Determination Method for Shear Strength Parameters of Rock-Soil Mixtures Using Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3-D Limit Equilibrium Theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg_2Si composite fabricated in-situ by vibrating cooling slope

An innovative semisolid technique termed as vibrating cooling slope(VCS)has been applied to producing in-situ Al-25%Mg2Si(mass fraction)composite.The molten Al-16.5Mg-9.4%Si(mass fraction)alloy with 100°C superheat was poured on the surface of an inclined copper plate(set at 45°inclined angle)while it was vibrated at a frequency of 40 Hz and an amplitude of 400μm.After travelling the length of 40 cm on the slope,the resultant semisolid alloy was cast into a steel mold.For the purpose of comparison,reference composite samples were made by gravity casting(GC)and conventionally still cooling slope casting(CS)methods using the same alloy under identical conditions.The samples were hot extruded at 500°C.It was concluded that the size of Mg2Si particles was decreased by about 50%and 70%for the CS and VCS produced samples respectively when compared to that of the GC produced sample.Despite of their higher porosity contents,both the as-cast and hot-extruded VCS processed samples exhibited higher hardness,shear yield stress(SYS)and ultimate shear strength(USS)values as compared with their GC produced counterparts.These results were attributed to the refined and modified microstructure obtained via this newly developed technique.

Evaluation of the Shear Strength of Perfobond Rib Connectors in Ultra High Performance Concrete

Since the previous strength prediction models for the perfobond rib connector were proposed based upon the results of push-out tests conducted on concretes with compressive strength below 50 MPa, push-out test is performed on perfobond shear connectors applying ultra high performance concretes with compressive strength higher than 80 MPa to evaluate their shear resistance. The test variables are chosen to be the diameter and number of dowel holes and, the change in the shear strength of the perfobond rib connector is examined with respect to the strength of two types of UHPC: steel fiber-reinforced concrete with compressive strength of 180 MPa and concrete without steel fiber with compressive strength of 80 MPa. The test results reveal that higher concrete strength and larger number of holes increased the shear strength, and that higher increase rate in the shear strength was achieved by the dowel action. The comparison with the predictions obtained by the previous models shows that the experimental results are close to the values given by the model proposed by Oguejiofor and Hosain [1].

Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams

This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Shear Behavior of Open Steel Tube Connectors in Steel⁃UHPC Composite Decks

Steel and ultra⁃high performance concrete(UHPC)composite decks are effective at reducing fatigue cracking and asphalt pavement damage.The shear behavior of innovative open steel tube(OST)connectors in steel⁃UHPC composite decks was investigated by conducting push⁃out tests.The test parameter is the presence of reinforcement in the deck.The load⁃slip curves and shear behavior of the push⁃out specimens were obtained and discussed.The test results indicate that as compared with plain concrete specimens,the limit slip of reinforced specimens decreased by 32%and the shear stiffness increased by 10%,but the ultimate shear capacity was almost the same.The use of UHPC influenced the failure process as it was observed that the OST connector was sheared off at its lower semi⁃tube,followed by the pull⁃out failure of the upper semi⁃tube.A finite element model was verified by tests and was then used to analyze the deformation and failure behaviors of the composite deck with open tubes.The model demonstrates that there is a stress concentration zone at the connector root,and the lower semi⁃tube is the main component that is subject to loads.

Interfacial Shear Strength Measurements of SiC Fiber-Reinforced Titanium Composites

A continuous loading push-out test technique was used to measure the interfacial shear strength of SiC fiber reinforced Ti matrix composites. The interfacial shear strength of samples as-fabricated and after heat exposed at 700 and 800℃ for 50 h was successfully determined. It has been found that the interfacial shear strength of the specimen exposed at 700℃ was higher than that of as-prepared and exposed samples at 800℃. The shear strength of the as-prepared samples was about 112.45 MPa, and increased to about 153.77 MPa after heat-treating at 700℃ for 50 h, but decreased to 133.11 MPa after treating at 800℃ for 50 h. Scanning electron microscope （SEM） was used to investigate the interfacial morphology of the samples. The brittle phase was the main products of interface for samples exposed at 800℃, and the interface was easily peeled off.

