Rock borehole shear tests in dam foundation of Xiangjiaba hydropower station

Xiangjiaba hydropowcr station is one of the complicated geological conditions of its dam foundation, parameters of rock masses are very important issues. To cascade power stations on the Jinsha River, China. Due to the evaluating the rock mass quality and determining the mechanical address these issues, several groups of rock borehole shear tests （RBSTs） were conducted on the black mudstone in the dam foundation of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in the second construction phase. Forty three groups of shear strengths of black mudstone samples were obtained from RBSTs, and the shear strength parameters （c and f） were calculated using the least squares method. In addition, the limitations and merits of RBST employed in the Xiangjiaba hydropower station were discussed. Test results indicate that the shear strength parameters obtained from RBST have a good correlation with the results from sotmd wave test in borehole. It is believed that RBST has a good adaptability and applicability in geotechnical engineering.

Field testing of shear strength of granite residual soils

The characteristics of residual soils are very different from those of sedimentary soils.Although the strength characteristics of sedimentary soils have been studied extensively,the shear strength characteristics of granitic residual soils(GRS)subjected to the weathering of parent rocks have rarely been investigated.In this study,the shear strength characteristics of GRS in the Taishan area of southeast China(TSGRS)were studied by field and laboratory tests.The field tests consisted of a cone penetration test(CPT),borehole shear test(BST),self-boring pressuremeter test(SBPT),and seismic dilatometer Marchetti test(SDMT).The shortcomings of laboratory testing are obvious,with potential disturbances arising through the sampling,transportation,and preparation of soil samples.Due to the special structure of GRS samples and the ease of disturbance,the results obtained from laboratory tests were generally lower than those obtained from situ tests.The CPT and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results indicated significant weathering and crustal hardening in the shallow TSGRS.This resulted in significant differences in the strength and strength parameters of shallow soil obtained by the BST.Based on the SDMT and SBPT results,a comprehensive evaluation method of shear strength for TSGRS was proposed.The SBPT was suitable for evaluating the strength of shallow GRS.The material index(ID)and horizontal stress index(KD)values obtained by the SDMT satisfied the empirical relationship proposed by Marchetti based on the ID index,and were therefore considered suitable for the evaluation of the shear strength of deep GRS.

Research of in-situ hydraulic test method by using double packer equipment

Double packer equipment for hydraulic test can be used to measure pressure of test zone directly, and it is frequently used to perform many kinds of hydraulic tests and take groundwater sample from borehole. The test method of this equipment mainly includes the test design, implementation, interpretation and synthetic analysis. By adopting the double packer equipment for hydraulic test, the parameter distribution of rock permeability along borehole can be acquired, as well as the connectivity, water conductivity and water bearing capacity of the disclosed structure and the chemical characteristics of the deep groundwater. It is a necessary method for the research and evaluation of the complex hypotonicity terrace site selection under geological conditions. This method is not only suitable for the geological disposal of high level radioactive waste, but also can be used in the site selection of underground facilities such as storage of petroleum and carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, it has a good application prospect in other hydrogeological investigation fields.

A Review of the Calculation Formula for the Four-component Borehole Strainmeter and Application to Earthquake Cases

Based on the principle formula for the four-component strainmeters, we can directly obtain the specific plane strain, shear strain and azimuthal angle of the principal strain, and the maximum and minimum principal strains calculated afterwards are the indirect result. The problems of practicality of the sensitivity coefficients A and B of plane strain and shear strain are then discussed. Based on this idea, we analyzed the observation data of several four-component borehole strainmeters near the epicenter of the Yiliang M_S5.7 earthquake in 2012 and the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake in 2014 in the Zhaotong area, Yunnan Province. The results show that the analysis based on the perspective of plane strain and shear strain has an obviously better effect than that based on the component readings, and can directly peel off the respective abnormality of the plane strain and shear strain. In addition, the correlation coefficient curves between measured data of two plane strains show significant anomalies which often occur several days before and during the earthquake.

