Practical Logic and Discourse Interpretation of China’s Efforts to Safeguard the Right to Subsistence

The Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to write a brilliant chapter of national development over the past century,wherein the nation has sounded a clarion call for safeguarding the right to subsistence and made fruitful achievements in this regard.However,there is still room for improvement in its systematic discourse of the right to subsistence.To accurately understand the Chinese theory on the right to subsistence,we must base it on China’s historical background and social reality.Through mining the white papers on human rights progress in China over the years and analyzing Chinese practices recorded thereby,we can figure out the practical logic for the country’s efforts in the protection of the right to subsistence,and with this as a clue,we can further interpret its discourse on the right to subsistence.Issues related to the right to subsistence can be divided into two levels:“basically solved”and“truly solved”.The former involves the settlement of the most fundamental issues closely related to the right to subsistence in fields like food,education,medical care,housing,and drinking water,and the latter corresponds to“improvement”in the right to subsistence.While consolidating and upgrading the existing basic rights,China works to enable its people to truly gain a foothold in society and achieve their aspiration for a better life through combining assistance and support from the government and society and the efforts of individuals.Understanding the right to subsistence in a dynamic and developmental manner is instrumental in better understanding the alignment between the right to subsistence and other human rights.

Influence of Different Subsistence States of CeO_2^-ZrO_2 Mixed Oxides in Catalyst Coating on Catalytic Properties

The metallic substrate-catalysts with different subsistence states of CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides were prepared and the catalytic properties were investigated. The studies on CeO2-ZrO2-V2O5-CuO mixed oxides which were prepared by coprecipitation, show that the doping of V^5＋ and Cu^2＋ in CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides can enhance the catalytic activity and thermal stability of coating materials. Moreover, different additives were doped in slurries of γ-Al2O3 to investigate the influence of additives on oxidation activity of catalysts. The mixture of ceria-zirconia, alkali metals and other rare earths acting as additives exhibits promotion effect on oxidation activity by optimizing the distribution of oxygen on the surface and in the bulk of ceria species. This mentioned mixture was mixed with γ-Al2O3 and a newly proposed active component to prepare a new catalyst. Afterward, the influence of thermal treatment on the new catalyst were investigated by calcinations at 500, 650, 750, 800, 850 and 900 ℃ for 2 h. The light-off curves of CO and HC show that after being treated at 650 - 750 ℃, catalysts present the best activity. XRD patterns show that ceria and zirconia species in the newly proposed active component form a phase of extra CeO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides on the surface of catalysts after the thermal treatment at 750 ℃, which has practical value for improving the preparation process and promoting the catalytic properties. Moreover, XPS resuits imply the existence of Ce1-xPdxO2-σ and Ce1- xPtxO2-σ on the surface of these treated samples, which may show influence on the catalytic activities.

Targeted Poverty Alleviation Lies in Precisely Identifying the Poverty–Stricken Population: An Analysis of the Targeting Effect of the Rural Subsistence Allowance Policy

Poverty–stricken populations must be identified precisely in the fight against poverty to implement the strategy of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020. The analysis based on the household survey in 2013 shows that the targeting accuracy is not high based on the standard of income and the accuracy is higher based on the standard of multidimensional poverty index. But the latter still has a low coverage rate. To gradually achieve integration of the rural poverty line and the rural subsistence allowance line, standards applied to identifying households entitled to subsistence allowances should be changed from the standard of income to multidimensional poverty indexes. A unified standard of subsistence allowances and a unified method for identifying related households should be developed. At the same time, coverage and funding of subsistence allowances should be extended and increased to better meet people's basic needs.

Review of Effective Convergence between China's Rural Minimum Subsistence Security System and the Development Policy of Poverty Alleviation

Based on the conclusion of the related researches on China's rural poverty alleviation policies and poverty problems,studies of Chinese scholars on the convergence between rural minimum subsistence system and the development policies of poverty alleviation are illustrated and personal understandings proposed.On the one hand,considering the actual situations of the quickening of China's urbanization and deepening of poverty,it is necessary to make significant adjustment and transformation in China's poverty reduction policies and minimum subsistence security system.On the other hand,it is pointed out that there is no omnipotent experience to follow in the convergence of minimum subsistence security system and poverty reduction policies.The actual conditions in various regions should be taken into consideration.And it is suggested that China should achieve the organic integration of rural minimum subsistence security system and poverty alleviation policies from management,capital and policy.

