Shear creep parameters of simulative soil for deep-sea sediment

Based on mineral component and in-situ vane shear strength of deep-sea sediment, four kinds of simulative soils were prepared by mixing different bentonites with water in order to find the best simulative soil for the deep-sea sediment collected from the Pacific C-C area. Shear creep characteristics of the simulative soil were studied by shear creep test and shear creep parameters were determined by Burgers creep model. Research results show that the shear creep curves of the simulative soil can be divided into transient creep, unstable creep and stable creep, where the unstable creep stage is very short due to its high water content. The shear creep parameters increase with compressive stress and change slightly or fluctuate to approach a constant value with shear stress, and thus average creep parameters under the same compressive stress are used as the creep parameters of the simulative soil. Traction of the deep-sea mining machine walking at a constant velocity can be calculated by the shear creep constitutive equation of the deep-sea simulative soil, which provides a theoretical basis for safe operation and optimal design of the deep-sea mining machine.

A new shear rheological model for a soft interlayer with varying water content

The rheological behavior of a soft interlayer is critical to understanding slope stability, which is closely related to the water content of the soft interlayer. This study used the soft interlayer of the Permian Maokou Formation in Southwest China as an example to perform ring shear creep tests with different water content amounts. The effect of water content on the creep properties of the soft interlayer was analyzed, and a new shear rheological model was established. This research produced several findings. First, the ring shear creep deformation of the soft interlayer samples varied with the water content and the maximum instantaneous shear strain increment occurred near the saturated water content. As the water content increased, the cumulative creep increment of the samples increased. Second, the water content significantly affected the long-term strength of the soft interlayer, which decreased with the increase of water content, exhibiting a negative linear correlation. Third, a constitutive equation for the new rheological model was derived, and through fitting of the ring shear creep test data, the validity and applicability of the constitutive equation were proven. This study has developed an important foundation for studying the long-term deformation characteristics of a soft interlayer with varying water content.

Determination Method for Shear Strength Parameters of Rock-Soil Mixtures Using Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3-D Limit Equilibrium Theory

Using a combination of close-range photogrammetry and three-dimensional(3-D) limit equilibrium theory, a determination method for the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixture is presented. A close-range photogrammetry method is used for measurement of the 3-D terrain of the experimental target. Auto CAD Lisp and EXCEL VBA are used to perform 3-D limit equilibrium analysis of the stability of sliding mass and perform backanalysis of shear strength parameters. The presented method was used to determine the shear strength parameters of rock-soil mixtures at the Liyuan Hydropower Station. The 3-D terrain of sliding surface could be measured notably well using of closerange photogrammetry. The computed results reveal that the cohesion and friction angle of rock-soil mixtures were 3.15 k Pa and 29.88o for test A, respectively, and 4.43 k Pa and 28.30o for test B, respectively, within the range of shear strength parameters, as determined by field and laboratory tests. The computation of shear strength parameters is influenced by the mesh grid number, especially the cohesion of the rock-soil mixture. The application of close-range photogrammetry can reduce the siteworks and improve the computational efficiency and accuracy.

Study of electromagnetic and acoustic emission in creep experiments of water-containing rock samples

Based on biaxial shear creep tests conducted on rock samples with different water contents, we present the results of our study on the regularities of electromagnetic and acoustic emission during the process of creep experiments in which we have analyzed the contribution of water to the occurrence of electromagnetic radiation. The result shows that in the creep-fracturing course of rock samples, when the water content increases, the initial frequency and amplitude of electromagnetic and acoustic emission also increases, but at a decreasing growth rate caused by loading stress. This can be used as a criterion for the long-term stability of rock masses under conditions of repeated inundation and discharge of water.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg_2Si composite fabricated in-situ by vibrating cooling slope

An innovative semisolid technique termed as vibrating cooling slope(VCS)has been applied to producing in-situ Al-25%Mg2Si(mass fraction)composite.The molten Al-16.5Mg-9.4%Si(mass fraction)alloy with 100°C superheat was poured on the surface of an inclined copper plate(set at 45°inclined angle)while it was vibrated at a frequency of 40 Hz and an amplitude of 400μm.After travelling the length of 40 cm on the slope,the resultant semisolid alloy was cast into a steel mold.For the purpose of comparison,reference composite samples were made by gravity casting(GC)and conventionally still cooling slope casting(CS)methods using the same alloy under identical conditions.The samples were hot extruded at 500°C.It was concluded that the size of Mg2Si particles was decreased by about 50%and 70%for the CS and VCS produced samples respectively when compared to that of the GC produced sample.Despite of their higher porosity contents,both the as-cast and hot-extruded VCS processed samples exhibited higher hardness,shear yield stress(SYS)and ultimate shear strength(USS)values as compared with their GC produced counterparts.These results were attributed to the refined and modified microstructure obtained via this newly developed technique.