Determination Method for Shear Strength Parameters of Rock-Soil Mixtures Using Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3-D Limit Equilibrium Theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg_2Si composite fabricated in-situ by vibrating cooling slope

An innovative semisolid technique termed as vibrating cooling slope(VCS)has been applied to producing in-situ Al-25%Mg2Si(mass fraction)composite.The molten Al-16.5Mg-9.4%Si(mass fraction)alloy with 100°C superheat was poured on the surface of an inclined copper plate(set at 45°inclined angle)while it was vibrated at a frequency of 40 Hz and an amplitude of 400μm.After travelling the length of 40 cm on the slope,the resultant semisolid alloy was cast into a steel mold.For the purpose of comparison,reference composite samples were made by gravity casting(GC)and conventionally still cooling slope casting(CS)methods using the same alloy under identical conditions.The samples were hot extruded at 500°C.It was concluded that the size of Mg2Si particles was decreased by about 50%and 70%for the CS and VCS produced samples respectively when compared to that of the GC produced sample.Despite of their higher porosity contents,both the as-cast and hot-extruded VCS processed samples exhibited higher hardness,shear yield stress(SYS)and ultimate shear strength(USS)values as compared with their GC produced counterparts.These results were attributed to the refined and modified microstructure obtained via this newly developed technique.

钻孔剪切力学参数表征修正方法及其实验研究

钻孔剪切法是现场快速实测岩石抗剪强度的重要方法,但因测量误差较大导致其应用受限。通过对钻孔剪切原理及研究成果分析,发现了不完全剪切是岩石钻孔剪切试验误差大的原因,提出了基于压、剪不等面积的钻孔剪切法修正方法。设计实验装置开展钻孔剪切模拟试验,研究了不同剪切板参数下砂岩剪切力学参数表征规律,证明了所提方法的有效性和修正效果,最后通过文献数据验证了该方法的适用性。具体结果如下:①岩石钻孔剪切试验误差大的根本原因是受压面积和剪切面积选取失真且不相等,实际剪切破坏面积小于剪切齿齿间面积,且不同剪切齿长度情况下修正受压面积和剪切面积均随法向力的增大线性增大。基于剪切齿参数、受压面积和剪切面积的关系式,提出了钻孔剪切法修正方法。②岩石钻孔剪切的剪应力−剪切位移曲线可分为压密阶段、似弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和峰后阶段。随法向力增大,不同剪切板参数下正应力、剪应力和剪切刚度均增大,达到剪应力峰值时的位移减小。钻孔剪切参数与剪切力学参数表征值之间存在明显规律。随剪切齿齿长的增加,黏聚力线性增大,内摩擦角呈二次函数增大。随剪切板面积的增加,黏聚力线性增大,内摩擦角呈二次函数减小。③剪切齿齿长和剪切板面积增大可在一定程度上减少测量偏差。剪切齿齿长从1.0 mm增大到2.5 mm,黏聚力和内摩擦角测量值的总偏差从62.96%降低到19.91%,总修正提升值从30.8%提高到74.1%;剪切板面积从400 mm^(2)增大到520 mm^(2),黏聚力和内摩擦角测量值的总偏差从64.07%降低到37.69%,总修正提升值从39.56%提高到56.05%。实验和文献数据验证均表明,本修正方法可以使钻孔剪切法测得的黏聚力和内摩擦角准确度分别提升约50%和6%。

不同饱和度下膨胀土原位孔内剪切试验及强度响应特征

膨胀土强度随饱和度变化显著,非饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度一直是研究膨胀土工程问题的关键。选取南阳市某高速路沿线边坡膨胀土为研究对象,进行了天然条件下处于不同饱和度状态的膨胀土原位孔内剪切试验,获得了自然条件下膨胀土的抗剪强度随饱和度的变化特征。膨胀土的抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角随着膨胀土饱和度的增大而逐渐减小。结合现场试验数据和土-水特征曲线,提出了以法向应力、饱和度为变量和以法向应力、基质吸力为变量的两种非饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度计算模型,并结合试验数据对计算模型的适用性进行了验证。与之前常用的非饱和土抗剪强度计算模型相比较,提出的两种计算模型所需的拟合参数少,适用于更宽吸力范围、不同法向应力条件下非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度的计算,且结果更为准确。