The Chinese Expression of the Right to Subsistence:The Progressive Disclosure of the Dual Dimensions

Dedicated to the independence and prosperity of the country and the happiness of the people,the Communist Party of China has continuously enriched and developed the human rights system with Chinese characteristics during a century of arduous efforts.The right to subsistence,as the primary basic human right,is expressed from dual dimensions:the international dimension and the domestic dimension.However,the current Chinese human rights discourse hasn’t paid enough attention to the international dimension of the right to subsistence,and its content at the domestic dimension needs further clarification.This not only makes it difficult to provide a sound theoretical basis and development direction for the practices of the right to subsistence but also directly affects the integrity of the human rights system with Chinese characteristics,which is not conducive to using our human rights discourse to disseminate China’s achievements and gain international recognition.Therefore,it is vital to further improve the theory construction of the dual dimensions of the right to subsistence in the human rights system with Chinese characteristics.With the country as the main form and carrier,the international dimension of the right to subsistence originates from the people’s demands emerging from the domestic level and ending at the international level.It aims to be able to stand in the international community with dignity and possess good conditions and environments at home and abroad for the people to exercise and protect their rights.The domestic dimension of the right to subsistence centers on each individual,takes development as the measurement of human rights,and looks at the initial stage of the development axis.The progress from the domestic dimension of the right to subsistence to the right to development is achieved by satisfying the underlying needs for people’s subsistence.This also reflects the progressive deepening of emerging from the inside,responding from the outside,and then moving from the outside to the inside.

Subsistence Farming Towards Sustainable Economic Agriculture of Small Farmers in the Developing Countries

Subsistence farming,a form of cultivation in which almost all crops or livestock are used to maintain farms and the farm family,leaving little,surplus for sale and trade.Pre-industrial farming peoples all over the countries of the worldwide apply subsistence agriculture system and take advantage of the possibilities available to them from land and water resources in all locations of agriculture sites.The agricultural production has become more specialized and developed in the subsistence farming system,and farmers have produced abundant production from many horticulture crops that are traded among them and achieve their selfsufficiency from those crops.

From Poverty To a Well-Off Life——Chinese people enjoy full rights to subsistence and development

Ⅰ The Chinese government has always attached much importance to human rights and placed the rights to subsistence and development of the more than one billion people above everything else. In the fundamental interests of the broadest possible masses of people, it has adopted a series of major policy measures toward this end, thus winning the support and love of the people. 1. No wavering in making economic development its central task and a matter of the first and foremost importance in invigo-

Research on the Virtuous Cycle Between the Right to Subsistence and the Right to Development

The right to subsistence and the right to development are the primary basic human rights,and there is a certain connection between the two.Although they refer to different things,they are mutually dependent and restricted.It is necessary to distinguish the right to development as a means and the right to development as an end.The former is the right to participate in,promote,and enjoy development,while the latter is the right of all people to enjoy free,comprehensive,and harmonious development.The protection of the right to subsistence and the right to development form an interacting virtuous cycle under certain conditions.The process of building a moderately prosperous society embodies this virtuous cycle.To build a modern socialist country in an all-round way,it is still necessary to keep on promoting the virtuous cycle between the right to subsistence and the right to development.

Western China Development Drive——Strategic decision for improving right to subsistence and development

The implementation of the Western China Development Strategy is a concrete expression of accelerating the economic development and social progress and sateguarding and protecting the right to subsistence and development of the people in that part of the country,

Study on the Rights to Subsistence and Development with Reference to the Origin of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

I.The History of the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:the Position and Role of the UN Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations should not be Ignored The reason for me to use the term "source"in the discussion on the right to subsistence

试论山东城子崖遗址岳石先民的生计策略

城子崖遗址自龙山时期即为鲁北区域中心城址,岳石时期承继了龙山时期粟、黍、稻、小麦、稗组合,并继续利用黍亚科、早熟禾亚科等资源,延续了农业与采集业并存发展的生业经济模式,以及对农作物实施精细化管理和加工流程。相较于龙山时期,岳石时期城子崖以粟、黍、稻为代表的农作结构和野生植物利用种类等调控程度不一,反映出先民在自然和社会大环境变迁中生计策略的能动性调整,这当是城子崖所在鲁北,乃至海岱地区社会文化持续发展之动力。

农地转出户生计资本对生计策略选择的影响——基于CFPS数据的微观实证

在合理筛选变量并对农户生计策略进行细分的基础上,基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)全国整合样本的数据,构建自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、金融资本、社会资本及心理资本的6维生计资本量化指标体系,采用多项Logit模型实证分析生计资本对生计策略选择的影响规律。结果表明,不同生计策略类型的农地转出户的生计资本指标及总指数存在差异化的分化特征。自然资本、物质资本、金融资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业主导型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本越大的农户,越倾向选择农业兼业型生计策略;自然资本、人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工兼业型生计策略;人力资本、社会资本、心理资本越大的农户,越倾向选择务工主导型生计策略。各影响因素对农户生计策略选择相对风险比具有差异性。据此提出政府要引导农户耕地规模化经营,健全社会化保障服务,完善农村金融体系,普及非农技能培训等差异化政策。

汉晋时期河西走廊张掖地区的开发研究——以黑水国汉代墓葬为例

黑水国汉代墓葬出土的农具、动物骨骼、农作物遗存和人骨为人们了解河西走廊张掖地区汉晋时期生业经济和农业发展等问题提供了重要证据。通过动物骨骼、农作物遗存鉴定结果和人骨碳氮同位素检测结果,可以揭示汉晋时期黑水国人群的食物结构和生业模式特点。墓葬出土的农作物有粟、黍、稻,随葬动物有鸡、猪、绵羊、黄牛、狗、马,人骨骨胶原碳稳定同位素主要呈现C3和C4混合信号,部分呈现C3信号和C4信号,氮稳定同位素值相较牛羊等家养食草动物较高。综合研究说明汉晋时期河西走廊形成麦类、粟黍和豆类的混合农业模式,所以黑水国汉代先民摄取的粮食作物来源呈多样化。同时,河西走廊畜牧业发达,使当时人群摄取了大量的肉食资源,导致蛋白质摄入量较高。

