Towards developing Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and corrosion resistance via RE alloying

Magnesium(Mg)alloys have received an increasing interest in the past two decades for their tremendous application potential.The strength and corrosion resistance levels of common Mg alloys are still relativity low,and especially they are to be improved simultaneously.The addition of rare earth(RE)to Mg alloys is believed to be beneficial for both the strength and corrosion resistance,and some RE-modified traditional Mg alloys have been studied and some new RE-containing Mg alloys have been developed by now.However,further simultaneous improvements in both strength and anti-corrosion require a better understanding of the behavior and mechanism of RE in Mg alloys.In this review,the common influence mechanisms of RE on mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of Mg alloys are summarized,and the latest research progress of RE-containing Mg alloys with simultaneously improved strength and corrosion resistance are introduced.It is demonstrated that the research on high-strength and high corrosion resistant RE-containing Mg alloys is still immature,and some opinions and suggestions are put forward for the synergetic improvement of the strength and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys,so as to contribute to the further development of Mg alloys with higher performance.

Corrosion behavior of high-strength spring steel for high-speed railway

The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray(5 wt% Na Cl solution). A formation model of γ-Fe OOH and a transformation model describing the conversion of γ-Fe OOH to α-Fe OOH were constructed. The results indicated that, at the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was gradually improved with the addition of Cr; however, with the addition of alloying element V, the corrosion resistance decreased. These results were attributed mainly to the initial corrosion stage being closely related to the matrix microstructure parameters such as grain-boundary character and dislocation density. After the rust layer was formed at a later corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was reinforced with the addition of Cr and V because Cr strongly influenced the composition, structure, and morphology of the corrosion products. The results presented herein show that Cr was conducive to the transformation of γ-Fe OOH into α-Fe OOH. Moreover, V and Cr exhibited obvious synergy and were enriched in the inner layer of the corrosion products.

Effect of Rolling Process on Microstructure and Wear Properties of High Carbon Equivalent Gray Cast Iron

Rolling process based on the plastic deformation as a surface strengthening treatment was employed,aiming to improve the wear resistance ability and functional performance of the high carbon equivalent gray cast iron(HCEGCI).The microstructures and tribological performance of the untreated and rolled samples were characterized.In addition,the wear mechanism of HCEGCI samples was also studied via pin-on-disc tests.The experimental results show that the as-rolled samples possess the structure-refined layer of 15μm and work-hardened layer of 0.13 mm.In comparison with the surface hardness of untreated samples,the surface hardness of as-rolled samples increases by 84.6%(from 240HV0.1 to 443HV0.1)and the residual compressive stresses existed within the range of 0.2 mm.The wear rates of as-rolled samples were decreased by 38.4%,37.5%,and 44.4%under different loads of 5 N,10 N,and 15 N,respectively.The wear characteristics of the untreated samples mainly exhibit the peeling wear coupled with partial adhesive and abrasive wear.However,as for the as-rolled samples,the adhesive wear was limited by the structure-refined layer and the micro-crack propagation was controlled by the work-hardened layer.Therefore,the wear resistance of as-rolled samples can be improved significantly due to the low wearing degree of the friction contact zone.

Microstructure and wear resistance of CoCrNbNiW high-entropy alloy coating prepared by laser melting deposition

The defect-free CoCrNbNiW high-entropy alloy coating was successfully prepared by laser melting deposition,and its microstructure and wear resistance were investigated.The results showed that the microstructure of CoCrNbNiW high-entropy alloy coating consisted of fee phase rich in Nb and fee phase including un-melted W particles and rich in Cr.Moreover,an amount of fee phase was formed at the middle and top of coating,while the bcc phase rich in Cr was formed at the bottom.Meanwhile,the un-melted W particles were diffusely distributed in the coating.Therefore,the microhardness of CoCrNbNiW high-entropy alloy coating was improved and was 2.78 times as high as that of substrate.The wear loss and wear rate of coating were 0.26 and 0.23 times higher than those of substrate,respectively.The wear resistance of substrate was obviously improved due to the preparation of CoCrNbNiW high-entropy alloy coating.

