Unveiling three-dimensional sea surface signatures caused by internal solitary waves:insights from the surface water ocean topography mission

Internal solitary waves(ISW),characterized by large amplitude and long propagation distance,are widespread in global oceans.While remote sensing images have played an essential role in studying ISWs,they mainly exploit two-dimensional image information.However,with the launch of the surface water ocean topography(SWOT)satellite on December 16,2022,a unique opportunity has emerged to capture wide-swath three-dimensional ISW-induced sea surface information.In this study,we examine ISWs in the Andaman Sea using data from the Ka-band Radar Interferometer(KaRIN),a crucial sensor onboard SWOT.KaRIN not only provides backscattering satellite images but also employs synthetic aperture interferometry techniques to retrieve wide-swath two-dimensional sea surface height measurements.Our observations in the Andaman Sea revealed the presence of ISWs characterized by dark-bright strips and surface elevation solitons.The surface soliton has an amplitude of 0.32 m,resulting in an estimation of ISW amplitude of approximately 60 m.In contrast to traditional two-dimensional satellite images or nadir-looking altimetry data,the SWOT mission’s capability to capture threedimensional sea surface information represents a significant advancement.This breakthrough holds substantial promise for ISW studies,particularly in the context of ISW amplitude inversion.

Study of the ability of SWOT to detect sea surface height changes caused by internal solitary waves

Surface Water and Ocean Topography(SWOT)is a next-generation radar altimeter that offers high resolution,wide swath,imaging capabilities.It has provided free public data worldwide since December 2023.This paper aims to preliminarily analyze the detection capabilities of the Ka-band radar interferometer(KaRIn)and Nadir altimeter(NALT),which are carried out by SWOT for internal solitary waves(ISWs),and to gather other remote sensing images to validate SWOT observations.KaRIn effectively detects ISW surface features and generates surface height variation maps reflecting the modulations induced by ISWs.However,its swath width does not completely cover the entire wave packet,and the resolution of L2/L3 level products(about 2 km)cannot be used to identify ISWs with smaller wavelengths.Additionally,significant wave height(SWH)images exhibit blocky structures that are not suitable for ISW studies;sea surface height anomaly(SSHA)images display systematic leftright banding.We optimize this imbalance using detrending methods;however,more precise treatment should commence with L1-level data.Quantitative analysis based on L3-level SSHA data indicates that the average SSHA variation induced by ISWs ranges from 10 cm to 20 cm.NALTs disturbed by ISWs record unusually elevated SWH and SSHA values,rendering the data unsuitable for analysis and necessitating targeted corrections in future retracking algorithms.For the normalized radar cross section,Ku-band and four-parameter maximum likelihood estimation retracking demonstrated greater sensitivity to minor changes in the sea surface,making them more suitable for ISW detection.In conclusion,SWOT demonstrates outstanding capabilities in ISW detection,significantly advancing research on the modulation of the sea surface by ISWs and remote sensing imaging mechanisms.

SURFACE EFFECTS OF INTERNAL WAVE GENERATED BY A MOVING SOURCE IN A TWO-LAYER FLUID OF FINITE DEPTH

Based on the potential flow theory of water waves, the interaction mechanism between the free_surface and internal waves generated by a moving point source in the lower layer of a two_layer fluid was studied. By virtue of the method of Green's function, the properties of the divergence field at the free surface were obtained, which plays an important role in the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image. It is shown that the coupling interaction between the surface_wave mode and internal_wave mode must be taken into account for the cases of large density difference between two layers, the source approaching to the pynocline and the total Froude number Fr close to the critical number Fr 2. The theoretical analysis is qualitatively consistent with the experimental results presented by Ma Hui_yang.

Mechanical effects of circular liquid inclusions inside soft matrix:role of internal pressure change and surface tension

The mechanical effects of dilute liquid inclusions on the solid-liquid composite are explored,based on an analytical circular inclusion model incorporating the internal pressure change of the liquid and the surface tension of the interface.Several simple explicit dependences of the stress field and effective stiffness on the bulk modulus and the size of the liquid,the surface tension,and Poisson’s ratio of the matrix are derived.The results show that the stresses in the matrix are reduced,and the stiffness of the solid-liquid composite is enhanced with the consideration of either the surface tension or the internal pressure change.Particularly,the effective Young’s modulus predicted by the present model for either soft or stiff matrices agrees well with the known experimental data.In addition,according to the theoretical results,it is possible to stiffen a soft solid by pressured gas with the presence of the surface tension of the solid-gas interface.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the Saturated Fluid with a Free Surface Area and the Internal Energy as a Function of the Phase-Specific Volumes and Vapor Pressure

