Support design method for deep soft-rock tunnels in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field

Due to the long-term plate tectonic movements in southwestern China,the in-situ stress field in deep formations is complex.When passing through deep soft-rock mass under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field,tunnels will suffer serious asymmetric deformation.There is no available support design method for tunnels under such a situation in existing studies to clarify the support time and support stiffness.This study first analyzed the mechanical behavior of tunnels in non-hydrostatic in-situ stress field and derived the theoretical equations of the ground squeezing curve(GSC)and ground loosening curve(GLC).Then,based on the convergence confinement theory,the support design method of deep soft-rock tunnels under non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field was established considering both squeezing and loosening pressures.In addition,this method can provide the clear support time and support stiffness of the second layer of initial support.The proposed design method was applied to the Wanhe tunnel of the China-Laos railway in China.Monitoring data indicated that the optimal support scheme had a good effect on controlling the tunnel deformation in non-hydrostatic high in-situ stress field.Field applications showed that the secondary lining could be constructed properly.

Research into the Regional Characteristics of the Tectonic Stress Field in Jiashi, Xinjiang and Its Surrounding Areas

Jiashi and its surrounding areas are composed of many structural zones. Using the focal mechanism solutions of 59 moderately strong earthquakes in Jiashi and its surrounding areas, and combining these with the calculation results of system cluster and stress field inversion, we aualyzed the evolvement characteristics of the stress field for different times and different regions. The results were as follows： The earthquakes in Jiashi are mainly strike-slip. However, those of the Kalpin block are mainly reverse events, showing an obvious thrusting. The regional characteristics are different from other areas. The direction of the regional principal stress field is near NS. However, under different tectonic backgrounds, the directions of the stress fields are different. The direction of the principal compress stress is near NS in the Kashi-Wuqia area. But before and after the 3 earthquakes with M7.0, dynamic evolution from NW to NS and then to NE with time process was observed. The Kalpin block has been dominated by a consistent stress field in the NW direction for a long time. However, the direction of the stress field of the Jiashi region is NE. Since 1996, the direction of the regional stress field has changed obviously. The direction of the P axis was deflected towards the NE, and the plunge angle increased. The result shows clearly the regional characteristics and variation of the distribution pattern of the stress field in different tectonic environments.

Influences of lithology on in-situ stress field in low permeability reservoirs in Bonan Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, China

The differences of rock mechanical properties were analyzed based on triaxial compression test in low permeability reservoirs of the Bonan Oilfield. Through the analysis of reservoir mechanics, the influence mechanisms of different mechanical properties of rocks on reservoir in-situ stress were studied. By means of stress ellipse and finite element simulation, the influence rules of different mechanical properties of rocks on in-situ stress field were discussed. For the low permeability reservoirs of the Bonan Oilfield, the coarser rock has a larger Young’s modulus value and a lower Poisson’s ratio. The rock mechanical parameters and stress-strain relationship of sandstone facies and mudstone facies are different. Different rocks have different mechanical properties, which cause extra stress at the lithological contact interface, and the existence of extra stress affects the reservoir in-situ stress. Without considering the influence of structural features on the in-situ stress field, the reservoir in-situ stress is controlled by the magnitude of extra stress and the angle between lithological contact surface and boundary stress.

A workfow to Predict the Present-day in-situ Stress Field in Tectonically Stable Regions

Knowledge of the present-day in-situ stress distribution is greatly import-ant for better understanding of conventional and unconventional hydro-carbon reservoirs in many aspects,e.g,reservoir management,wellbore stability asssment,etc.In tectonically stable regions,the present-day in-situ stress field in terms of stress distribution is 1argely controlled by lithological changes,which can be predicted through|a numerical simulation method incorporating specific mechanical properties of the subsurface reservoir.In this study,a workflow was presented to predict the present-day in-situ stress field based on the finite element method(FEM).Sequentially,it consists of:i)building a three-dimensional(3D)geometric framework,i)creating a 3D petrophysical parameter field,11)integrating the geometric framework with petrophysical parameters,iv)setting up a 3D heterogeneous geomechanical model,and finally,v)calculating the present-day in-situ stress distribution and calibrating the prediction with measured stress data,e.g.,results from the extended leak-off tests(XLOTs).The approach was sucessfully applied to the Block W in Ordos Basin of central China.The results indicated that the workflow and models presented in this study could be used as an effective tool to provide insights into stress perturbations in subsurface reservoirs and geological references for subsequent analysis.