Microstructure and properties of a wear resistant Al-25Si-4Cu-1Mg coating prepared by supersonic plasma spraying

A high content silicon aluminum alloy(Al-25Si-4Cu-1Mg)coating was prepared on a 2A12 aluminum alloy by supersonic plasma spraying.The morphology and microstructure of the coating were observed and analyzed.The hardness,elastic modulus,and bonding strength of the coating were measured.The wear resistance of the coating and 2A12 aluminum alloy was studied by friction and wear test.The results indicated that the coating was compact and the porosity was only 1.5%.The phase of the coating was mainly composed ofα-Al andβ-Si as well as some hard particles(Al9Si,Al3.21Si0.47,and CuAl2).The average microhardness of the coating was HV 242,which was greater than that of 2A12 aluminum alloy(HV 110).The wear resistance of the coating was superior to 2A12 aluminum alloy.The wear mechanism of the 2A12 aluminum alloy was primarily adhesive wear,while that of the coating was primarily abrasive wear.Therefore,it is possible to prepare a high content silicon aluminum alloy coating with good wear resistance on an aluminum alloy by supersonic plasma spraying.

Effects of pre-deformation on microstructure and properties of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy

The effects of the pre-deformation on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloys were investigated by means of hardness tests, tensile tests, intergranullar corrosion(IGC) tests and transmission electron microscopy(TEM), respectively. The results show that with the increase of deformation amount, the aging hardening rate increases while the strength of the alloy decreases and then increases. The sample with a pre-deformation of 6% possesses the highest tensile strength due to the refinedly and homogeneously distributed precipitations. The pre-deformation aging accelerates the heterogeneous nucleation of ? and θ′ phases at dislocations, and also refines the precipitations both in the grains and along the grain boundaries. The precipitation of ? phase is restrained while that of θ′ phase is accelerated in pre-deformed Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy compared with the sample without pre-deformation. In addition, the width of the precipitate free zone decreases with increasing the pre-deformation amount, leading to a narrower IGC passageway. This results in an enhanced IGC resistance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy treated by pre-deformation aging.

Microstructure and properties of Nb/Ta multilayer films irradiated by a high current pulse electron beam

Nb/Ta multilayer films deposited on Ti6Al4V substrate with Nb and Ta monolayer thicknesses of 30 nm, 120 nm, and 240 nm were irradiated by a high current pulse electron beam (HCPEB) to prepare Nb-Ta alloyed layers. The microstructure and the composition of the outmost surface of melted alloyed layers were investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) attachment. The Ta content of the alloyed surface layer prepared from the monolayer of thickness 30 nm, 120 nm, and 240 nm was ～ 27.7 at.%, 6.37 at.%, and 0 at.%, respectively. It was found that the Ta content in the alloyed layer plays a dominant role in the microstructure of the films. The hardness and the wear rate of the alloyed layers decrease with the increasing content of Ta in the surface layer.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in laser-arc hybrid welding of wear-resistant steel

Using ABAQUS software and cylindrical ellipsoid and body heat sources with a peak-heat-fluxattenuation function,a finite element model of the temperature field in the laser-arc hybrid welding of 4.5-mm BW300 TP wear-resistant steel is proposed.The proposed model considers convection,radiation,molten pool flow,and heat conduction effect on temperature.A comparison of the simulation and actual welding test results confirms the reliability of the model.This welding heat-process model can provide the cooling rate at any position in the heat affected zone(HAZ) and can be used as a reference for the analysis of material properties and for process optimization.

Nb元素对高熵合金涂层组织与力学性能的影响

利用激光熔覆技术在Q235基体表面制备CoCrFeNiTi_(0.8)Nb_(y)(y=_(0.25),0.5,_(0.75),1.0)涂层.采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪等方法分析涂层的相结构和微观组织等;用显微维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机测试涂层的硬度与耐磨性能.结果表明,组织中呈现典型的树枝晶结构,加入Nb元素,涂层微观组织的尺寸减小,增加Nb元素含量时,高熵合金涂层的晶体结构由体心立方相(body-centered cubi,BCC)、少量的面心立方相(face-centered cubic,FCC)和Fe_(2)(Ti,Nb)型的Laves相组成;在细晶强化、固溶强化和第二相强化的共同作用下提高了涂层的显微硬度;中间相的存在一定程度上可以阻碍犁削切削过程的进行,进而提高了涂层的耐磨性能;CoCrFeNiTi_(0.8)Nb_(0.75)涂层的硬度和耐磨性最好,硬度为710 HV,约为基体的4倍,涂层的磨损量最小,磨痕较为平整.

Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Wear Resistance of High Chromium Cast Steel Containing Boron

The microstructure,mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron after different heat treatments were studied by means of the optical microscopy(OM),the scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),hardness,impact toughness,tensile and pin-on-disc abrasion tests.The results show that as-cast microstructures of boron-free high chromium steel consist of martensite and a few(Cr,Fe)7C3carbide,and the macro-hardness of boron-free high chromium steel is 55-57HRC.After 0.5mass% B was added into high chromium cast steel,as-cast structure transforms into eutectic(Fe,Cr)2B,(Cr,Fe)7(C,B)3and martensite,and the macro-hardness reaches 58-60HRC.High temperature quenching leads to the disconnection and isolated distribution of boride,and there are many(Cr,Fe)23(C,B)6precipitated phases in the quenching structure.Quenching from 1 050℃,high chromium steel obtained the highest hardness,and the hardness of high chromium cast steel containing boron is higher than that of boron-free high chromium steel.The change of quenching temperature has no obvious effect on impact toughness of high chromium steel,and the increase of quenching temperature leads to tensile strength having an increasing tendency.At the same quenching temperature,the wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron is more excellent than that of boron-free high chromium steel.High chromium cast steel guide containing boron has good performance while using in steel bar mill.

Wear Resistance of Austenitic Steel Fe–17Mn–6Si–0.3C with High Silicon and High Manganese

To solve the problem of poor wear resistance in conventional Hadfield steels under medium and low stress,a new kind of steel with high silicon and high manganese Fe–17Mn–6Si–0.3C was designed and its wear resistance was studied.The results showed that it exhibited better wear resistance than conventional Hadfield steel in both dry friction and abrasive friction.The better wear resistance of the new steel with high silicon and high manganese resulted from the stressinduced γ→ε martensitic transformation.

电爆喷涂FeCoCrNiAl_(x)高熵合金涂层的形成机制与性能

采用电爆喷涂技术在TC4钛合金表面制备FeCoCrNiAl_(x)(x=0,0.5,1.0,摩尔比,下同)涂层。使用XRD,SEM,EDS,显微硬度计以及摩擦磨损实验等材料分析手段,研究Al含量对高熵合金涂层物相结构、表面形貌、显微硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:涂层的晶粒尺寸为纳米级,均形成了简单的FCC,BCC及FCC+BCC结构固溶体。随Al元素的增加,物相结构由FCC相逐渐向BCC相转变。涂层表面平整、致密,没有明显的裂纹等缺陷,且各元素分布均匀,并没有发现元素偏聚现象。划痕测试表明,FeCoCrNiAl_(1.0)涂层出现失效的平均临界载荷为37.2 N;涂层与基体呈冶金结合。涂层的硬度和耐磨性与Al含量呈正相关关系,x=1.0时,平均显微硬度达到最大值531.8HV,约为基体的1.62倍;FeCoCrNiAl_(1.0)涂层的磨损量最小,耐磨性约为基体的3.9倍,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损。

硬质相类型对冷喷涂铝基涂层组织与耐磨性的影响

冷喷涂低温固态的材料沉积特性使该方法在热敏感材料高强铝合金的再制造修复方面具有天然优势,然而冷喷涂7系高强铝合金存在结合强度低、硬度和耐磨性能低于同成分基材的难题。对此,主要研究了不同特性硬质颗粒在喷涂粉末中的添加对冷喷涂7050Al合金修复层显微组织、结合强度与摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。以体积分数为30%的脆性Al2O3陶瓷颗粒和韧性的WC-17Co金属陶瓷颗粒为硬质相,在相同参数条件下分别沉积了纯7050Al涂层、7050Al/Al2O3复合涂层与7050Al/WC-17Co复合涂层。采用SEM表征了涂层的横截面组织;依照ASTM C633标准测试了不同硬质相添加对涂层结合强度的影响规律;采用球盘摩擦磨损试验研究了涂层的摩擦磨损行为。结果表明,沉积过程中,脆性的Al2O3颗粒由于不能协调变形,因此与7050Al结合较差且自身会发生碰撞破碎现象;韧性的WC-17Co硬质合金颗粒可以协调变形,因此与7050Al结合较好,且在涂层中含量较Al2O3更高。WC-17Co颗粒在涂层与基材界面处形成的榫卯结构可将7050Al涂层的结合强度由34.5提升到73.2 MPa以上,而Al2O3颗粒的添加对涂层结合强度的影响可以忽略。与7050Al基材相比,WC-17Co硬质合金颗粒的添加可使涂层耐摩擦磨损性能提高8倍以上,而Al2O3颗粒容易剥落的特点使得涂层耐磨性降低50%以上。