钢-UHPC轻型组合结构短栓钉抗剪性能试验研究

通过6个钢-超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)轻型组合结构短栓钉推出试验,对其抗剪承载力、破坏形态、栓钉应变及荷载-滑移曲线进行了研究,探讨了栓钉直径、长度、数量以及界面黏结对短栓钉抗剪性能的影响规律.结果表明:所有试件均为栓钉根部剪切破坏,UHPC板除栓钉根部沿承压方向部分UHPC压碎外,其余部分保持完好,UHPC可以抵抗栓钉传递的高压应力;栓钉根部截面屈服后应力强化阶段明显,栓钉发生剪切破坏时,栓钉根部上侧应变超过3500με;长径比为2.0的短栓钉在UHPC中也能发挥全部强度;所有试件的荷载-滑移曲线分为弹性、弹塑性和塑性3个阶段,所有短栓钉的最大滑移量均小于4 mm,工程应用时应按照弹性剪力连接件进行设计;栓钉直径对栓钉抗剪性能提高最显著,直径16 mm的栓钉比直径13 mm的栓钉的抗剪承载力和极限滑移分别提高了46.4%和11%,弹性刚度和塑性刚度分别提高了35.8%和59.1%,增加栓钉长度和界面黏结能有效提高栓钉的剪切刚度,长径比为3.0的栓钉比长径比为2.5的栓钉的弹性刚度提高了12.3%,界面有黏结试件比界面无黏结试件的弹性刚度提高了17.4%;相同间距内,合理增加更多栓钉有利于提高整体抗剪强度,但会降低延性变形能力.最后,结合实验数据和国内外UHPC中栓钉推出试验结果,建立了UHPC中栓钉荷载-滑移曲线和抗剪承载力预测表达式,计算值与试验值吻合良好.

Shear Behavior in Indented Concrete Layers with Different Strengths

This paper investigates the design formula for the shear strength at the concrete-to-concrete interface proposed in Eurocode with regard to concrete layers with different strengths. Based upon the results of the study on the applicability of the design formula, push-off test is conducted on specimens with various indented interfaces to evaluate the actual behavior with respect to the surface roughness. The experimental results reveal that the interfacial shear strength increases with higher compressive strength of the concrete layers presenting different strengths and that the shear strength at the indented interface differs by 20% to 50% compared to the value predicted by the design formula. Especially, the shear strength developed between the concrete layers with different strengths appears to be different from the prediction of the design formula as much as the layers present larger difference in their compressive strengths.

钢-混凝土组合梁螺栓连接件受剪性能试验研究

传统螺栓连接件的直径小于钢梁预留孔的孔径,导致螺栓与孔壁存在间隙,容易引发钢梁与上部混凝土板间发生相对滑移使组合梁挠度增大。为尽量减小或消除上述间隙,本文引入铰制孔螺栓和螺纹孔螺栓作为组合结构的剪力连接件,并提出锥套自锁螺栓连接件。设计并开展了8个螺栓连接件推出试验,基于各试件的荷载-滑移曲线,研究了3种螺栓连接件与传统螺栓连接件间的抗剪承载力、滑移能力及抗剪刚度等受剪力学性能的具体差异。研究结果表明:3种螺栓连接件的破坏形态与传统螺栓连接件表现一致,均为螺栓杆剪断,混凝土无压溃现象;3种螺栓连接件的抗剪承载力均接近于传统螺栓连接件的抗剪承载力;基于试件的荷载-滑移曲线,3种螺栓连接件均可分为弹性阶段、塑性阶段及破坏阶段;3种螺栓连接件的延性系数和抗剪刚度均明显优于传统螺栓。综合考虑力学性能、施工性能和经济性,本文建议选用铰制孔螺栓用于组合结构的剪力连接件。