Piezomagnetic In-situ Stress Monitoring and its Application in the Longmenshan Fault Zone

The relative change of in-situ stress is an inevitable outcome of differential movement among the crust plates. Conversely, changes of in-situ stress can also lead to deformation and instability of crustal rock mass, trigger activity of faults, and induce earthquakes. Hence, monitoring real-time change of in-situ stress is of great significance. Piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring has good and longtime applications in large engineering constructions and geoscience study fields in China. In this paper, the new piezomagnetic in-situ stress monitoring system is introduced and it not only has overall improvements in measuring cell＇s structure and property, stressing and orienting way, but also enhances integration and intelligence of control and data transmission system, in general, which greatly promotes installing efficiency of measuring probe and quality of monitoring data. This paper also discusses the responses of new piezomagnetic system in large earthquake events of in-situ stress monitoring station at Qiaoqi of Baoxing and Wenxian of Gansu. The monitoring data reflect adjustments and changes of tectonic stress field at the southwestern segment of and the northern area near the Longmenshan fault zone, which shows that the new system has a good performance and application prospect in the geoscience field. Data of the Qiaoqi stress-monitoring station manifest that the Lushan Earthquake did not release stress of the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone adequately and there still probably exists seismic risk in this region in the future. Combined with absolute in-situ stress measurement, carrying out long-term in-situ stress monitoring in typical tectonic position of important regions is of great importance for researchers to assess and study regional crust stability.

Numerical modeling of tectonic stress field and fault activity in North China

On the basis of a 3-dimension visco-elastic finite element model of lithosphere in North China, we numerically simulate the recent mutative figures of tectonic stress field. Annual change characteristics of stress field are： 1 ） Maximum principal tensile stress is about 3 -9 kPaa-1 and its azimuth lie in NNW-SSE. 2） Maximum principal compressive stress is about 1 - 6 kPaa-1 and its azimuth lie in NEE-SWW. 3 ） Maximum principal tensile stress is higher both in the west region and Liaoning Province. 4） Variation of tectonic stress field benefits fault movement in the west part and northeast part of North China. 5 ）Annual accumulative rates of Coulomb fracture stress in Tanlu fault belt have segmentation patterns： Jiashan-Guangji segment is the high- est （6 kPaa - 1 ） , Anshan-Liaodongwan segment is the second （5 kPaa - l ） , and others are relatively lower （ 3 - 4 kPaa-1 ）.

Mechanism of principal stress rotation and deformation failure behavior induced by excavation in roadways

The failure modes of rock after roadway excavation are diverse and complex.A comprehensive investigation of the internal stress field and the rotation behavior of the stress axis in roadways is essential for elucidating the mechanism of roadway failure.This study aimed to examine the spatial relationship between roadways and stress fields.The law of stress axis rotation under three-dimensional(3D)stress has been extensively studied.A stress model of roadways in the spatial stress field was established,and the far-field stress state at different spatial positions of the roadways was analyzed.A mechanical model of roadways under a 3D stress state was established using far-field stress solutions as boundary conditions.The distribution of principal stressesσ1,σ2 andσ3 around the roadways and the variation of the stress principal axis were solved.It was found that the stability boundary of the stress principal axis exhibits hysteresis when compared with that of the principal stress magnitudes.A numerical analysis model for spatial roadways was established to validate the distribution of principal stress and the mechanism of principal axis rotation.Research has demonstrated that the stress axis undergoes varying degrees of spatial rotation in different orientations and radial depths.Based on the distribution of principal stress and the rotation law of the stress principal axis,the entire evolution mechanism of the two stress adjustments to form the final failure form after roadway excavation has been revealed.The on-site detection results also corroborate the findings presented in this paper.The results provide a basis for the analysis of the failure mechanism under a 3D stress state.

Recent tectonic stress field research in Shanxi graben system

By comprehension of earthquake focal mechanism solutions and the data of in-situ stress measurements, the tectonic stress field in Shanxi region has been summarized, which indicate that the stress state in this region is different from that of its eastern surrounding regions. The next, by fitting the measured data, the boundary forces that influenced the distribution of the stress field in this region has been studied using inversion method. The inversion results showed the following messages: the effect of the boundary force between the blocks is the main determinative factor for the recent tectonic stress field in Shanxi and the regional material and its property is a secondary factor; the horizontal main stress of tectonic stress field in Shanxi region is consistent with the stretch of fault basins.