基于孔内剪切试验的游离氧化铁对红黏土抗剪强度影响研究

游离氧化铁的胶结作用及其与土颗粒形成的特殊结构与红黏土力学性能密切相关。为了研究原位状态下游离氧化铁对红黏土力学性质的影响,采用连二亚硫酸钠−柠檬酸钠−重碳酸钠(dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate,简称DCB)溶液对红黏土中的游离氧化铁进行选择性溶解,再结合孔内剪切试验(borehole shear test,简称BST)获得了不同除铁效果下各深度处的红黏土抗剪强度指标。结果表明,游离氧化铁含量FIOC(free iron oxide content)与DCB溶液浸泡时间具有较好的相关性,其特点是除铁速度前期快、后期慢。由BST试验得到红黏土应力−位移关系曲线呈应变硬化变形特征;在同一测试深度下,红黏土抗剪强度随着浸泡时间的递增而降低,浸泡4 d的抗剪强度降幅已达整个试验降低幅度的79.0%左右,再继续浸泡其抗剪强度降低幅度逐渐趋缓;在同一浸泡时间和测试深度下,红黏土的抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而增大;在同一浸泡时间和法向应力下,红黏土的抗剪强度随着深度的增加而增加;随着浸泡时间的增加,以“包膜”、“桥”或“单粒”的形式赋存的游离氧化铁逐渐被去除,微观上表现为红黏土结构性被破坏,原本致密、紧凑结构出现孔隙、裂隙、疏松的情况,宏观上表现为红黏土力学强度的降低。

基于原位钻孔剪切试验的高填方边坡稳定性分析

边坡土体强度参数对边坡稳定性有重要影响,而边坡稳定性分析结果的准确性制约着工程的建设。针对某填方边坡工程,为准确分析边坡土体强度参数,同时为边坡后续加固治理提供可靠依据,采用原位钻孔剪切试验获取边坡填土抗剪强度指标,并对边坡进行稳定性分析。研究结果表明,原位钻孔剪切试验能快速、直接、有效且准确地获取土体强度指标,真实反映土体特性,对提高边坡稳定性分析评价的准确性具有重要意义。

原位钻孔剪切试验在加筋土挡墙填土中的应用研究

为了给加筋土挡墙进行形变和稳定性分析的数值模拟提供一定参考数据,利用原位钻孔剪切试验测定挡土墙填土的抗剪强度参数。通过使用剪切探头对孔壁施加不同的法向力的同时向上提拉剪切头,记录相应的剪切力峰值,并采用最小二乘法绘制摩尔—库伦包线。通过3组有效数据测得加筋土挡墙填土在含水率17.67%的情况下抗剪强度平均值为c=19.8kPa、φ=34.0°,与现场实际情况相符合。但试验过程中也发现原位钻孔剪切试验对孔壁质量较为敏感的问题。

Study on Shear Strength Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Basalt Based on in-situ Direct Shear Test at Baihetan Hydropower Station

