The development and utilization of lunar resources are entering a critical stage.Immediate focus is needed on key technologies for in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)and lunar base construction.This paper comparatively...The development and utilization of lunar resources are entering a critical stage.Immediate focus is needed on key technologies for in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)and lunar base construction.This paper comparatively analyzes the basic characteristics of lunar regolith samples returned from Chang'e-5(CE-5),Apollo,and Luna missions,focusing on their physical,mechanical,mineral,chemical,and morphological parameters.Given the limited availability of lunar regolith,more than 50 lunar regolith simulants are summarized.The differences between lunar regolith and simulants concerning these parameters are discussed.To facilitate the construction of lunar bases,this article summarizes the advancements in research on construction materials derived from lunar regolith simulants.Based on statistical results,lunar regolith simulant-based composites are classified into 5 types by their strengthening and toughening mechanisms,and a comprehensive analysis of molding methods,preparation conditions,and mechanical properties is conducted.Furthermore,the potential lunar base construction forms are reviewed,and the adaptability of lunar regolith simulant-based composites and lunar base construction methods are proposed.The key demands of lunar bases constructed with lunar regolith-based composites are discussed,including energy demand,in-situ buildability,service performance,and structural availability.This progress contributes to providing essential material and methodological support for future lunar construction.展开更多
To develop Martian soil simulant,basalts of the Chahar volcanic group in Wulanchabu,Inner Mongolia,China were selected as the simulant initial materials,which were ground and sorted to a predetermined particle size ra...To develop Martian soil simulant,basalts of the Chahar volcanic group in Wulanchabu,Inner Mongolia,China were selected as the simulant initial materials,which were ground and sorted to a predetermined particle size ratio,and small amounts of magnetite and hematite were added.The main phases of NEU Mars-1 simulant were plagioclase,augite and olivine.The glass transition and crystallization temperatures of NEU Mars-1 were 547.8 and 795.7°C,respectively.The complex dielectric constant,magnetic conductivity(0.99-1.045),and dielectric loss tangent angles(0.0025-0.030)of NEU Mars-1 were all stable in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz.Mossbauer spectroscopy results showed that the mass ratio of Fe2+to Fe3+in the simulant was 77.6:22.4.The NEU Mars-1 Martian soil simulant demonstrated particle size ratio,chemical composition,phase composition,thermal stability,and dielectric property similar to Martian soil,and can be used as the substitute material to extract oxygen and metals with in-situ resource utilization technologies.展开更多
To fully utilize the in-situ resources on the moon to facilitate the establishment of a lunar habitat is significant to realize the long-term residence of mankind on the moon and the deep space exploration in the futu...To fully utilize the in-situ resources on the moon to facilitate the establishment of a lunar habitat is significant to realize the long-term residence of mankind on the moon and the deep space exploration in the future.Thus,intensive research works have been conducted to develop types of 3D printing approach to adapt to the extreme environment and utilize the lunar regolith for in-situ construction.However,the in-situ 3D printing using raw lunar regolith consumes extremely high energy and time.In this work,we proposed a cost-effective melting extrusion system for lunar regolith-based composite printing,and engineering thermoplastic powders are employed as a bonding agent for lunar regolith composite.The high-performance nylon and lunar regolith are uniformly pre-mixed in powder form with different weight fractions.The high-pressure extrusion system is helpful to enhance the interface affinity of polymer binders with lunar regolith as well as maximize the loading ratio of in-situ resources of lunar regolith.Mechanical properties such as tensile strength,elastic modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of the printed specimens were evaluated systematically.Especially,the impact performance was emphasized to improve the resistance of the meteorite impact on the moon.The maximum tensile strength and impact toughness reach 36.2 MPa and 5.15 kJ/m2,respectively.Highpressure melt extrusion for lunar regolith composite can increase the effective loading fraction up to 80 wt.% and relatively easily adapt to extreme conditions for in-situ manufacturing.展开更多
Powering a moon base,especially keeping it warm during the long lunar night,is a big challenge.This paper introduces a photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system incorporating regolith thermal storage to solve the challenge of ...Powering a moon base,especially keeping it warm during the long lunar night,is a big challenge.This paper introduces a photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system incorporating regolith thermal storage to solve the challenge of power and heat provision for the lunar base simultaneously.The vacuum of space around the moon helps this system by reducing heat loss.During the moon's daytime,the system not only generates electricity but also captures heat.This stored heat in the regolith is then used at night,reducing the amount of equipment we need to send from Earth.The spectrally selective PV/T panels are designed to absorb a wide range of sunlight(0.3–2.5μm)while minimizing heat loss in the infrared range(3–30μm).Simulation results of the hybrid solar energy system indicate the average value of the overall efficiency is 45.9%,which relatively elevates 56.1%compared to the PV system.The launch mass of the proposed PV/T system is only 8.4%of a traditional photovoltaic-lithium battery system with the same amount of energy storage.And the total specific energy of the proposed system is 7.3 kWh kg^(-1),while that of the photovoltaic-lithium battery system is about 0.3 kWh kg^(-1).In summary,this study proposes an alternative combined heat and electricity supply system for the lunar base,which can greatly reduce the launch mass and free up load for other scientific research equipment.展开更多