从坝上考古新发现试析内蒙古高原早期聚落的定居和生业

历史上的坝上地区农牧交错、生态环境复杂、生计方式不稳定。由于旧、新石器时代考古学遗存相对较少,使学界对坝上地区早期聚落和生业的认识十分局限。2010年以来,相继发现的裕民、四麻沟、兴隆和四台等考古学遗存逐渐初步揭开了坝上地区新石器时代早中期聚落的面貌。综合分析已发表的考古学材料,发现这一区域在进入新石器时代后经历了定居程度不断加强的过程,生计方式也逐渐复杂。这一过程对理解坝上地区早期人地关系和文化社会变迁提供了有价值的参考。

生存理性、经济理性与社会政策

所谓“道义经济”,乃是以生存安全为目标取向的“理性经济”,“生存伦理”则是集体层面的“生存理性”。在以追求效率最大化的“经济理性”为取向的现代市场经济取代传统“道义经济”的过程中,如果置人们对于生存安全的基本需求于不顾,则这种市场经济及与之相连的制度必然遭到反抗与抵拒。面对这种反抗与抵拒,社会各界主要有两种反应:一是力图回复到传统的经济模式;二是在坚持“经济理性”为取向的现代市场经济以追求经济效率的同时,将原先主要在村落小共同体层面上发挥作用的“生存理性”“生存伦理”国家化,转变为国家意志或者说是政府职能,现代社会政策的出现和发展即是第二种反应的基本内容。由此可以反观社会政策的经济意义:它不仅仅是拉动消费、提振内需的一种手段,更是现代市场经济得以生存扎根的社会前提。从社会现代转型的角度来看,必须努力做到国家以社会政策手段为每个公民提供的保护的跟进与传统社会为个人提供的保护的消退同步。

数字普惠金融促进居民消费水平均衡提升了吗--基于消费相对剥夺缓解的视角

消费水平的均衡提升是共同富裕背景下全体人民共享经济发展成果的重要体现。文章利用中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据测算居民消费相对剥夺指数,从消费相对剥夺缓解这一视角探讨数字普惠金融在居民消费水平均衡提升过程中的作用。研究发现:(1)数字普惠金融能够显著缓解居民消费相对剥夺,且主要缓解了衣着、食品类等生存型消费相对剥夺;(2)机制分析表明,数字普惠金融主要通过缓解流动性约束、提高支付便利性以及增强社会互动三个机制来缓解居民消费相对剥夺;(3)在充分考虑了人口经济特征以及数字普惠金融自身发展状况后,文章发现数字普惠金融对于中间收入群体,中、高金融素养,使用智能手机以及城镇居民的消费相对剥夺缓解效应更加显著。

建平水泉遗址2021年度出土炭化植物遗存研究

水泉遗址是辽西地区夏家店下层文化的典型遗址,2021年度首次发现的防洪护堤设施更彰显了其重要地位。该遗址植物遗存的浮选过程中发现了包括粟、黍和大豆在内的炭化农作物种子,以及禾本科、豆科、藜科、蓼科、蔷薇科、茄科和锦葵科在内的炭化非农作物种子。经过科学的分析和讨论,我们认识到水泉遗址先民从事着以粟、黍为主,大豆为辅的较发达的多品种旱作农业,农业经济在其经济结构中占有重要地位。

城市低保制度如何吸纳低保边缘户?

城市低保边缘户是与城市低保制度紧密相联的一类特殊相对贫困体。从制度安排看,城市低保制度对象判定忽视了城市低保边缘户的存在,城市低保户在其他社会救助制度中具有优先地位,最终导致了城市低保户对城市低保边缘户的逆向歧视。在实践层面,政府与城市低保边缘户的最优选择导向了“城市低保边缘户千方百计成为低保户,政府却选择漠视其存在”的实践困境。城市低保边缘户社会救助的缺位不但有损社会公平,且破坏了城市低保制度本身的良性循环。城市低保制度应以制度化的形式确认城市低保边缘户的身份,以平衡的政策思维替代之前的对抗思维并畅通城市低保制度的准入与退出机制。

内蒙古东南部青铜时代生业方式及相关问题研究

本文从气候环境、生产生活用具、动植物资源利用等方面讨论内蒙古东南部青铜时代的生业,认识到夏家店下层文化时期以农业为主,兼营畜牧和渔猎;喜鹊沟类遗存以饲养适合游牧的家养动物为主,同时存在渔猎行为,农业经济几乎不存在;夏家店上层文化时期整体以家畜饲养业为主,但部分地区农业仍占主要地位,家马和马具大量出现代表着较成熟的游牧经济已然形成。内蒙古东南部青铜时代生业方式发生转变,西来文化因素很可能起到了关键性的促进作用。