Microstructure of Ni /WC Surface Composite Layer on Gray Iron Substrate

The surface infiltrated composite （Ni/WC） layers on gray iron substrate were fabricated through a vacuum infiltration casting technique （VICT） using Ni-based composite powder with different WC particles content as raw materials.The microstructures of surface infiltrated composite layer,the interface structures between surface composite layer and the substrate,the changes of macro-hardness with the increasing of WC content and the micro-hardness distribution are investigated.The infiltrated composite layer includes a surface composite layer and a transition layer,and the thickness of the transition layer decreases with the increasing content of WC.The thickness of transition layer with 20%WC content in the surface infiltrated composite layer was 170 μm which was the thickest for all transition layers with different WC content.The surface composite layer was mainly composed of WC,W2C,FeB and NiB,along with Ni-Cr-Fe,Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution and Ni （Fe） solid solution.The transition layer was composed of Ni （Cr） solid solution,Ni （Fe） solid solution,Ni （Si） solid solution,Fe （Ni） solid solution and eutectic.The surface macro-hardness and micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer had been evaluated.The macro-hardness of the surface composite layer decreases with the WC content increasing,and the average macro-hardness is HRC60.The distribution of micro-hardness presents gradient change.The average micro-hardness of the infiltrated layer is about HV1000.

Polypyrrole Chitosan Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Composite Layer for Measuring the Low Concentration of Fluorene Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Fluorene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, which is a hazardous toxic chemical in the environment. The measurement of low concentrations of fluorene is a subject of intense interest in chemistry and in the environment. Polypyrrole chitosan cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are prepared using the electrochemical method. The prepared layers are characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The layers are used to detect fluorene using the surface plasmon resonance technique at room temperature. The composite layer is evaluated after detection of fluorene using atomic force microscopy. The fluorene is bound on the layer, and the shift of the resonance angle is about 0.0052°, corresponding to the limitation of 0.01 ppm.

In-situ interfacial passivation and self-adaptability synergistically stabilizing all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

The function of solid electrolytes and the composition of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)are highly significant for inhibiting the growth of Li dendrites.Herein,we report an in-situ interfacial passivation combined with self-adaptability strategy to reinforce Li_(0.33)La_(0.557)TiO_(3)(LLTO)-based solid-state batteries.Specifically,a functional SEI enriched with LiF/Li_(3)PO_(4) is formed by in-situ electrochemical conversion,which is greatly beneficial to improving interface compatibility and enhancing ion transport.While the polarized dielectric BaTiO_(3)-polyamic acid(BTO-PAA,BP)film greatly improves the Li-ion transport kinetics and homogenizes the Li deposition.As expected,the resulting electrolyte offers considerable ionic conductivity at room temperature(4.3 x 10~(-4)S cm^(-1))and appreciable electrochemical decomposition voltage(5.23 V)after electrochemical passivation.For Li-LiFePO_(4) batteries,it shows a high specific capacity of 153 mA h g^(-1)at 0.2C after 100 cycles and a long-term durability of 115 mA h g^(-1)at 1.0 C after 800 cycles.Additionally,a stable Li plating/stripping can be achieved for more than 900 h at 0.5 mA cm^(-2).The stabilization mechanisms are elucidated by ex-situ XRD,ex-situ XPS,and ex-situ FTIR techniques,and the corresponding results reveal that the interfacial passivation combined with polarization effect is an effective strategy for improving the electrochemical performance.The present study provides a deeper insight into the dynamic adjustment of electrode-electrolyte interfacial for solid-state lithium batteries.