With the rapid development of space technology and the increasing demand for space missions,the traditional spacecraft manufacturing,deployment and launch methods have been unable to meet existing needs.In-space assem...With the rapid development of space technology and the increasing demand for space missions,the traditional spacecraft manufacturing,deployment and launch methods have been unable to meet existing needs.In-space assembly(ISA)technologies can effectively adapt to the assembly of large space structures,improve spacecraft performance,and reduce operating costs.In this paper,the development and technologies for ISA are reviewed.ISA is classified from multiple angles,and the research status of ISA is shown clearly through the visual mapping knowledge domain.Then the development status of autonomous robot assembly in the United States,Europe,Japan,Canada and China is reviewed.Furthermore,the key technologies of ISA are analyzed from three aspects:assembly structure design,robot technologies and integrated management technologies.ISA technologies are still facing major challenges and need to be further explored to promote future development.Finally,future development trends and potential applications of ISA are given,which show that ISA will play a vital role in human space exploration in the future.展开更多
The construction of a lunar base is considered to be an important step towards deep-space exploration by humanity,and will rely on the utilisation of in situ lunar resources.In this paper,we discuss the current knowle...The construction of a lunar base is considered to be an important step towards deep-space exploration by humanity,and will rely on the utilisation of in situ lunar resources.In this paper,we discuss the current knowledge on the feasibility of converting lunar soil to high-performance fibres that can be used for the construction of a lunar base.This fibre would be combined with further portions of lunar soil to generate fibre-reinforced composites,which is utilized as multi-functional materials for lunar base construction.We discuss and analyse the latest findings regarding the composition of lunar soil simulants and their fibrisation properties,and techniques for fibre spinning and system integration.Finally,we suggest how the achievements made so far could be applied to the construction of a lunar base.展开更多
Over time,natural materials have evolved to be lightweight,high-strength,tough,and damage-tolerant due to their unique biological structures.Therefore,combining biological inspiration and structural design would provi...Over time,natural materials have evolved to be lightweight,high-strength,tough,and damage-tolerant due to their unique biological structures.Therefore,combining biological inspiration and structural design would provide traditional materials with a broader range of performance and applications.Here,the application of an ink-based three-dimensional(3D)printing strategy to the structural design of a Lunar regolith simulant-based geopolymer(HIT-LRS-1 GP)was first reported,and high-precision carbon fiber/quartz sand-reinforced biomimetic patterns inspired by the cellular sandwich structure of plant stems were fabricated.This study demonstrated how different cellular sandwich structures can balance the structure–property relationship and how to achieve unprecedented damage tolerance for a geopolymer composite.The results presented that components based on these biomimetic architectures exhibited stable non-catastrophic fracture characteristics regardless of the compression direction,and each structure possessed effective damage tolerance and anisotropy of mechanical properties.The results showed that the compressive strengths of honeycomb sandwich patterns,triangular sandwich patterns,wave sandwich patterns,and rectangular sandwich patterns in the Y-axis(Z-axis)direction were 15.6,17.9,11.3,and 20.1 MPa(46.7,26.5,23.8,and 34.4 MPa),respectively,and the maximum fracture strain corresponding to the above four structures could reach 10.2%,6.7%,5.8%,and 5.9%(12.1%,13.7%,13.6%,and 13.9%),respectively.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42172319)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023ZKPYLJ01)。
文摘The development and utilization of lunar resources are entering a critical stage.Immediate focus is needed on key technologies for in-situ resource utilization(ISRU)and lunar base construction.This paper comparatively analyzes the basic characteristics of lunar regolith samples returned from Chang'e-5(CE-5),Apollo,and Luna missions,focusing on their physical,mechanical,mineral,chemical,and morphological parameters.Given the limited availability of lunar regolith,more than 50 lunar regolith simulants are summarized.The differences between lunar regolith and simulants concerning these parameters are discussed.To facilitate the construction of lunar bases,this article summarizes the advancements in research on construction materials derived from lunar regolith simulants.Based on statistical results,lunar regolith simulant-based composites are classified into 5 types by their strengthening and toughening mechanisms,and a comprehensive analysis of molding methods,preparation conditions,and mechanical properties is conducted.Furthermore,the potential lunar base construction forms are reviewed,and the adaptability of lunar regolith simulant-based composites and lunar base construction methods are proposed.The key demands of lunar bases constructed with lunar regolith-based composites are discussed,including energy demand,in-situ buildability,service performance,and structural availability.This progress contributes to providing essential material and methodological support for future lunar construction.
