Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a ...Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.展开更多
We present a probe factor for a simple measurement device, which can be used to determine in-situ electrical resistivity in soils or other penetrable bodies. The probe is primarily sensitive to the material immediatel...We present a probe factor for a simple measurement device, which can be used to determine in-situ electrical resistivity in soils or other penetrable bodies. The probe is primarily sensitive to the material immediately surrounding it and therefore is ideal for determining localized conductivities. The geometry of the probe can be scaled to effectively adjust the region of interest. The calibration, or “probe factor” is a function of the geometry, as well as the electrode configuration. Results are presented assuming a Wenner array configuration, however they can easily be extended to other geometries, such as the Schlumberger or dipole-dipole array.展开更多
The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter. A new in-situ measurement method based on measureme...The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter. A new in-situ measurement method based on measurements of the Electromagnetic Flow Meters （EFM） and Electrical Resistance Tomography （ERT） to study the flow rates of individual phases in a vertical flow was proposed. The study was based on laboratory experiments that were carded out with a 50 mm vertical flow rig for a number of sand concentrations and different mixture velocities. A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 212 μm to 355 μm was tested. The solid concentration by volume covered was 5% and 15%, and the corresponding density of 5% was 1078 kg/m^3 and of 15% was 1238 kg/m^3. The flow velocity was between 1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s. A total of 6 experimental tests were conducted. The equivalent liquid model was adopted to validate in-situ volumetric solids fraction and calculate the slip velocity. The results show that the ERT technique can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic flow meter as a way of measurement of slurry flow rate in a vertical pipe flow. However it should be emphasized that the EFM results must be treated with reservation when the flow pattern at the EFM mounting position is a non-homogenous flow. The flow rate obtained by the EFM should be corrected considering the slip velocity and the flow pattern.展开更多
In order to obtain reliable and effective upland soil resistivity measurements,it is necessary to know how much time after the rain stops is required before making soil resistivity observations so that the influence o...In order to obtain reliable and effective upland soil resistivity measurements,it is necessary to know how much time after the rain stops is required before making soil resistivity observations so that the influence of precipitation on the measurements can be eliminated.Based on the soil resistivity monitoring data at different depths obtained from the soil conductance automatic monitoring system using the triple-electrode method,and the precipitation data from the synchronous and automatic observing system in Hechuan County of Chongqing,this paper analyzed the effect of rain on the determination of upland soil resistivity measurement time.The results showed that the required interval time between the measurement and the termination of rain should be as follows：if the rainfall was less than 0.1 mm,the interval time was zero;the interval time was 24 h if the precipitation time was less than 1 h or the rainfall was 0.1-2.0 mm;the interval time was 72 h if the precipitation time was 2-10 h or the rainfall was within 2.1-5.0 mm;and the interval time of 72-232 h was observed when the precipitation time was 10-25 h or longer or the rainfall was 5.0-10.1 mm or larger.Relevant observations showed that the above conclusions were on the whole valid for different soil depths.On the other hand,the results indicated that the maximum variance ratio for the influence of precipitation on resistivity measurement was about 28.9%,and the average variance was about 3.9%.Moreover,a preliminary analysis also showed that the precipitation process time might play a more crucial role in the resistivity recovery time than the precipitation amount.It is also found that it is practically better to use the rank correlation method than the numerical correlation analysis method to determine the time break between the stop of rain and the time to carry out the soil resistivity measurement.展开更多
基金The financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41230636,41372265,41427801)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2011CB710605)
文摘Moisture content is a fundamental physical index that quantifies soil property and is closely associatedwith the hydrological, ecological and engineering behaviors of soil. To measure in-situ soil moisturecontents, a distributed measurement system for in-situ soil moisture content （SM-DTS） is introduced.The system is based on carbon-fiber heated cable （CFHC） technology that has been developed to enhancethe measuring accuracy of in-situ soil moisture content. Using CFHC technique, a temperature characteristicvalue （Tt） can be defined from temperatureetime curves. A relationship among Tt, soil thermalimpedance coefficient and soil moisture content is then established in laboratory. The feasibility of theSM-DTS technology to provide distributed measurements of in-situ soil moisture content is verifiedthrough field tests. The research reported herein indicates that the proposed SM-DTS is capable ofmeasuring in-situ soil moisture content over long distances and large areas.
文摘We present a probe factor for a simple measurement device, which can be used to determine in-situ electrical resistivity in soils or other penetrable bodies. The probe is primarily sensitive to the material immediately surrounding it and therefore is ideal for determining localized conductivities. The geometry of the probe can be scaled to effectively adjust the region of interest. The calibration, or “probe factor” is a function of the geometry, as well as the electrode configuration. Results are presented assuming a Wenner array configuration, however they can easily be extended to other geometries, such as the Schlumberger or dipole-dipole array.
基金supported by the China-UK joint project of a study of multi-phase flow meter on EIT and CTA Techniques: Royal Society (Grant No. 15933)
文摘The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter. A new in-situ measurement method based on measurements of the Electromagnetic Flow Meters （EFM） and Electrical Resistance Tomography （ERT） to study the flow rates of individual phases in a vertical flow was proposed. The study was based on laboratory experiments that were carded out with a 50 mm vertical flow rig for a number of sand concentrations and different mixture velocities. A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 212 μm to 355 μm was tested. The solid concentration by volume covered was 5% and 15%, and the corresponding density of 5% was 1078 kg/m^3 and of 15% was 1238 kg/m^3. The flow velocity was between 1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s. A total of 6 experimental tests were conducted. The equivalent liquid model was adopted to validate in-situ volumetric solids fraction and calculate the slip velocity. The results show that the ERT technique can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic flow meter as a way of measurement of slurry flow rate in a vertical pipe flow. However it should be emphasized that the EFM results must be treated with reservation when the flow pattern at the EFM mounting position is a non-homogenous flow. The flow rate obtained by the EFM should be corrected considering the slip velocity and the flow pattern.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration R & D Special Fund for Public Welfare (meteorology) under Grant No.GYHY2007622
文摘In order to obtain reliable and effective upland soil resistivity measurements,it is necessary to know how much time after the rain stops is required before making soil resistivity observations so that the influence of precipitation on the measurements can be eliminated.Based on the soil resistivity monitoring data at different depths obtained from the soil conductance automatic monitoring system using the triple-electrode method,and the precipitation data from the synchronous and automatic observing system in Hechuan County of Chongqing,this paper analyzed the effect of rain on the determination of upland soil resistivity measurement time.The results showed that the required interval time between the measurement and the termination of rain should be as follows：if the rainfall was less than 0.1 mm,the interval time was zero;the interval time was 24 h if the precipitation time was less than 1 h or the rainfall was 0.1-2.0 mm;the interval time was 72 h if the precipitation time was 2-10 h or the rainfall was within 2.1-5.0 mm;and the interval time of 72-232 h was observed when the precipitation time was 10-25 h or longer or the rainfall was 5.0-10.1 mm or larger.Relevant observations showed that the above conclusions were on the whole valid for different soil depths.On the other hand,the results indicated that the maximum variance ratio for the influence of precipitation on resistivity measurement was about 28.9%,and the average variance was about 3.9%.Moreover,a preliminary analysis also showed that the precipitation process time might play a more crucial role in the resistivity recovery time than the precipitation amount.It is also found that it is practically better to use the rank correlation method than the numerical correlation analysis method to determine the time break between the stop of rain and the time to carry out the soil resistivity measurement.