Effect of hydraulic fracturing induced stress field on weak surface activation during unconventional reservoir development

Unconventional reservoirs usually contain many weak surfaces such as faults,laminae and natural fractures,and effective activation and utilization of these weak surfaces in reservoirs can significantly improve the extraction effect.In hydraulic fracturing,when the artificial fracture approaches the natural fracture,the natural fracture would be influenced by both the original in-situ stress field and the hydraulic fracturing-induced stress field.In this paper,the hydraulic fracturing-induced stress field is calculated based on the relative position of hydraulic fracture and natural fracture,the original in-situ stress,the net pressure inside the hydraulic fracture and the pore pressure of the formation.Furthermore,the stability model of the natural fracture is established by combining the Mohr-Coulomb rupture criterion,and extensive parametric studies are conducted to explore the impact of each parameter on the stability of the natural fracture.The validity of the proposed model is verified by comparing with the reservoir characteristics and fracturing process of the X-well 150e155 formation in the Songliao Basin.It is found that the stress field induced by the hydraulic fracture inhibits the activation of the natural fracture after the artificial fracture crossed the natural fracture.Therefore,for similar reservoirs as X-well 150e155,it is suggested to connect natural fractures with hydraulic fractures first and then activate natural fractures which can effectively utilize the natural fractures and form a complex fracture network.

New Understanding of Variation Characteristics of Well Water Level in Majiagou Mine,Tangshan City,Hebei,China

Based on the well water level data in Majiagou Mine in Tangshan City since 2000,it is suggested that the water level rise from 2008-2014 is possibly associated with reduced infiltration caused by less precipitation,together with the effect of less groundwater exploitation. However,the water level rise from 1992-1998 cannot be interpreted properly if we extend the data source back to 1991. After comparing the data with long-term water level data of five wells with different hydro-geological units in Tangshan and Qinhuangdao, the study indicates that the long-term water level variation cannot be only attributed to the effect of less precipitation and the control of groundwater exploitation,but also with the influence of regional stress field change.With the support of regional geological and tectonic information,combined with the comprehensive analysis of CBM data obtained from the coal field,new understandings of the dynamic characteristics of annual variation are obtained.

Analytical solutions for characteristic radii of circular roadway surrounding rock plastic zone and their application

In the non-uniform stress field, the surrounding rock plastic zone of the circular roadway shows different shapes under the different confining pressure conditions. Based on the boundary shape characteristics of the plastic zone, the characteristic radii of the plastic zone were proposed, namely the horizontal,longitudinal and medial axis radii, which could reflect the plastic zone shapes characteristics and classify the sizes of the key parts. On the theoretical basis of elastic-plastic mechanics, analytical solutions for the characteristic radii were obtained by theoretical deduction, and the relationships between the characteristic radii and key influencing factors were analyzed. Finally, the evaluation criterion of the circular roadway surrounding rock plastic zone shapes, evaluation criterion of the location of potential hazards caused by the roadway surrounding rock and evaluation critical points of roadway dynamic disasters based on characteristic radii were proposed. This work could provide a theoretical basis for stability analysis of the surrounding rock, support design, and guide the prevention and control of dynamic roadway disasters.

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Artificial Wetland Plant under Electric Field

By measuring wetland plants chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity,the changes of wetland plant physiological characeristics under different power strength were studied,and the mechanism of electric field on plant physiological characteristics was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the pollutant removal ability strengthening of artificial wetland under electricfield.The results showed that compared with the control plants,low-intensity-voltage(1 V and 3 V) had no significant effect on the normal physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants,and the growth trend was better than the control group;with the voltage increasing,plant chlorophyll content,MDA content and SOD activity were greatly affected,indicating that plants were under strong oxidative stress,and the growth was damaged.Therefore,a suitable electric field could enhance the sewage treatment effect of constructed wetland.

山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故区域应力背景与防控研究

矿山巷道、交通隧道等地下硐室围岩稳定与岩体所处区域地应力环境息息相关。分析区域深部地应力与地下硐室走向、形状等因素的关系,有助于提前规避硐室开挖风险。文章以山东龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故为背景,通过地应力测量与监测工作,初步揭示了山东西部地壳浅表层现今地应力环境,结合龙郓煤业矿区附近现今地应力场特征,探讨此次冲击地压事故产生的区域应力背景,并从地应力角度提出相应的防控建议。研究结果表明:测量深度范围内主应力大小总体上与深度成正比线性关系,最大水平主应力值为3.48~20.76 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0182 MPa/m;最小水平主应力值为3.44~14.95 MPa,随深度增加梯度为0.0130 MPa/m;区内最大水平主应力方位为北东43°~89°,平均方位为北东75°;地壳浅表层构造作用以水平构造作用为主,但随着深度的增加,逐渐向垂直构造作用转变;龙郓煤业10·20冲击地压事故的诱发机制主要是垂向应力大于水平主应力,现今处于拉张应力环境,尤其是巷道走向平行于最大水平主应力方向;建议龙郓煤业巷道轴线与最大水平主应力方向的夹角为60°~90°,同时巷道顶板可以采用拱形顶板,确保巷道岩体稳定。