基金Project(2017YFC0805100)supported by the National Key R&D Program of ChinaProject(GUIKE AA18118030)supported by Guangxi Innovation-driven Development Program,ChinaProject(N172502003)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China.
文摘To develop Martian soil simulant,basalts of the Chahar volcanic group in Wulanchabu,Inner Mongolia,China were selected as the simulant initial materials,which were ground and sorted to a predetermined particle size ratio,and small amounts of magnetite and hematite were added.The main phases of NEU Mars-1 simulant were plagioclase,augite and olivine.The glass transition and crystallization temperatures of NEU Mars-1 were 547.8 and 795.7°C,respectively.The complex dielectric constant,magnetic conductivity(0.99-1.045),and dielectric loss tangent angles(0.0025-0.030)of NEU Mars-1 were all stable in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz.Mossbauer spectroscopy results showed that the mass ratio of Fe2+to Fe3+in the simulant was 77.6:22.4.The NEU Mars-1 Martian soil simulant demonstrated particle size ratio,chemical composition,phase composition,thermal stability,and dielectric property similar to Martian soil,and can be used as the substitute material to extract oxygen and metals with in-situ resource utilization technologies.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFB1102800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Excellent Young Scholars(Grant No.11722219)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51905439)the Emerging(Interdisciplinary)Cultivation Project of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(Grant Nos.19SH030403,20SH030201,and 21SH030601).
文摘To fully utilize the in-situ resources on the moon to facilitate the establishment of a lunar habitat is significant to realize the long-term residence of mankind on the moon and the deep space exploration in the future.Thus,intensive research works have been conducted to develop types of 3D printing approach to adapt to the extreme environment and utilize the lunar regolith for in-situ construction.However,the in-situ 3D printing using raw lunar regolith consumes extremely high energy and time.In this work,we proposed a cost-effective melting extrusion system for lunar regolith-based composite printing,and engineering thermoplastic powders are employed as a bonding agent for lunar regolith composite.The high-performance nylon and lunar regolith are uniformly pre-mixed in powder form with different weight fractions.The high-pressure extrusion system is helpful to enhance the interface affinity of polymer binders with lunar regolith as well as maximize the loading ratio of in-situ resources of lunar regolith.Mechanical properties such as tensile strength,elastic modulus,and Poisson’s ratio of the printed specimens were evaluated systematically.Especially,the impact performance was emphasized to improve the resistance of the meteorite impact on the moon.The maximum tensile strength and impact toughness reach 36.2 MPa and 5.15 kJ/m2,respectively.Highpressure melt extrusion for lunar regolith composite can increase the effective loading fraction up to 80 wt.% and relatively easily adapt to extreme conditions for in-situ manufacturing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52106276 and 52130601)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.WK2090000038)the Joint research center for multi-energy complementation and conversion of USTC。
文摘Powering a moon base,especially keeping it warm during the long lunar night,is a big challenge.This paper introduces a photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system incorporating regolith thermal storage to solve the challenge of power and heat provision for the lunar base simultaneously.The vacuum of space around the moon helps this system by reducing heat loss.During the moon's daytime,the system not only generates electricity but also captures heat.This stored heat in the regolith is then used at night,reducing the amount of equipment we need to send from Earth.The spectrally selective PV/T panels are designed to absorb a wide range of sunlight(0.3–2.5μm)while minimizing heat loss in the infrared range(3–30μm).Simulation results of the hybrid solar energy system indicate the average value of the overall efficiency is 45.9%,which relatively elevates 56.1%compared to the PV system.The launch mass of the proposed PV/T system is only 8.4%of a traditional photovoltaic-lithium battery system with the same amount of energy storage.And the total specific energy of the proposed system is 7.3 kWh kg^(-1),while that of the photovoltaic-lithium battery system is about 0.3 kWh kg^(-1).In summary,this study proposes an alternative combined heat and electricity supply system for the lunar base,which can greatly reduce the launch mass and free up load for other scientific research equipment.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1304600)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775541)CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team(No.JCTD-2018-11)。