Machinability Study of Al-5Cu-TiB₂In-situ Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Flux-assisted Synthesis

In-situ composites are multiphase materials where the reinforcing phase is synthesized by a chemical reaction. The reinforcement generated by this route is very small in size and homogeneously distributed in the matrix. Adoption of the engineering application of this material requires a systematic study of machinability characteristics. This work is an attempt to understand the machinability behavior of the Al-5Cu-TiB2 in-situ metal matrix composites fabricated by Flux-assisted Synthesis. The focus of this study is to investigate the effect of the cutting speed and feed rate on flank wear, cutting force, and surface roughness. The contribution of this paper is to study the influence of in-situ-formed TiB2 reinforcement on the machinability of Al-5Cu alloy. It was found that the increase in cutting speed increased the flank wear, reduced the cutting force, and minimized the surface roughness. Increase in the feed rate increased the flank wear, cutting force, and surface roughness. A higher reinforcement ratio increased the tool wear, reduced the cutting force, and increased the surface roughness. These findings can provide suitable machining parameters in turning of Al-5Cu-TiB2 in-situ metal matrix composites.

Selective synthesis of three-dimensional ZnO@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates with tunable interior dielectric layer

We describe the synthesis of three-dimensional(3D) multilayer ZnO@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays by the physico–chemical method. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) performance of the 3D multilayer Zn O@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays is studied by varying the thickness of dielectric layer SiO2 and outer-layer noble Ag. The 3D Zn O@Ag/SiO2@Ag nanorod arrays create a huge number of SERS "hot spots" that mainly contribute to the high SERS sensitivity. The great enhancement of SERS results from the electron transfer between ZnO and Ag and different electromagnetic enhancements of Ag nanoparticles(NPs) with different thicknesses. Through the finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) theoretical simulation, the enhancement of SERS signal can be ascribed to a strong electric field enhancement produced in the 3D framework. The simplicity and generality of our method offer great advantages for further understanding the SERS mechanism induced by the surface plasmon resonance(SPR) effect.

Surface Characterization of Ni_(64)P_(20)Fe_(16)Amorphous Alloy by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy

The nature of the native oxides formed on the surface layer of amorphous alloy Ni_(64)P_(20)Fe_(16)has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)and Auger electron spectroscopy(AES)with depth profiling by ion bombardment.There are great distinctions in compositions and chemical states between the surface layer and the bulk.The main constituents Ni,P and Fe are lower in the sur- face layer,and they are mostly in oxidized states, whereas C,O and N are enriched in the surface lay- er.The thickness of surface oxide layer is approximately 20 nm,this layer was assumed to be of great significance to various properties of amor- phous alloy Ni_(64)P_(20)Fe_(16),expecially to the chemical and catalytic properties.Experiments proved that transitional element Fe cannot improve oxidation resistance of the amorphous Ni-P system.

铝合金蒙皮表面漆膜去除工艺对比研究

为对比不同工艺去除铝合金蒙皮表面漆膜的效果及对基体材料的影响,分别采用机械打磨法、喷砂除漆法以及激光除漆法去除铝合金蒙皮表面的漆层,使用扫描电镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、拉曼光谱仪对除漆效果进行了表征。结果表明,机械打磨所用的SiC磨粒不仅会嵌入除漆表面,还会破坏漆层聚合物的化学结构,导致Si、N-H、-CH含量显著增大,无法避免基底损伤。喷砂除漆法的喷砂压力从0.1 MPa分别增大至0.3 MPa、0.5 MPa后,除漆表面冲击凹坑直径增大,表面粗糙度由7.89μm分别增大至14.27μm、13.29μm,误差较大,无法保证再喷漆的工艺质量。激光除漆法可以精细化控制除漆进程,将热输入量控制为50.4 J/cm^(2)时,表面漆层几乎完全去除,且基底表面未见明显损伤。本研究证明,激光除漆作为新兴除漆工艺,具备高效、参数可控、可实时监控等优势,在工业领域具有一定应用价值及发展潜力。