Columnar jointed basalt(CJB) widely distributes in the dam site of the Baihetan Hydropower Station.The columnar joint structure and fracture development of CJB have significant influence on the mechanical properties of rock mass,and the mechanical properties of CJB are of great significance to the Baihetan Hydropower Project.Therefore,in-situ direct shear tests were carried out on ten test adit at different locations in the dam site area to study the shear behavior of CJB.In this study,21 sets of in-situ direct shear tests were conducted for rock types of type Ⅱ_(2),type Ⅲ_(1)and type Ⅲ_(2),with horizontal and vertical shear planes and two different specimen sizes of CJB.Shear strength parameters of CJB were obtained by linear fitting of in-situ direct shear test results based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.The results indicate that the shear strength parameters of CJB with horizontal shear plane increase as the increase of rock type grade.The shear strength parameters of CJB show obvious anisotropy and the friction coefficient of the horizontal shear plane is greater than the vertical shear plane.The friction coefficient in the horizontal direction of the shear plane is 1.27 times that in the vertical direction of the shear plane.With the increase of rock type grade,the difference of friction coefficient becomes larger.However,the cohesion changes little whether the shear plane is horizontal or vertical.In addition,the size effect of CJB in this area is significant.The shear strength parameters of large size(100 cm × 100 cm) specimens are lower than those of regular size(50 cm × 50 cm) specimens.The reduction of cohesion is greater than that of the friction coefficient.For rock type Ⅲ_(2),the cohesion of large-size specimens is 0.637 of the regular-size specimens.The reduction percentage of the friction coefficient for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.66 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The reduction percentage of the cohesion for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.27 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The size effect decreases with the increase of rock type grade.The research results of this study can provide an important basis for the selection of rock mechanics parameters in the dam site area of Baihetan Hydropower Station and the stability analysis of the dam foundation and rocky slopes.

钻孔剪切试验及其在黄土中的应用

钻孔剪切试验是一种通过在钻孔侧壁上进行直剪试验来测定土体黏聚力和内摩擦角的原位测试方法。阐述和总结了钻孔剪切试验的基本原理、试验和数据处理方法。为了评估钻孔剪切试验测定黄土抗剪强度指标的适用性,采用Iowa钻孔剪切试验仪实测了不同深度黄土的抗剪强度指标,并与室内三轴剪切试验(CU)和直剪试验结果进行了对比。试验结果显示,钻孔剪切试验用于测定黄土的抗剪强度指标时,抗剪强度与法向压力具有较好的线性相关性;试验黄土的钻孔剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线为应变软化型;钻孔剪切试验结果与室内三轴剪切试验(CU)和直剪试验结果相比,黏聚力降低,内摩擦角增大;均质黄土地层的钻孔剪切试验数据离散性相对较小,可采用"整体"破坏包线法对抗剪强度指标进行统计。

岩体抗剪强度参数现场测试新方法及工程应用

岩体抗剪强度参数的确定是进行岩体工程稳定性分析中最基本和最重要的,也是最困难的一项工作。由于室内和现场试验方法的局限性以及经验准则的人为性,快速、简易和较可靠确定岩体抗剪强度参数的原位测试手段一直是岩石工程界关注的热点。采用引进美国生产的岩石钻孔剪切仪,在实验室混凝土空心圆柱体和向家坝水电站坝基岩体中进行了尝试,取得了有益的试验成果。将主要从钻孔剪切仪的工作原理、数值模拟分析和工程应用等几方面对其进行全面的阐述和总结。试验成果和数值分析结果显示,岩石钻孔剪切仪是一种适用于软岩～中硬岩的原位试验设备,其试验成果总体钻孔剪切试验得到的c、ψ小于传统三轴和直剪试验成果,但钻孔剪切试验的ψ值在ψ<40°的范围内略低于传统三轴和直剪试验成,而钻孔剪切试验的c值较传统三轴和直剪试验的c值降低较多,一般为25%～50%。

岩石钻孔原位测试技术的应用与改进

如何确定岩体工程力学特性是工程设计中的重要问题,也是长期困扰工程界的难题。由于原位测试技术可克服室内试验扰动性及尺寸效应等缺点,逐渐发展成为一种重要的岩体力学参数取值手段。钻孔剪切试验技术近年来被广泛应用于土体现场直剪试验中,但其在岩石工程中的应用较为少见。对所引进的岩石钻孔剪切仪进行工程现场岩体钻孔剪切试验应用尝试,得到有益的试验结果。针对岩石钻孔剪切仪在工程实际应用中所存在的问题及不足,对其进行改进与完善。在此基础上,研制开发新的岩石原位测试设备——钻孔剪切弹模原位测试系统,实现同步获取岩体力学及变形参数,为岩体钻孔高效利用以及岩体工程力学参数的确定提供新的途径。