This study is concerned with describing the thermodynamic equilibrium of the saturated fluid with and without a free surface area A. Discussion of the role of A as system variable of the interface phase and an estimate of the ratio of the respective free energies of systems with and without A show that the system variables given by Gibbs suffice to describe the volumetric properties of the fluid. The well-known Gibbsian expressions for the internal energies of the two-phase fluid, namely for the vapor and for the condensate (liquid or solid), only differ with respect to the phase-specific volumes and . The saturation temperature T, vapor presssure p, and chemical potential are intensive parameters, each of which has the same value everywhere within the fluid, and hence are phase-independent quantities. If one succeeds in representing as a function of and , then the internal energies can also be described by expressions that only differ from one another with respect to their dependence on and . Here it is shown that can be uniquely expressed by the volume function . Therefore, the internal energies can be represented explicitly as functions of the vapor pressure and volumes of the saturated vapor and condensate and are absolutely determined. The hitherto existing problem of applied thermodynamics, calculating the internal energy from the measurable quantities T, p, , and , is thus solved. The same method applies to the calculation of the entropy, chemical potential, and heat capacity.

Dynamic Responses of Top Tensioned Riser Under Combined Excitation of Internal Solitary Wave, Surface Wave and Vessel Motion

An investigation on the dynamic response of a top tensioned riser (TTR) under combined excitation of internal solitary wave, surface wave and vessel motion is presented in this paper. The riser is idealized as a tensioned slender beam with dynamic boundary conditions. The KdV-mKdV equation is chosen to simulate the internal solitary wave, and the vessel motion is analysed by using the method proposed by Sexton. Using finite element method, the governing equation is solved in time domain with Newmark-β method. The computation programs for solving the differential equations in time domain are compiled and numerical results are obtained, including dimensionless displacement and stress. The action of internal solitary wave on the riser is like a slow powerful impact, and is much larger than those of surface wave and vessel motion. When the riser is under combined excitation, it vibrates at frequencies of both surface wave and vessel motion, and the vibration is dominated by internal solitary wave. As the internal solitary wave crest passes by the centre of the riser, the maximum displacement and stress along the riser occur. Compared to the lower part, the displacement and stress of the riser in the upper part are much larger.

A STUDY ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL ANDEXTERNAL WALL SURFACE TEMPERATUREIN THE URBAN AREA

Internal and external wall surface temperatures (Tws) in April, August and December in Kunming, a city in low latitude plateau, were investigated. Results showed that the Tws in April were of the highest among the three, followed by August and December. The Tws differences among walls with different orientation were higher in April and December when the weather tends to be sunny, and lower in August with more cloudy days in the time. In April and August, Tws of E-wall was the highest, followed by S- and N-wall. But in December Tws of S-wall might be sometimes higher than E one. Diurnal range of internal Tws was usually smaller than that of the external, with also a time lag for the occurrence of its maximum and minimum. The results can serve as a basis for further research on building microclimate and urban architecture designs. It also gives suggestions for similar studies in other areas.

Weight Function Method for Stress Intensity Factor of Internal Surface Semi-elliptical Crack in Elliptical Holes

The hatches for inspecting are usually designed with elliptical holes in airplane structures, so computation of the stress intensity factor of three dimensional crack at elliptical holes is pivotal for damage tolerance analysis of these structures. In this paper, weight function is derived for a two dimensional through cracks at elliptical holes by applying a compounding method. Stress intensity factor formulas for an internal surface semi-elliptical crack in elliptical holes are obtained wing the three dimensional weight function method. Stress intensity factors for an internal surface semi-elliptical crack in elliptical holes under remote tension are computed. At the same time, research on how radius of curvature for elliptical holes affect stress intensity factors was conducted. Stress intensity factors decrease when radius of curvature increases. Some results and conclusions which are of practical value are given.