表面形貌对铝/镁热轧复合结合强度的影响

选用5052铝合金与AZ31B镁合金作为复合材料进行热轧复合,研究表面形貌对铝/镁热轧复合结合强度的影响。在热轧复合前使用不同直径钢丝刷对板材表面进行打磨处理,通过单向拉伸实验、扫描电镜以及激光共聚焦显微镜对打磨处理后板材的表面状态和形貌进行测试和观察。然后使用热轧复合法在25%、 35%和45%压下率下轧制制备出铝/镁复合板并通过万能试验机、扫描电镜、 X射线能谱仪对复合板的结合强度、微观形貌和元素分布进行测试和观察。最后通过轧卡和剥离实验对45%压下率不同直径钢丝刷打磨处理条件下铝/镁热轧复合过程中板材表面形貌的变化进行观察。结果表明,不同直径钢丝刷打磨处理仅改变了板材的表面形貌,未使板材表面形成硬质层。在25%和35%压下率下,铝/镁复合板的结合强度随着钢丝刷直径的增加而增加,但当压下率达到45%后,随着钢丝刷直径的改变,铝/镁复合板的结合强度稳定在71.2 MPa左右。通过改变板材表面形貌可以使铝合金和镁合金在低压下率下实现良好结合,但当压下率达到45%之后,板材表面形貌的变化不会再对铝/镁复合板的结合强度产生明显影响。

基于沥青铣刨料的公路面层用水泥基复合材料性能研究

为合理循环利用返修沥青路面生成的沥青铣刨料,以沥青铣刨料为集料制备了公路面层用水泥基复合材料,并对其性能进行了测试表征,结果发现,沥青铣刨料并不会影响水泥基复合材料抗压强度;随着沥青铣刨料掺入量增加,水泥基复合材料抗折强度增大,初裂强度先快速下降再趋向于平缓,极限拉伸强度未明显变化,拉伸应力显著提高,基体断裂韧度有所降低;增稠剂对水泥基复合材料基体强度影响较小,但增稠剂掺入量需合理控制;沥青铣刨料粒径范围增大趋势下,水泥基复合材料抗压强度与抗折强度均明显提高,初裂强度整体下降,拉伸性能有所衰减。

分层涂布冷冻干燥工艺改善面膜中的咖啡因经皮透过

为了改善面膜中咖啡因的经皮透过率,采用Hunter和星点设计-响应面法优化分层涂布冷冻干燥的关键工艺参数,并应用预测刻画器和设计空间确定工艺参数的可接受范围和最优值。确定涂布方式和涂布层数对咖啡因经皮透过有显著影响,涂布方式选择先涂布辅料基质,再涂布活性成分咖啡因。涂布层数、层厚和涂布速度的可接受范围:2~4层,0.5~1.2 mm和1~5 m/min,而3个参数的最优值分别为3层、0.5 mm和3 m/min。优化工艺后制备的3批面膜中咖啡因20 min透过率均超过10%。因此,优化后的分层涂布冷冻干燥工艺可大幅度提高面膜中咖啡因的经皮透过率。

L360QS/N06625冶金复合管堆焊层稀释率及性能研究

采用钨极氩弧焊在L360QS表面堆焊N06625,制备了冶金双金属复合管,并通过堆焊层Fe含量测试、无损检测及理化性能检测等方法研究了不同工艺参数下管坯的综合性能以及热输入量和冷却方式对稀释率的影响。结果显示,随着热输入量的减小,堆焊层Fe含量降低,但热输入量较低时会产生分层现象;热输入量相同时,采用水冷工艺后堆焊层Fe含量降低了2.06%;第一层、第二层焊接电流分别为175 A和185 A,送丝速度分别为1.3 mm/min和1.5 mm/min,焊接电压为14.5 V,焊接速度为250 mm/min,冷却方式水冷的方案4为L360QS/N06625冶金双金属复合管最佳堆焊工艺。采用此工艺焊后复合管材综合性能良好,其中堆焊层点腐蚀平均速率为0.148 1 g/m~2,晶间腐蚀平均速率为0.30 mm/a,满足设计和使用要求。

Highly sensitive and stable SERS probes of alternately deposited Ag and Au layers on 3D SiO2 nanogrids for detection of trace mercury ions