不等跨十车道四连拱隧道施工全过程支护结构受力特征现场测试研究

多连拱隧道开挖洞室多、跨度大,施工过程中荷载转换频繁,支护结构受力特征复杂,对多连拱隧道支护结构受力开展现场测试研究具有重要意义。依托长沙观音岩不等跨四连拱隧道工程,选取典型断面对各洞室初支钢拱架、二次衬砌结构进行施工全过程应力监测,以获得复杂施工步序下支护结构受力特征。测试结果表明:观音岩隧道施工中,先行主洞较后行洞室承担的围岩压力更大,右主洞、左右辅洞开挖顺序居后,施工扰动次数较少,支护结构内力较小;各洞室中,初支钢拱架内力整体均呈“左小右大”的非对称分布特征,其最大轴向压力402.71 kN、最大弯矩7.97kN·m出现在左主洞的右拱脚处,二衬内力整体非对称程度较低,只以左主洞呈显著非对称分布,其余洞室呈整体对称分布;先行左主洞支护结构的内力扰动主要由受后行邻洞的开挖影响所产生,后行右主洞、左辅洞开挖支护阶段,左主洞初支钢拱架、二衬结构绝大部分位置其内力增量超过总增量的一半;采用“先主后辅,左主先行”施工方案,施工全过程支护结构的安全性均满足规范要求,支护结构设计和施工措施合理。研究成果可为复杂条件下多连拱隧道的设计与施工提供借鉴。

塔里木河植被根系对河岸冲刷特性影响的现场试验

为研究现场条件下植被根系对河岸冲刷特性的定量影响,设计制作了冲刷试验装置,在塔里木河干流上游选取了4个典型位置,开展了胡杨、芦苇、红柳和骆驼刺4种典型根系的18组土体起动切应力和冲刷系数现场试验。试验结果表明:①起动切应力随根系含量增大基本呈幂函数关系增大,且相同根系含量对应起动切应力红柳最大,胡杨和骆驼刺次之,芦苇最小;分析了单位根系含量变化对起动切应力的影响效果,其顺序为骆驼刺>胡杨>红柳>芦苇。②建立了起动切应力与根系体积密度的定量关系式;根系的存在可以减小土体冲刷系数,其值随根系含量增大基本呈幂函数关系减小,且单位根系含量增加对冲刷系数的减小效果次序为骆驼刺>胡杨>红柳>芦苇。③建立了有、无根系影响的冲刷系数与起动切应力幂函数关系式,并与已有试验结果进行了对比分析;本文试验结果与现有研究结果规律一致,但对应的系数和指数均有所差异。研究成果能为塔里木河植被护坡和河岸冲刷过程计算提供参考依据。

陕西凤翔井水位和区域应力场变化与地震活动性关系研究

陇县-宝鸡断裂带的北段闭锁程度较强,但关于其南段的闭锁性研究较少。承压含水层的观测井被认为是灵敏的“体应变计”,井水位的上升或下降变化往往能反映区域应力处于拉张或挤压状态。陕西凤翔井位于陇县-宝鸡断裂的中南段。基于对凤翔井水位在2013-2023年期间变化趋势的分析,利用气压系数和M_2波潮汐因子等滑动拟合,计算了不排水条件下,该井含水层的孔隙度、固体骨架的体积压缩系数和水的体积压缩系数。通过该井水位变化量和含水层垂向应力变化量的关系式,定量分析了该井周边地区构造应力场的时序特征。结合区域内GNSS基线和面应变变化,以及2013年以来的地震活动,综合分析认为,该区域的应力场变化分为两个阶段:(1) 2013-2017年,凤翔井水位下降,垂向应力减弱,处于拉张环境,地震频次较低;(2) 2017-2023年,凤翔井水位趋于平稳,垂向应力在零值上下波动,拉张减弱并逐渐转变为应力积累增强阶段,地震频次有所增加。综合近十年凤翔井水位、垂向应力、 GNSS基线和面应变以及地震活动性分析可知,陇县-宝鸡断裂带中南段应力积累较弱,形变量较小,处于相对稳定的状态。