装配式槽钢组合梁中开孔钢板连接件力学性能

为研究新型装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中开孔钢板剪力连接件(PSP剪力连接件)的力学性能,设计7组标准试件并开展推出试验,对比分析不同参数PSP剪力连接件的受剪承载力和破坏模式。利用ABAQUS非线性有限元模型对PSP剪力连接件的破坏模式和受力机制进行数值模拟,并与试验结果对比验证计算结果的可靠性。在此基础上,进一步分析开孔钢板厚度、开孔直径、混凝土强度、穿孔钢筋及连接件间距对PSP剪力连接件力学性能的影响。结果表明:除10 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件外,所有4 mm与6 mm厚度的PSP剪力连接件均发生明显弯曲变形,试件破坏时连接件周围混凝土均出现斜向裂缝;开孔直径和穿孔钢筋对受剪承载力和抗剪刚度影响较小,而增加开孔钢板厚度、混凝土强度能提高剪力连接件受剪承载力和抗剪刚度;对于双排PSP剪力连接件,增大连接件间距能够显著提高单排PSP剪力连接件平均承载力,当间距为250 mm时,单排平均承载力达到单个PSP剪力连接件的91.2%。根据试验及有限元荷载滑移曲线提出装配式双拼槽钢-混凝土组合梁中单个PSP连接件荷载滑移曲线计算公式,为装配式双拼槽钢混组合梁的设计提供参考。

钢-混组合结构群钉连接件的连杆效应试验研究

钢—混组合结构连接件中栓钉式群钉连接件存在单钉承载力折减及群钉中栓钉的剪力分布不均匀的情况,本文提出一种带连杆的群钉连接件,旨在通过在栓钉之间设置连杆使群钉中栓钉之间的剪力分布更加均匀,并提高构件的整体承载能力。利用推出试验结合有限元模拟,揭示了带连杆群钉连接件的作用机理,并通过参数分析给出群钉构件合理的连杆布置位置以及尺寸。研究结果表明:在构件达到极限承载力时,合理的设置连杆能够减少83.76%的栓钉底部剪力分布的不均匀程度,对构件承载能力的提升能达到8.56%。本文研究可为带连杆群钉连接件的结构优化提供一定的理论基础,推动新型连接件的发展。

波形钢-UHPC组合桥面板中栓钉-PBL连接件抗剪性能数值模拟研究

针对波形顶板-超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)新型组合桥面板结构,提出在波形钢板波峰处布置短栓钉,波谷处布置开孔板(Perfobond Leiste,PBL),形成栓钉-PBL组合连接件协同抗剪。为探究该组合连接件的抗剪力学性能,建立组合连接件推出试验及梁式试验的有限元模型,并基于现有试验对模型的正确性进行验证。在此基础上,讨论了栓钉直径、PBL孔径、栓钉抗拉强度和UHPC抗压强度等设计参数对组合连接件抗剪性能的影响规律。通过分析组合连接件在推出试验全过程中的剪力分配规律,揭示了波形顶板-UHPC组合结构中栓钉与PBL剪力连接件的协同工作机理及破坏机理,并基于此提出组合连接件的设计理论和抗剪承载力计算方法。研究结果表明:组合连接件受到的剪力由栓钉和PBL共同承担,增加短栓钉直径、PBL孔径和UHPC强度均可有效提高组合连接件抗剪承载力;栓钉与无贯穿钢筋的PBL连接件抗剪承载力相近时,后者在加载初期承担的荷载较大,并会早于栓钉发生破坏;二者抗剪承载力之比在1.5左右时,大致同时进入破坏阶段,组合效果最佳;提出的栓钉-PBL组合连接件抗剪承载力计算公式的计算结果与有限元及试验结果吻合度较高;抗剪连接程度相同时,采用组合连接件的桥面板受力性能最佳,钢板与UHPC层之间的相对滑移和间隙均最小。

预制钢-UHPC组合梁中橡胶-短栓钉剪力件的抗剪性能试验研究

为了探究钢-UHPC组合梁中橡胶-短栓钉剪力件的抗剪性能,试验设计并制作了10个推出试件,研究橡胶套筒尺寸和加载制度对其抗剪性能的影响规律。试验结果表明:试件以栓钉剪断为主要破坏形式,并伴随栓钉附近局部混凝土压碎。橡胶套筒厚度对剪力件的抗剪承载力影响较小,橡胶套筒厚度为2mm的组合剪力件承载力为普通剪力件的94%。随着橡胶套筒厚度的增加,剪力件的抗剪刚度随之下降,最小为普通剪力件的87%;相对滑移则随着厚度增加而增加,最大为普通剪力件的142%。而随着橡胶套筒的高度增加,剪力件的抗剪承载力随之减少,橡胶套筒高度为50mm的组合剪力件承载力为普通剪力件的89%;随着橡胶套筒高度的增加,剪力件的抗剪刚度随之下降,最小为普通剪力件的75%;相对滑移则随着高度的增加而增加,最大为普通剪力件的137%。