The hazard of Hg ion pollution triggers the motivation to explore a fast, sensitive, and reliable detection method. Here, we design and fabricate novel 36-nm-thick Ag-Au composite layers alternately deposited on three-dimensional （3D） periodic SiO2 nanogrids as surface-enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） probes. The SERS effects of the probes depend mainly on the positions and intensities of their localized surface plasmon resonance （LSPR） peaks, which is confirmed by the absorption spectra from finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） calculations. By optimizing the structure and material to maximize the intrinsic electric field enhancement based on the design method of 3D periodic SERS probes proposed, high performance of the Ag-Au/SiO2 nanogrid probes is achieved with the stability further enhanced by annealing. The optimized probes show the outstanding stability with only 4.0% SERS intensity change during 10-day storage, the excellent detection uniformity of 5.78% （RSD）, the detection limit of 5.0 × 10-12 M （1 ppt）, and superior selectivity for Hg ions. The present study renders it possible to realize the rapid and reliable detection of trace heavy metal ions by developing high- performance 3D periodic structure SERS probes by designing novel 3D structure and optimizing plasmonic material.

Surface control of layered double hydroxides by in-situ initiating&terminating polymerization

Appropriate surface modification or functionalization is prerequisite for the application of inorganic nanoparticles.And surface control between organic and inorganic interface plays an important role in constructing organic-inorganic composites.In-situ polymerization has been extensively studied to improve the compatibility and dispersibility of inorganic nanoparticles,but the polymerized nanoparticles tend to concatenate and form large composites,restricting further applications.Herein,uniform and dense polyacrylic acid(PAA)membranes have been grafted on layered double hydroxide(LDH)nanosheets via an in-situ initiating and terminating radical graft polymerization method.With initiating and terminating on the same particle,the size,morphology and density of grafted PAA onto the surface of LDHs can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of initiated sites to terminated sites,the amount of redox initiator or monomer.As a result,with only 17.33%organic grafting ratio,PAA@LDHs with largely improved compatibility can be monodispersed in polyethylene(PE)and polyvinyl chloride(PVC)matrices,which is determined by a fluorescence microscope technique.

Improving high-temperature wear resistance of NiCr matrix self-lubricating composites by controlling oxidation and surface texturing

Self-lubricating composites(SLCs)are widely used in the fields of aerospace and marine,but the conventional NiCr matrix SLCs with sulfide as solid lubricant often suffer from low wear resistance at high temperatures.In view of its high affinity with oxygen and also the high oxidation rate,appropriate amount of nano Ti was added to NiCr-WS_(2)composites prepared by spark plasma sintering(SPS)to adjust the oxidation behavior and surface texture.When exposed to high temperature,Ti was preferentially oxidized in comparison to Ni and Cr,resulting in abundant TiO_(2)protrusions and microdimples on the surface,i.e.in situ surface texturing.Besides,TiO_(2)was of high chemical activity and readily to react with other oxide debris during high temperature sliding process to form compounds of NiTiO_(3)and CrTi_(2)O_(5).The high chemical activity of oxide debris that was conducive to sintering,combining with the special surface texture that stores as many wear debris as possible,promoted the rapid formation of a protective glaze layer on the sliding surface.The NiCr-WS_(2)-Ti composite exhibited low friction coefficient but high wear resistance at elevated temperatures.Especially at 800℃,it presented a wear rate of as low as(2.1±0.3)×10^(-5)mm^3N-1m^(-1),accounting for only 2.7%of that of NiCr-WS_(2)composite.

Atomic-Scale AES-EELS Analysis of Structure-Phase State and Growth Mechanism of Layered Nanostructures

A review of our experience in range of electron spectroscopy of the physical vapor-phase deposition and growth of single- and multilayer nanostructures with atomic scale interfaces is presented. The foundation of an innovative methodology for the combined AES-EELS analysis of layered nanostructures is developed. The methodology includes: 1) determination of the composition, thickness, and the mechanism of phase transitions in nanocoatings under the probing depth most appropriated for the range of film thickness 1 - 10 ML;2) quantitative iteration Auger-analysis of the composition, thickness and growth mechanism of nanocoating;3) structural and phase analysis of nanocoatings with use of the analysis of position, shape and energy of the plasmon EELS peak and with subtracting the contribution from the substrate;4) analysis of phase transitions with use of the shift of the plasmon Auger-satellite and 5) non-destructive profiling of the composition of nanocoatings over depth with use of a dependence of the intensity and energy of EELS peaks on the value of the primary electron energy.