某核心筒收进水瓶型超高层结构设计关键问题研究

某超高层建筑位于武汉市汉阳区一线滨江区域,整体造型为下大上小逐渐收分的水瓶型,主体结构高度249m,屋面上设51m高塔冠,地上建筑总高度300m。建筑师要求外框柱贴幕墙边布置,导致塔楼大部分柱均为斜柱,在竖向荷载作用下将对楼面体系产生水平分力,设计中通过在楼面梁设置抗拉钢筋及型钢承担水平拉力。核心筒墙体在17、43层进行了转换收进,通过合理的分析及措施,确保了墙体传力路径的合理性。对主体结构进行了风洞试验并进行了相关论证,减小了设计风荷载,节约了结构造价。对结构进行了施工模拟、收缩徐变分析、墙体有限元分析及塔冠分析,结果表明结构设计安全合理。

STFE膜材力学试验与材料本构研究

STFE膜材是一种新型建筑膜材料,它具有良好的透光和透景性能,并且有较高的抗拉强度,可用于大跨度张拉结构中。本文针对这种新式膜材料,基于国内检测标准改进了单、双轴力学试验方法,并测定了其弹性模量、泊松比、剪切模量、徐变伸长率等力学参数。进一步地,提出了描述STFE膜材应力-应变关系与短期时变(徐变、应力松弛现象)力学性能的材料本构模型。试验结果表明,STFE膜材相对于传统织物涂层膜材,拥有更高的弹性模量和同等水平的徐变伸长率,相对于同样透光透景的ETFE膜材,STFE膜材的强度为其6~7倍,弹性模量为其6倍以上,且徐变伸长率不到其15%。综上所述,STFE膜材具有优异的建筑表现效果和力学性能,适合作为透明张拉膜结构的建筑材料。

泥化夹层剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

以云南某边坡中泥化夹层为研究对象,采用室内剪切蠕变试验,研究不同固结压力下泥化夹层的剪切蠕变特征。结果表明,泥化夹层蠕变曲线经历了明显的瞬时、衰减和稳态蠕变阶段,并结合蠕变速率曲线和等时应力-应变曲线分析了泥化夹层的蠕变特性。基于简单的元件模型物理原理,引入了改进的Burgers模型描述泥化夹层的粘弹性蠕变特性。在此基础上,通过多项式回归得到了组合元件模型的最优参数,拟合效果良好。因此,改进的Burgers模型能较好地反映泥化夹层的蠕变特性。

Study on Shear Strength Characteristics of Columnar Jointed Basalt Based on in-situ Direct Shear Test at Baihetan Hydropower Station

Columnar jointed basalt(CJB) widely distributes in the dam site of the Baihetan Hydropower Station.The columnar joint structure and fracture development of CJB have significant influence on the mechanical properties of rock mass,and the mechanical properties of CJB are of great significance to the Baihetan Hydropower Project.Therefore,in-situ direct shear tests were carried out on ten test adit at different locations in the dam site area to study the shear behavior of CJB.In this study,21 sets of in-situ direct shear tests were conducted for rock types of type Ⅱ_(2),type Ⅲ_(1)and type Ⅲ_(2),with horizontal and vertical shear planes and two different specimen sizes of CJB.Shear strength parameters of CJB were obtained by linear fitting of in-situ direct shear test results based on the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion.The results indicate that the shear strength parameters of CJB with horizontal shear plane increase as the increase of rock type grade.The shear strength parameters of CJB show obvious anisotropy and the friction coefficient of the horizontal shear plane is greater than the vertical shear plane.The friction coefficient in the horizontal direction of the shear plane is 1.27 times that in the vertical direction of the shear plane.With the increase of rock type grade,the difference of friction coefficient becomes larger.However,the cohesion changes little whether the shear plane is horizontal or vertical.In addition,the size effect of CJB in this area is significant.The shear strength parameters of large size(100 cm × 100 cm) specimens are lower than those of regular size(50 cm × 50 cm) specimens.The reduction of cohesion is greater than that of the friction coefficient.For rock type Ⅲ_(2),the cohesion of large-size specimens is 0.637 of the regular-size specimens.The reduction percentage of the friction coefficient for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.66 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The reduction percentage of the cohesion for type Ⅲ_(2)is 1.27 times that of type Ⅲ_(1).The size effect decreases with the increase of rock type grade.The research results of this study can provide an important basis for the selection of rock mechanics parameters in the dam site area of Baihetan Hydropower Station and the stability analysis of the dam foundation and rocky slopes.