基于ABAQUS二次开发下大直径群钉抗剪性能研究

为研究大直径群钉的抗剪性能,综合考虑大直径群钉推出试验过程中材料、接触及几何非线性,采用ABAQUS软件建立推出模型。对推出模型进行二次开发,研究预留块材料强度、栓钉直径、栓钉高度和钢梁翼缘板厚度对栓钉抗剪性能的影响。主要结论如下:集束式大直径栓钉抗剪时,增大预留块材料强度等级,钢梁翼缘板翘曲程度减小,大直径栓钉应力不均匀程度减弱,显著减小了预留块受压损伤面积。增大栓钉直径可有效提高栓钉的极限抗剪承载力,但栓钉根部后方混凝土受压损伤区域也明显增大,大直径栓钉应力不均匀程度增加,群钉效应较为显著。增大栓钉高度和钢梁翼缘板厚度对平均单钉的极限抗剪承载力影响不大,为减小钢梁翼缘板翘曲程度,可优先选择增加钢梁翼缘板厚度。研究成果可为钢-混组合结构中集束式大直径栓钉抗剪设计提供参考。

UHPC-NC组合箱梁顶板界面抗剪性能试验研究

为了研究超高性能混凝土(UHPC)与普通混凝土(NC)组合箱梁的界面抗剪性能,该文设计了3类界面处理方式不同的试件,分别为不处理类、凿毛类、涂缓凝剂+水冲洗类,同时进行了UHPC与NC的组合推出试验,分析3类试件的破坏形态和抗剪性能.试验结果表明:UHPC与NC组合结构进行界面处理后,推出试件的破坏形态为普通混凝土侧的拔出破坏,与界面不处理的破坏形态相同,且各类试件的初始剪切刚度相近.但不同界面处理方式对试件的平均抗剪强度影响较大,进行界面处理后相较于不处理时的平均抗剪强度大幅提高,均为不处理时的4倍以上.

NRC-UHPC界面抗剪性能试验研究

为了探讨植筋螺杆直径以及超高性能混凝土(UHPC)浇筑方法对普通钢筋混凝土(NRC)与UHPC间抗剪受力性能的影响,该文设计了两组共6个推出试件,并进行抗剪性能试验。试验结果表明:NRC-UHPC界面混凝土黏结力失效后,植筋螺杆仍可继续发挥抗剪作用,从而使荷载达到峰值后的试件破坏过程呈现出延性特征;对于使用直径为12 mm和16 mm螺杆的试件,随着螺杆直径的增大,试件的抗剪承载力和界面破坏时的延性均得到提升。在采用后浇UHPC层的试件(ZJ组)中,当螺杆直径为16 mm时,其破坏形态介于剪断与拔出之间。而使用高强砂浆作为填充材料的试件(GJ组)的界面,在荷载-滑移曲线上表现出的延性低于后浇UHPC试件(ZJ组)。此外,基于试验结果,对比了ACI、AASHTO和FIB规范给出的抗剪公式发现,同时考虑了剪-摩擦和销栓效应的FIB公式能较为准确地描述试件的界面抗剪承载力。因此,建议采用FBI规范来计算使用UHPC加固的植筋NRC结构的抗剪承载力。