激光能量密度对CoCrFeNiMo高熵合金组织与耐磨性能的影响

通过激光熔覆制备不同激光能量密度下的CoCrFeNiMo高熵合金涂层,研究了不同激光能量密度对涂层微观组织、显微硬度和摩擦学性能的影响.研究结果表明,所有CoCrFeNiMo高熵合金涂层的相都由FCC和σ相组成,具为典型枝晶组织,枝晶区和枝晶间区组成分别是FCC相和σ相.随着激光能量密度的升高,涂层显微硬度先升高后下降,和耐磨性成正相关.当激光能量密度为66.7 J·mm^(-2)时,涂层显微硬度达到419.8 HV的最高值,耐磨性最好,其原因是较高硬度提高了涂层抗变形能力,有效抵抗了摩擦副对涂层的磨损.由此可见,高熵合金涂层磨损机制由磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和氧化磨损共同作用形成.

石油钻杆的发展趋势分析

随着钻井工况的复杂化、钻井深度加深以及其他特殊钻井的需求,钻杆定制化生产的要求越来越多,如抗硫钻杆、超高强度钢级钻杆、特殊螺纹钻杆等高端石油钻杆。目前,国内石油钻杆生产厂家都以生产API标准的石油钻杆为主,同质化竞争严重,针对深井、深海井、高腐蚀性井等领域发展所需的抗硫钻杆、超高强度钢级钻杆、特殊螺纹钻杆等高端石油钻杆产品目前涉足厂家较少,在特殊用途钻杆市场内还未形成竞争力。石油钻杆未来发展趋势一定是以满足特殊用途的定制化钻杆为前提的高端石油钻杆。本文立足于国内市场现状,放眼石油钻杆发展趋势,为今后我国钻杆的发展方向提出建议。

热处理过程TiAlCrMn高熵合金的高温氧化特性与力学性能

采用真空熔炼制备不同Al、Cr、Mn含量的TiAlCrMn系高熵合金,并对其高温氧化特性和热处理前后的力学性能进行研究。结果表明,随着Al、Cr、Mn含量的增加,其高温氧化质量增加率明显降低,这是因为在氧化层中形成了连续且致密的富(Al,Cr)氧化物,阻碍氧原子与其他合金原子相互扩散形成新的氧化物。另外,热处理前后的样品,其显微硬度均存在单调递增的趋势,晶粒粗化会导致样品硬度降低,而在高含量合金元素的样品中,析出强化会改善其硬度。变形诱导强化使材料获得更高的压缩强度,在500℃热处理后的样品其屈服强度有所降低,而经过900℃热处理的材料屈服强度得到提升,但其延展性降低。

等离子物理气相沉积高熵合金涂层及组织性能

采用等离子物理气相沉积的方法在316L不锈钢表面制备了AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金涂层,研究了喷涂距离和电流对高熵合金涂层物相组成、表面形貌、截面形貌、硬度、结合强度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明,不同喷涂距离和电流下,高熵合金涂层都主要由BCC、B2和FCC相组成;随着电流或者喷涂距离增加,涂层中BCC平均晶粒尺寸先增后减。当喷涂距离为460 mm时,随着电流从1600A增加至2000A,涂层平均摩擦系数逐渐增大,表面和截面硬度先减后增,涂层结合力和结合强度先增大后减小,涂层的磨损率先增加后减小;当电流为1800A时,随着喷涂距离从420mm增加至500mm,涂层平均摩擦系数逐渐减小,表面硬度先减后增,截面硬度先增后减,涂层结合力和结合强度逐渐增大,涂层的磨损率逐渐减小。高熵合金涂层的磨损率与涂层表面硬度和内聚强度都有一定相关性。

Si含量对Fe-Cr-Si合金高温耐磨性能的影响

为研究Si含量对Fe-Cr-Si合金高温耐磨性能的影响,改善Fe-Cr-Si合金在高温环境下的耐磨性能,采用真空电弧熔炼制备了4种不同Si含量(原子分数5%、10%、15%、20%)的Fe-Cr-Si合金,研究了Si含量变化对其高温耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,4种Fe-Cr-Si合金均由单相组织构成,Si含量的增加使得合金硬度逐渐升高,并且促进了金属硅化物Fe_(3)Si的形成。随着Si含量的增加,Fe-Cr-Si合金的摩擦系数和磨损率逐渐减小,磨损机制由剥落磨损转变为氧化磨损、磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。