文摘With the rapid development of space technology and the increasing demand for space missions,the traditional spacecraft manufacturing,deployment and launch methods have been unable to meet existing needs.In-space assembly(ISA)technologies can effectively adapt to the assembly of large space structures,improve spacecraft performance,and reduce operating costs.In this paper,the development and technologies for ISA are reviewed.ISA is classified from multiple angles,and the research status of ISA is shown clearly through the visual mapping knowledge domain.Then the development status of autonomous robot assembly in the United States,Europe,Japan,Canada and China is reviewed.Furthermore,the key technologies of ISA are analyzed from three aspects:assembly structure design,robot technologies and integrated management technologies.ISA technologies are still facing major challenges and need to be further explored to promote future development.Finally,future development trends and potential applications of ISA are given,which show that ISA will play a vital role in human space exploration in the future.
基金This work was supported by the Western Light Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,2019-JCTD-001)the Poverty Alleviation Program of CAS(KFJ-FP-202103)the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Science and Technology Partnership Program and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program(2021E01007).
文摘The construction of a lunar base is considered to be an important step towards deep-space exploration by humanity,and will rely on the utilisation of in situ lunar resources.In this paper,we discuss the current knowledge on the feasibility of converting lunar soil to high-performance fibres that can be used for the construction of a lunar base.This fibre would be combined with further portions of lunar soil to generate fibre-reinforced composites,which is utilized as multi-functional materials for lunar base construction.We discuss and analyse the latest findings regarding the composition of lunar soil simulants and their fibrisation properties,and techniques for fibre spinning and system integration.Finally,we suggest how the achievements made so far could be applied to the construction of a lunar base.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072090 and 51872063)the Heilongjiang Touyan Innovation Team Program and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.YQ2019E002)the Advanced Talents Scientific Research Foundation of Shenzhen:Yu Zhou,and the Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program Project(No.21SYSX0170).
文摘Over time,natural materials have evolved to be lightweight,high-strength,tough,and damage-tolerant due to their unique biological structures.Therefore,combining biological inspiration and structural design would provide traditional materials with a broader range of performance and applications.Here,the application of an ink-based three-dimensional(3D)printing strategy to the structural design of a Lunar regolith simulant-based geopolymer(HIT-LRS-1 GP)was first reported,and high-precision carbon fiber/quartz sand-reinforced biomimetic patterns inspired by the cellular sandwich structure of plant stems were fabricated.This study demonstrated how different cellular sandwich structures can balance the structure–property relationship and how to achieve unprecedented damage tolerance for a geopolymer composite.The results presented that components based on these biomimetic architectures exhibited stable non-catastrophic fracture characteristics regardless of the compression direction,and each structure possessed effective damage tolerance and anisotropy of mechanical properties.The results showed that the compressive strengths of honeycomb sandwich patterns,triangular sandwich patterns,wave sandwich patterns,and rectangular sandwich patterns in the Y-axis(Z-axis)direction were 15.6,17.9,11.3,and 20.1 MPa(46.7,26.5,23.8,and 34.4 MPa),respectively,and the maximum fracture strain corresponding to the above four structures could reach 10.2%,6.7%,5.8%,and 5.9%(12.1%,13.7%,13.6%,and 13.9%),respectively.