硅质板岩剪切蠕变特性及边坡变形机理研究

为研究硅质板岩的时效蠕变效应和高边坡变形破坏演化规律,该文采用室内岩体剪切蠕变试验,通过绘制不同法向应力下硅质板岩的剪切蠕变历时曲线、剪切位移‒时间曲线和不同法向荷载及剪切荷载下蠕变速率‒时间曲线,研究了硅质板岩平均蠕变速率与剪切荷载变化规律,并采用稳态蠕变速率法确定了硅质板岩长期抗剪强度参数。研究表明:蠕变试验中,黏聚力敏感度高于内摩擦角;以十堰至巫溪高速公路ZK33+450硅质板岩高边坡为例,基于摩尔‒库仑模型采用有限差分法对该典型硅质板岩高边坡剪切蠕变条件下的变形破坏机制进行了研究分析。

三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的蠕变试验研究

三峡古滑坡的变形和长期稳定的控制性因素,在于滑动带土力学特性的强度损伤积累和时间效应。为了滑坡建模和稳定数值分析的需要,进行了泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究。并在此基础上,给出了排水条件下粘性土的Mesri蠕变模型,即剪应力-应变关系采用双曲线模型,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的弹粘塑性。

大岗山坝区岩体现场剪切蠕变试验及参数反演

现场剪切蠕变试验是了解岩体剪切蠕变特性的最重要手段。针对大岗山水电站坝区"硬、脆、碎"辉绿岩脉进行了现场剪切蠕变试验,分析了岩体的剪切蠕变变形规律和剪切蠕变速率特性。试验结果表明,在剪应力较小时坝区岩体剪切蠕变仅呈现出减速蠕变和稳态蠕变2个阶段;当剪应力接近屈服强度时,坝区岩体剪切蠕变速率由渐变增长转为突变增长,岩体在短时间内即发生破坏,呈现出加速蠕变特性。恒定正应力下辉绿岩体的稳态流变速率与剪应力之间可用指数关系来表征。根据剪切蠕变试验曲线,进行了岩体剪切蠕变模型辨识。辨识表明,西原模型可以较好反映坝区辉绿岩脉的剪切蠕变特性。通过优化反演获得坝区岩体的剪切蠕变参数,为坝基边坡工程稳定性分析和设计提供了重要的力学依据。

营口软土的固结不排水剪切蠕变特性

利用自行改装后的三轴蠕变仪对海相沉积的营口软土进行蠕变试验，获得了在不同围压、不同偏应力条件下的剪切应变与时间关系数据。分析表明：（1）固结不排水蠕变中没有体积变化，不同偏应力下剪切蠕变可用对数形式表达；（2）固结不排水剪切蠕变在低应力水平下表现为线性粘弹性，而高应力水平时则具非线性的特性。由此，提出了描述软土蠕变规律的Singh-Mitchell经验模型和五参数的广义Kelvin模型，并确定了相应的模型参数。与试验数据拟合发现：Singh-Mitchell经验模型对应力水平为20％-80％时具有较高的拟合精度；Kelvin模型中的变形模量和粘滞系数均不为常数。

黄土滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性

从陕西泾阳泾河南塬11个新近发生和临滑的黄土滑坡不同深度位置采取原状土样,根据滑坡所处的地质环境和灌溉水诱发条件,按不同应力水平和不同含水率情况,分别对滑带黄土和古土壤进行了三轴蠕变实验和直剪蠕变实验,获得了该类滑带土的蠕变特性:蠕变形变均包含等速蠕变、加速蠕变和蠕变破坏3个阶段,但从加速蠕变到蠕变破坏均历时短暂;滑带土均表现为塑性破坏特征;滑带土发生蠕变破坏时对应的应变量ε基本在10%以下,随着含水率的增加,蠕变破坏相应的应变量也随之降低;而直剪蠕变在不同含水率下的破坏应变量都在4%以内;历时(t>0 min)的应力–应变等时曲线族几乎为一束曲线簇,均具有"归一化"现象,反映出该区滑带土具有良好的一致的蠕变变形特性。讨论了滑带土蠕变特性与边坡失稳时间预报模型之间的内在联系,为黄土滑坡的临滑预报作了实验研究和理论探讨。