北山及邻区晚古生代基性岩墙群几何特征及构造意义--基于遥感影像研究

北山及邻区广泛发育晚古生代基性岩墙群,反映了该地先存裂隙(节理)的区域构造应力场和岩墙群形成后经历的构造活动,对探究岩浆活动、反演构造演化过程及分析岩墙几何特征与构造应力之间的耦合关系具有重要意义。综合遥感和地质方法,在遥感影像中解译提取1777条基性岩墙,通过几何工具计算得到岩墙走向数据,总结岩墙群空间分布规律,同时与其形成时的大陆动力学演化背景相对应。结果表明,北山及邻区岩墙优势走向方位集中于0°~65°与320°~360°,绝大部分岩墙是在伸展作用中张性区域应力场控制下形成的,具张性性质或剪张性性质,部分岩墙受后期碰撞挤压环境影响,具张剪性性质。岩墙群主导成因机制是区域伸展构造作用,兼以地幔柱远程效应及热点作用。

车载电缆终端应控管热老化特性及对绝缘性能的影响

为研究车载电缆终端应控管热老化条件下的特性及热老化作用下的电缆终端绝缘性能,首先,通过试验研究确定车载电缆终端应控管宏观介电特性及微观老化规律;其次,基于对热老化下应控管材料电导、极化和损耗特性测试进行分析,得到不同老化周期下的介电特性曲线;最后,建立考虑应控管老化特性的车载电缆终端电场有限元模型,并基于热老化下介电参数计算应控管电缆终端电场分布.研究表明:140℃老化条件下电导率上升趋势最为显著,50 kV/m场强下电导率达到最大值1.1×10^(−10)S/m,高温(140℃)老化20 d时,相对介电常数达到最小值14.00,此外,热解反应过程中聚合物长链折叠、断裂等陷阱阻碍作用增强,介质损耗有所增大;在应控管官能团特性及微观形貌上,热老化导致应控管材料烯烃类聚合物发生热解聚反应,形成化学立体缺陷,且加剧应控管试样表面聚合物球晶的裂解以及无机氧化产物的生成,试样表面理化特性发生变化.仿真发现,在热老化条件下电缆终端内部电场畸变区域呈现扩大的趋势,电场畸变区域沿应控管向终端高压方向不断爬伸,最终稳定在乙丙橡胶主绝缘层与应控管的交界处.

基于DDA模型采空区围岩在地下水循环流场作用下应力变化规律研究

以三门峡市渑池县煤矿采空区为研究对象,运用DDA(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis)方法对采空区裂隙岩体进行渗流应力耦合分析计算,创建煤矿采空区离散介质岩体水力学模型,模拟计算了不同工况下地下水循环流场对采空区围岩应力变化状况。研究结果表明,当隔水层被破坏后,顶板水沿裂隙通道涌向采面,采空区围岩压力变化与增加回头压力呈线性关系;在地下水抽-注水循环过程中围岩压力与地面沉降也存在线性关系,长期循环这一过程,采空区围岩存在垮塌和含水层再造现象。

注浆长度与套管类型对扩大头锚索性能的影响

扩大头锚索因具有抗拔承载力大、支护效率高等优点在岩土工程中应用广泛,而注浆段落的长度和自由段保护套管的类型将对锚索受力变形特性产生影响。为此,依托实际工程开展了锚固段注浆+PE波纹管(设计方案)、全长注浆+聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)波纹管(实际施工常用方案)、锚固段注浆+高密度聚乙烯(high density polyethylen, HDPE)套管、全长注浆+HDPE套管等四种不同工况扩大头锚索的现场拉拔试验,对比分析了不同工况下锚索的拉拔荷载-位移(Q-s)曲线、荷载-弹性位移(Q-se)曲线与荷载-塑性位移(Q-sp)曲线、自由段伸长量比例、刚度系数等受力变形特征。试验结果表明,相同注浆长度条件下,采用HDPE套管相比PE波纹管能够更好地发挥对自由段的隔离保护作用,保证自由段的变形性能;而采用相同套管类型时,注浆长度的增加会导致自由段伸长量值的减小,并会增大锚索刚度系数。在试验研究的基础上,提出现场锚索施工采用锚固段注浆+HDPE套管或全长注浆+HDPE套管的建议方案,从而保证锚索受力变形性能均达到设计预期。