膨胀土原位孔内剪切试验与强度响应特征

针对膨胀土堑坡防护工程中不同的施工工序和降水入渗诱发灾害频发现象,基于原位孔内剪切试验,通过施加不同法向应力水平,以及成孔后注水浸泡等工况下的现场剪切试验,获得南阳某堑坡膨胀土强度特性随荷载施加方式与浸水条件的变化规律。结果表明:膨胀土孔内剪切试验所得的剪应力-剪切位移曲线总体上呈现弱硬化变形特征;浸水对抗剪强度影响很大,最大降幅达56.9%,主要表现为黏聚力的降低,最大值达18.1 k Pa。预加载荷对浸水软化效应具有一定抑制作用,但当预加载荷超过某一应力水平时,难以发挥更大的抑制效果。黏聚力与预加载荷呈线性正相关;内摩擦角与预加载荷呈线性负相关,但降幅甚微。在实际工程中,膨胀土边坡稳定性分析应考虑降雨入渗对强度参数的影响,同时充分利用抗剪强度参数和预加载荷的线性关系,可根据工程要求达到的安全系数反推出所需的预加载荷大小,从而指导实际工程施工。该研究可为膨胀土工程场地评价、参数选取与灾害评价提供技术依据和参考。

大光包滑坡滑带碎裂岩体原位钻孔剪切试验研究

安县大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模滑坡,滑坡南侧暴露长约1.8 km顺层滑带,其岩体高度碎裂化,引起广泛关注。为准确评价滑带碎裂岩体的强度参数,笔者在前人研究的基础上开展了细致的野外调查工作,采用法国Phicometre岩土两用原位钻孔剪切试验仪对大光包滑坡滑带碎裂岩体进行了原位剪切试验。将试验结果与Hoek–Brown岩体强度准则估值和基于工程地质类比法的力学参数建议值进行了对比分析。基于以上研究,提出了大光包滑坡南侧顺层滑带碎裂岩体力学参数建议值:内聚力为245~480 k Pa,内摩擦角为25.0°~26.5°。

原位钻孔剪切试验及其在残坡积土中的应用

通过现场原位试验获取岩土体强度参数一直是岩土工程领域的重要研究课题,介绍了Phicometre钻孔剪切试验仪的基本原理、试验过程和数据处理方法。为评估其在残坡积土中的工程适用性,使用其在粤北某航道边坡不同深度的残坡积土进行了现场试验。试验结果表明,钻孔剪切仪具有扰动小、速度快的特点,测试结果具有较好的线性相关性;对于数据离散性相对较小的均质地层,可采用整理破坏包络线法对其抗剪强度指标进行统计分析。

新型便携式钻孔剪切仪研发与测试分析

在分析了国外现有设备优缺点的基础上,研发了一套新型便携式钻孔剪切仪,并在室内模型箱和野外现场进行了大量试验。通过比较钻孔剪切试验与室内直剪、三轴试验的结果,发现钻孔剪切试验所得数据拟合的相关系数均大于0.98,其离散性比室内直剪试验小;所得粘聚力和内摩擦角分别比室内直剪试验小30%?50%和10%?25%,比室内三轴试验小9%和2%.针对上述结果,在分析3种试验的边界条件、试样破坏判别准则的基础上,给出了试验结果差异性的解释,提出了该仪器的适用范围与注意事项。

原位钻孔剪切试验在优化边坡稳定性评价中的应用

岩土边坡结构的复杂性一直影响工程建设中对边坡稳定性的准确评价,反之,边坡稳定性评价结果准确与否制约工程建设。基于极限平衡理论,根据原位钻孔剪切试验特征,运用slope/w对传统计算模型进行探讨、优化,最终得出:(1)原位钻孔剪切试验反映出坡体结构中岩土体的各向异性,数值水平高于室内实验值;(2)传统计算模型+室内试验参数方案计算结果偏于保守,传统计算模型+单一原位参数计算结果存在偏大或偏小的可能性;(3)优化分层计算模型+分层原位参数方案切实可行,提高边坡稳定性评价的准确性,对工程边坡评价意义重大。