INTERNAL RESONANT INTERACTIONS OF THREE FREE SURFACE-WAVES IN A CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL BASIN

The basic equations of free capillary_gravity surface_waves in a circular cylindrical basin were derived from Luke's principle. Taking Galerkin's expansion of the velocity potential and the free surface elevation, the second_order perturbation equations were derived by use of expansion of multiple scale. The nonlinear interactions with the second order internal resonance of three free surface_waves were discussed based on the above. The results include:derivation of the couple equations of resonant interactions among three waves and the conservation laws; analysis of the positions of equilibrium points in phase plane; study of the resonant parameters and the non_resonant parameters respectively in all kinds of circumstances; derivation of the stationary solutions of the second_order interaction equations corresponding to different parameters and analysis of the stability property of the solutions; discussion of the effective solutions only in the limited time range. The analysis makes it clear that the energy transformation mode among three waves differs because of the different initial conditions under nontrivial circumstance. The energy may either exchange among three waves periodically or damp or increase in single waves.

Optimization of the N2 generation selectivity in aqueous nitrate reduction using internal circulation micro-electrolysis

The reduction of nitrate using internal circulation micro-electrolysis te chnology(ICE)was investigated.The effect of the reaction time,initial pH,Fe/C ratio,and aeration rate on the nitrate reduction was investigated using a single factor experiment.Based on the results of the single factor experiment,a response surface methodology(RSM)was applied to optimize the N2 generation selectivity.The effects and interactions of three independent variables were estimated using a Box-Behnken design.Using the RSM analysis,a quadratic polynomial model with optimal conditions at pH=8.8,Fe/C=1:1,and an aeration rate of 30 L·min-1 was developed by means of the regre ssion analysis of the experimental data.Using the RSM optimization,the optimal conditions yielded a N2 generation selectivity of 72.0%,which is in good agreement with experimental result(73.2%±0.5%)and falls within the 95%confidence interval(IC:66.8%-77.3%)of the model results.This indicates that the model obtained in this study effectively predicts the N2 generation selectivity for nitrate reduction by the ICE process,thus providing a theoretical basis for process design.

Present Situation of the Anti-Fatigue Processing of High-Strength Steel Internal Thread Based on Cold Extrusion Technology:A Review

The adoption of cold-extrusion forming for internal thread net forming becomes an important component of anti-fatigue processing with the development of internal thread processing towards high performance, low cost and low energy consumption. It has vast application foreground in the field of aviation, spaceflight, high speed train and etc. The internal thread processing and anti-fatigue manufacture technology are summarized. In terms of the perspective of processing quality and fatigue serving life, the advantages and disadvantages of the processing methods from are compared. The internal thread cold-extrusion processing technology is investigated for the purpose of improving the anti-fatigue serving life of internal thread. The superiorities of the plastic deformation law and surface integrity of the metal layer in the course of cold extrusion for improving its stability and economy are summed up. The proposed research forecasts the develop- ment tendency of the internal thread anti-fatigue manufacturing technology.

Report on the 9^(th) International Congress on Peritoneal Surface Malignancies

The 9th International Congress on Peritoneal Surface Malignancies,sponsored by the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International(PSOGI)and organized by the Netherlands Cancer Institute,was held in Amsterdam,the Netherlands,from October 9 to 11,2014,with over 650 delegates from 66 countries attending the meeting.With the central theme to summarize the global progresses in peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC)diagnosis and treatment,to draft the outline framework of

弯管内外表面腐蚀缺陷力学-电化学相互作用规律研究

为进一步研究弯管内外表面腐蚀缺陷力学-电化学(M-E)相互作用规律,建立基于多物理场耦合的弯管内外表面含腐蚀缺陷的三维模型,研究内压和缺陷几何形状对M-E相互作用规律及对弯管的影响。研究结果表明:当弯管内外表面存在腐蚀缺陷时,弯管内侧的M-E效应更强,增加应力和腐蚀的增长速率,使内侧更容易发生失效;当缺陷几何增长时,应力在缺陷长度和宽度方向上增长,腐蚀主要在缺陷长度方向上增长;外表面缺陷附近的应力和腐蚀增长规律基本一致,而内表面缺陷附近的应力增长较腐蚀增长更为复杂。研究结果可为含腐蚀缺陷弯管评估模型的完善以及管道系统完整性的管理提供理论参考。

Glucose-regulated protein 78 inhibits scavenger receptor A-mediated internalization of acetylated low density lipoprotein