土岩复合地层中盾构施工引起的地表位移预测

盾构穿越上软下硬土岩复合地层时极易引起地表沉降。为探究其规律,分析了盾构开挖面在复合地层中的收敛模式,考虑了层状地层对地表位移的影响,对传统的随机介质理论进行了简化,推导了复合地层中盾构施工引起的地表位移计算公式,依托杭州环城北路—天目山路盾构隧道工程进行了地表沉降的计算和可靠性验证,搜集并分析了26组地表沉降实测数据,反分析计算得到了对应的土体损失率,并进一步分析了土体损失率的分布及取值规律。结果表明:简化方法与传统随机介质理论计算结果相近,计算曲线与实测数据相吻合;复合地层中的土体损失率分布在0.09%~2.2%,与黏性土中类似;同一工程(区段)中土体损失率随硬岩比的增大而减小,且大致呈线性相关。

氢分离非钯合金膜表面处理研究进展

镀有Pd层的氢分离纯化用5B族金属膜具有较高的氢选择性和渗透率,但Pd与基底在高温下易发生热扩散,致使氢的解离效率变差,影响合金膜在氢分离时的连续性和稳定性。目前,在合金膜与Pd之间添加中间层或在合金膜表面直接使用非Pd催化材料是防止氢分离合金膜因金属间扩散而失效的主要方法。介绍了金属催化氢解离与合金膜渗氢机理,并从中间层材料、非Pd催化材料及影响这2种材料效果的内外因素等方面综述了近年来在氢分离合金膜表面处理方面的研究进展。中间层材料的类型以金属化合物为主,还包括氧化物及稀土金属Y,针对这些材料防金属间扩散的效果采用高温下渗氢稳定时间和渗透率进行评价分析;非Pd催化材料主要分为金属碳化物和钒氧化物2类,重点分析了材料的解离效率和通用性,其解离效率与晶体结构和实验温度有关。在通用性方面,氧化物能够与不同基底合金结合,并获得较高的氢渗透率,表现出更好的适应性。影响中间层和非Pd催化材料发挥效用的因素主要包括材料内在因素和工艺外部因素,分析了涂层结构和厚度的材料因素,举例说明了制备工艺和制备参数选择等外部因素对材料发挥效用的影响。最后指出了现有涂层研究中,加入中间层材料或直接使用非Pd催化材料时的不足及相应的改进措施,并对氢分离5B族合金膜表面处理的未来发展进行了展望。

连铸工艺参数对复合铜包钢线组织与性能的影响

连铸复合法是制备高性能金属复合材料的新方法,提高连铸速度对提高生产效率、降低生产成本具有重要现实意义,连铸速度的提升将显著影响连铸复合过程凝固行为和铸坯质量。本研究采用连铸复合法制备外径8.7 mm、芯材直径6 mm的纯铜包覆Q235钢线,研究较高速连铸状态下工艺参数对铜包钢线表面质量、铜包覆层组织、界面扩散层厚度和界面剪切强度的影响。结果表明:在连铸速度300~420 mm/min、复合温度1150℃、一次冷却水流量400~800 L/h、二冷水流量100 L/h的工艺条件下制备的铜包钢线表面质量较好,铜层晶粒细小,界面结合强度高。

原位自生(Ti,V)C堆焊层的耐磨性能

为了研究大型往复压缩机的曲轴修复方法,采用激光堆焊技术对合金基体表面进行处理获得原位自生(Ti,V)C堆焊层.对获得的堆焊层进行金相组织观察和硬度试验,分析不同成分下堆焊层硬度和耐磨性能的变化规律.结果表明:随着合金层钒铁含量的增加,(Ti,V)C复合硬质相含量增加且分布均匀,堆焊层表面硬度逐渐增强,耐磨性能提高;当被测堆焊层试件中的钒铁含量为32.6%时,堆焊层硬度值为54.6 HRC,磨损量为0.4367 g,此时堆焊层的力学性能最佳且耐磨性最好.