高性能材料桥梁外挂板摩擦耗能节点受力性能试验及分析

为实现高性能材料外挂板与桥梁主梁的装配式连接,提出一种由螺栓、长圆孔垫片、圆孔垫片、防松垫圈、垫高垫片和角钢组成的新型摩擦耗能节点。设计并开展了新型摩擦耗能节点的推出试验,探究了超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)、玻璃纤维增强水泥(Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete,GRC)两种材料外挂板节点在不同方向剪切力作用下的荷载-滑移特征、螺栓滑移路径、极限承载力和破坏模式,并采用数值模拟方法对不同螺栓直径节点的受力性能进行扩大参数分析。试验结果表明:该摩擦耗能节点抗剪破坏形态均为螺栓剪断,螺栓刺入混凝土会造成螺栓孔壁不同程度压碎,GRC挂板螺栓孔壁损坏较严重且有裂缝形成,UHPC挂板仅被螺栓轻微刺入。节点受剪方向对螺栓滑移路径、变形特性以及节点极限承载力有明显影响,沿长螺栓孔短边方向推出抗剪承载力高于沿长边推出;M16螺栓节点抗剪承载力约为螺栓抗拉承载力的72%~87%。数值模拟结果表明:螺栓直径每增大2 mm节点抗剪极限承载力约提升16%,改变UHPC强度对节点抗剪承载力无明显影响,破坏模式均为螺杆受剪断裂。

基于加速锈蚀试验的群钉连接件抗剪性能研究

为研究栓钉在锈蚀情况下的抗剪性能退化规律,文中对群钉连接件组合试件进行恒电流加速锈蚀试验与推出试验。结果表明,栓钉锈蚀不会影响其破坏形态,但会减少连接件的抗剪承载力和极限滑移值,根据各试件的抗剪承载力拟合出锈蚀降低函数,发现栓钉的抗剪承载力与锈蚀率之间为指数降低的关系。

Study on Shear Strength Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Basalt Based on in-situ Direct Shear Test at Baihetan Hydropower Station

Columnar jointed basalt(CJB) widely distributes in the dam site of the Baihetan Hydropower Station.The columnar joint structure and fracture development of CJB have significant influence on the mechanical properties of rock mass,and the mechanical properties of CJB are of great significance to the Baihetan Hydropower Project.Therefore,in-situ direct shear tests were carried out on ten test adit at different locations in the dam site area to study the shear behavior of CJB.In this study,21 sets of in-situ direct shear tests were conducted for rock types of type Ⅱ_(2),type Ⅲ_(1)and type Ⅲ_(2),with horizontal and vertical shear planes and two different specimen sizes of CJB.Shear strength parameters of CJB were obtained by linear fitting of in-situ direct shear test results based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.The results indicate that the shear strength parameters of CJB with horizontal shear plane increase as the increase of rock type grade.The shear strength parameters of CJB show obvious anisotropy and the friction coefficient of the horizontal shear plane is greater than the vertical shear plane.The friction coefficient in the horizontal direction of the shear plane is 1.27 times that in the vertical direction of the shear plane.With the increase of rock type grade,the difference of friction coefficient becomes larger.However,the cohesion changes little whether the shear plane is horizontal or vertical.In addition,the size effect of CJB in this area is significant.The shear strength parameters of large size(100 cm × 100 cm) specimens are lower than those of regular size(50 cm × 50 cm) specimens.The reduction of cohesion is greater than that of the friction coefficient.For rock type Ⅲ_(2),the cohesion of large-size specimens is 0.637 of the regular-size specimens.The reduction percentage of the friction coefficient for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.66 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The reduction percentage of the cohesion for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.27 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The size effect decreases with the increase of rock type grade.The research results of this study can provide an important basis for the selection of rock mechanics parameters in the dam site area of Baihetan Hydropower Station and the stability analysis of the dam foundation and rocky slopes.

钢-预制UHPC组合梁中高强螺栓剪力键群的抗剪性能试验研究

为研究高强螺栓作为钢-预制UHPC组合梁剪力键的抗剪性能,共设计15个推出试件,探究螺栓间距和螺栓数量对试件的破坏模式、荷载-滑移曲线、极限承载力、延性和初始抗剪刚度的影响。试验结果表明,推出试件的主要破坏模式为螺栓剪力键剪断,同时在螺栓剪切面下端有局部UHPC受压剥落,UHPC预制板只在剪力槽四周出现细微裂缝。减小螺栓间距会导致试件的抗剪性能降低;而增加螺栓数量可以有效地提高试件的抗剪性能,但也会导致单栓初始抗剪刚度下降。分析国内外现行钢-混凝土组合梁中剪力键的抗剪承载力计算公式,并以此提出一条更适用于钢-预制UHPC组合梁中高强螺栓剪力键群的抗剪承载力计算公式。对比提出公式的计算值与试验值,两者的平均比值、标准差和变异系数分别为1.02、0.02和0.02。