Class A scavenger receptor(SR-A) plays an important role in foam cell formation.However, the mechanism underlying the internalization of the receptor-ligand complexes remains unclear.The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism to regulate SR-A-mediated intracellular lipid accumulation in macrophages A pull-clown assay was performed and glucoseregulated protein 78(GRP78) was identified to bind with the cytoplasmic domain of SR-A(CSR-A).Immunoprecipitation and artificially expressed protein binding assay demonstrated the direct specific binding of GRP78 with SR-A in cells.Indirect immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis showed their co-localization in membrane and cytoplasm.Over-expression of GRP78 specifically inhibited SR-A-mediated uptake of fluorescent acetylated low-density lipoprotein, a specific ligand for SR-A, without altering cellular SR-A expression and binding ability, and significantly inhibited cholesterol ester accumulation in cells, which can be partly attributed to the suppression of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathway.These results suggest that GRP78 may act as an inhibitor of SR-A-mediated internalization of modified low-density lipoprotein into macrophages(C) 2009 Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.

改进RRT^(*)算法的无人艇局部路径规划方法

文中提出一种改进RRT^(*)算法,该算法依据国际海上避碰规则计算本船与他船间DCPA与TCPA并判断会遇场景,限制采样空间.通过偏置采样在采样空间中选取采样点,增强目的性,加快搜索速度.依据线段公理和锚点采样的方式重新选择父节点,去除中间冗余的节点,减少路径转向次数和路径长度,使得最终生成的路径相对平滑.结果表明:改进RRT^(*)算法减少了81%以上的转向点和5%以上的路径长度.

冷轧钢表面与内部缺陷检测研究

为实现冷轧钢缺陷的全面检测,针对其表面和内部缺陷检测展开研究。对于表面缺陷检测,提出采用双侧线光源照明方案,并与常规线光源照明方案进行对比。对于内部缺陷检测,从检测分辨率和缺陷边缘特征两方面分析X射线、超声以及红外热波成像等金属内部检测技术的适用性。经实验验证,双侧线光源照明不仅可以使YOLOv5目标检测算法总体平均精度mAP:0.5达到90.16%,相比线光源照明提升了15.46%,还可优化模型分类和提高训练效率。X射线和超声波检测法可检测直径为0.25 mm的盲孔,而红外热波成像技术则可有效识别出直径为1 mm的盲孔。在缺陷边缘特征评估中,X射线检测法的最小盲孔边缘灰度差值为145,超声波为89,红外热波成像为30。本研究提出了一种冷轧钢表面缺陷检测的改进方案,并为内部缺陷检测提供了思路。

3D打印多孔钽内部结构及表面改性在骨组织工程学中的研究进展

3D打印多孔钽在骨缺损的修复方面具有独特优势,其具有良好的物理、化学、机械性能及生物相容性等优点,展现了其在人类骨组织工程学领域中巨大的临床价值,具有广阔的应用前景,但仍需在多孔钽的内部结构及表面修饰方面有新的突破。现通过回顾及分析相关文献,对3D打印多孔钽的内部结构及表面改性在骨组织工程中的研究进展作一综述。

内热源影响下高压电力电缆着火机制

为探究高压电力电缆因过载或短路且线芯发热影响下的着火机制,使用加热棒模拟电缆内部故障热源,并开展电缆着火试验,分析内热源功率及电缆线芯截面积对电缆温升、着火时间等着火关键参数的影响,发现电缆从被加热至着火到燃烧的全过程可分为初期加热、热解气体逸出、着火、燃烧及熄灭4个阶段。结果表明:绝缘层熔融物的滴落会导致火焰形态发生变化,电缆各结构层表面温度的升温速率随内热源功率的增加及与内热源表面距离的减小而增大,功率的增加弱化了电缆线芯截面积对各层升温速率的影响;电缆的着火时间与内热源功率呈线性递减的关系。

金属材料超声疲劳试验数据的一致性分析

超声疲劳试验技术已被广泛用于金属材料的超高周疲劳性能测试。超声频率条件下开展试样的超高周循环加载时,需要采用间歇加载控制试样发热,这会影响到试验结果一致性。同时,当循环周次由高周跨越至超高周后,疲劳试验结果对试样形状、尺寸、表面质量和内部缺陷更为敏感。基于大量的试验结果对这些影响因素进行了一致性分析。结果表明,加载间歇比和试样形状、尺寸对试验结果均有影响;试样表面质量与内部缺陷存在竞争效应;通过疲劳S-N曲线可以有效预测内部缺陷对超高周疲劳的影响。