软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性与含水率关系研究

软弱结构面往往控制着岩体的蠕变变形,含水率又是影响软弱结构面蠕变特性的重要因素,通过开展不同含水率条件下砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率条件下剪切蠕变曲线,并考虑加载历史对试验曲线进行了修正。在此基础上,通过模型辨识选取Burgers模型描述砂岩软弱结构面蠕变的黏弹性特性。分析了含水率对砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,并对含水率影响软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的机制进行了探讨。

三峡船闸区硬性结构面蠕变特性试验研究

介绍了三峡工程船闸区硬性结构面的蠕变试验结果 ,着重分析了结构面在恒定荷载作用下的蠕变性态。在试验研究的基础上 ,提出了结构面蠕变的剪切蠕变方程。研究表明 :结构面的剪切蠕变位移不仅是加载持续时间的函数 ,且与所施加的法向压应力和剪切应力的大小有关 。

黄石淤泥质土的剪切蠕变特性及模型研究

通过室内剪切蠕变试验,对黄石地区淤泥质土蠕变特性进行了研究。结果表明:黄石淤泥质土的剪切蠕变变形可近似为线性特征;蠕变变形在一定剪应力水平下才能表现出来,剪应力水平越高,剪切蠕变变形越明显;在高应力下,土的粘滞性增加,流动性降低,剪切模量与时间呈下降幂函数关系;粘滞系数的变化受剪应力的影响并不大。针对试验数据采用线性回归分析法确定蠕变参数能取得较高的精度,Burgers体蠕变模型和经验型模型均能较好描述该地区淤泥质土的剪切蠕变规律。比较而言,采用经验型模型更适合于描述软土非线性剪切蠕变特性。

坝肩高边坡层间错动带剪切蠕变特性与模型研究

高坝工程坝肩边坡岩体深部层间错动带的蠕变力学特性与蠕变损伤特性,直接影响着水电工程的长期稳定性与整体安全性。以某坝肩高边坡岩体层间错动带的剪切蠕变力学试验为基础,研究了层间错动带的剪切蠕变力学特性,分析了层间错动带的长期剪切强度参数和加速蠕变特性及蠕变速率变化特征;通过对层间错动带加速蠕变过程中损伤演化特性的分析,研究了考虑层间错动带岩体力学参数弱化和伴随加速蠕变变化的蠕变损伤效应,并基于西原流变模型和蠕变损伤演化方程,建立了能够反映高边坡层间错动带蠕变损伤演化过程的本构模型;而后通过对比数据拟合结果与试验结果,对提出的本构模型进行验证,显示所建立本构模型的正确性与合理性。

坝区辉绿岩体的长期剪切流变强度分析研究

岩体长期剪切流变强度是进行岩体工程长期运行稳定分析的重要基础。以大岗山水电站坝区辉绿岩现场剪切流变试验数据为基础,分别采用等时应力-应变曲线法、非稳定蠕变判别法和稳态蠕变速率法计算获得坝区辉绿岩的长期剪切流变强度,并进行了对比分析。采用等时应力-应变曲线法分析坝区辉绿岩的长期剪切流变强度较为科学合理。与岩体瞬时抗剪强度相比,长期剪切流变强度因裂隙损伤扩展有所降低,坝区岩体长期剪切流变的内摩擦角衰减了30.7%,长期剪切流变的粘聚力衰减了22.6%。

岩体力学试验新技术在三峡工程中的应用

结合三峡工程岩体本构模型、拉剪应力状态下岩体强度性质、裂隙岩体开裂机理、边坡岩体卸荷带范围划分以及长期变形稳定分析等复杂岩体力学问题的研究 ,总结了岩石应力应变关系全过程测试、岩体“拉剪”试验、岩石断裂韧度测试、岩体声波测试及现场岩体蠕变等试验新技术在三峡工程中的应用。