights of almonds showed that a 10 m storage height of almonds increased the bulk density of in-hull almonds from 320 to 355 kg/m^(3),of in-shell almonds(hull removed)from 356 to 378 kg/m3,and kernels(hull and shell removed)from 604 to 649 kg/m^(3).A 10 m storage height of almonds reduced the porosity of in-hull almonds from 67% to 64%,of in-shell almonds from 58% to 55%,and of the kernel from 48% to 44%.Observation showed that the change in bulk density and porosity occurred in an exponential manner with fitted curves that provided R2 between 0.97 and 0.99.展开更多
文摘It was found earlier that moisture content (MC) of intact kernels of grain and nuts could be determined by Near Infra Red (NIR) reflectance spectrometry. However, if the MC values can be determined while the nuts are in their shells, it would save lot of labor and money spent in shelling and cleaning the nuts. Grain and nuts absorb low levels of NIR, and when NIR radiation is incident on them, a substantial portion of the radiation is reflected back. Thus, studying the NIR reflectance spectra emanating from in-shell peanuts, an attempt is made for the first time to determine the MC of in-shell peanuts. In-shell peanuts of two different market types, Virginia and Valencia, were conditioned to different moisture levels between 6% and 26% (wet basis), and separated into calibration and validation groups. NIR absorption spectral data from 1000 nm to 2500 nm in 1 nm intervals were collected from both groups. Measurements were obtained on 30 replicates within each moisture level. Reference MC values for each moisture level in these groups were obtained using standard air-oven method. Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis was performed on the calibration data, and prediction models were developed. The Standard Error of Calibration (SEC), and R2 of the calibration models were computed to select the best calibration model. The selected models were used to predict the moisture content of peanuts in the validation sets. Predicted MC values of the validation samples were compared with their standard air-oven moisture values. Goodness of fit was determined based on the lowest Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) and highest R2 value obtained for the prediction models. The model, with reflectance plus normalization spectral data with an SEP of 0.74 for Valencia and 1.57 for Virginia type in-shell peanuts was selected as the best model. The corresponding R2 values were 0.98 for both peanut types. This work establishes the possibility of sensing MC of intact in-shell peanuts by NIR reflectance method, and would be useful for the peanut and allied industries.
文摘Groundnuts marketed from farms are generally referred to as groundnuts in-shell. When freshly harvested, they may contain some dirt, vines and other foreign materials. Grades of these stocks are established based on intended use. Groundnut producers and commercial buyers use the grade as guidelines for trading. Grading aims at raising the quality and value of the product. Grading is generally limited to measurement of physical properties, such as, size distributions of the pods and percentage by weight of shelled kernels in the undecorticated groundnuts and percentage by weight of foreign materials. A groundnut grader was designed and developed. It was designed to sort three selected groundnut varieties commonly cultivated in Nigeria into three grades based on the geometric dimensions of the selected varieties. These varieties are SAMNUT 10, 14 and 18.Analyses of grading trials indicate that while SAMNUT 10 exhibits the three grades, the other varieties (SAMNUT 14 and 18) can only be graded into two grades. The grader has a rated capacity of grading 224 th-1 of undercorticated pods. The maximum ranges within each grade when all the varieties were considered were: grade I—15.81 mm to 18.05 mm, grade II—12.44 mm to 15.78 mm and grade III—10.60 mm to 13.30 mm.
基金part of the HAL Project(AL12003)Advanced Processing of Almondsfunded by Horticulture Australia Limited using the almond levy,voluntary contributions from industry and matched funds from the Australian government.
文摘The Australian almond industry desires to improve storage of harvested almonds awaiting processing.The present work quantified some storage-related physical properties of almonds.The sample used in the study was Nonpareil almonds with a kernel moisture content of 4.5% d.b.The mass composition of the sample was 55% hull,32% kernel and 13% shell.Tests showed that the bulk stored in-shell almonds had only 41% of the volume of in-hull almonds and 45% of the mass.Thus removing hulls before storage would result in saving both storage and subsequent transportation costs.Tests simulating various storage heights of almonds showed that a 10 m storage height of almonds increased the bulk density of in-hull almonds from 320 to 355 kg/m^(3),of in-shell almonds(hull removed)from 356 to 378 kg/m3,and kernels(hull and shell removed)from 604 to 649 kg/m^(3).A 10 m storage height of almonds reduced the porosity of in-hull almonds from 67% to 64%,of in-shell almonds from 58% to 55%,and of the kernel from 48% to 44%.Observation showed that the change in bulk density and porosity occurred in an exponential manner with fitted curves that provided R2 between 0.97 and 0.99.
