移动群智感知系统(MCS)能否高效地运行,很大程度上取决于是否有大量任务参与者参与到感知任务中。然而在现实中,用户的感知成本增加以及用户的隐私泄露等原因,导致用户的参与积极性不高,因此需要一种有效的手段,用于在保证用户隐私安全...移动群智感知系统(MCS)能否高效地运行,很大程度上取决于是否有大量任务参与者参与到感知任务中。然而在现实中,用户的感知成本增加以及用户的隐私泄露等原因,导致用户的参与积极性不高,因此需要一种有效的手段,用于在保证用户隐私安全的同时,还能促进用户积极地参与到任务中。针对上述问题,结合本地化差分隐私保护技术,提出了一种基于综合评分的双边拍卖隐私激励机制(Privacy Incentive Mechanism of Bilateral Auction with Comprehensive Scoring, BCS),这种激励机制包括拍卖机制、数据扰动和聚合机制以及奖励和惩罚机制3个部分。拍卖机制综合考虑了各种因素对用户完成感知任务的影响,在一定程度上提高了任务的匹配程度;数据扰动和聚合机制在隐私保护和数据精度之间做出权衡,在保证数据质量的同时做到了对用户隐私的良好保护;奖励和惩罚机制奖励诚信度和活跃度高的用户,激励用户积极参与感知任务。实验结果表明,BCS可以在提高平台收益和任务匹配率的同时保证感知数据的质量。展开更多
This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences appr...This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences approach,it finds evidence that environmental regulation decreased the per capita income and enlarged the gap between urban and rural income while showing an insignificant effect on employment.Although the policy can reduce pollution levels and bring environmental benefits in aggregate,the findings of this study suggest that the regulations appear to have reduced the proportion of manufacturing industry and hindered general innovation and investment from entrepreneurs,which resulted in greater inequality.Rural residents suffered more from environmental regulation due to relatively high migration costs and their disadvantaged human resources on the aspects of health,education level,and skills.The local government's execution incentive can also play a key role in the effectiveness of environmental policy.Regions with lower GDP growth targets and younger government leaders were affected significantly with regard to the income growth of local residents and the urban-rural income gap.展开更多
In this paper we introduce a framework for using quality as an incentive to promote proper application level congestion control. Through integrating a joint-source channel coder and feedback-based congestion control s...In this paper we introduce a framework for using quality as an incentive to promote proper application level congestion control. Through integrating a joint-source channel coder and feedback-based congestion control scheme, we are able to construct accurate and efficient quality incentives. The framework is applicable in all network architectures where end-to-end congestion control may be used, and is as such not specific to either best-effort or traffic class-based architectures. The concept is presented along with preliminary simulations that highlight the resulting rate control accuracy. We also discuss how to implement some well-known congestion control schemes within our framework.展开更多
We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests c...We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation.展开更多
Since 2008,China has provided ITC(investment tax credit)and TID(taxable income deduction)for firms who engage in investment or business related to reducing pollution emissions and saving energy.This paper examines bot...Since 2008,China has provided ITC(investment tax credit)and TID(taxable income deduction)for firms who engage in investment or business related to reducing pollution emissions and saving energy.This paper examines both incidence and effects of these tax incentives.Using a unique panel dataset mainly from the NTSD(the National Tax Statistics Dataset of China)over 2007-2011,we find that they are generally not popular.SOEs are the main beneficiaries,while regional characteristics have no impact on taxpayers’attitude to ITC or TID.The mechanism behind may be that the incentives hurt interests of firms and local governments.Their effects on taxpayers’activities including capital,employment,and production are not remarkable,while growth of coal consumption significantly speeds up.These findings are robust to multiple specifications of using different empirical strategies,samples and variables.However,the results indicate that the tax incentives do serve the purpose of protecting environment by restraining coal consumption in some specific group of firms who are affiliated to the central government.This finding confirms a simple model established in the paper that emphasizes the importance of the government’executive power on tax policies,and relates to the literature finding that local support can remarkably boost the efficiency of tax incentives for environmental protection.展开更多
文摘移动群智感知系统(MCS)能否高效地运行,很大程度上取决于是否有大量任务参与者参与到感知任务中。然而在现实中,用户的感知成本增加以及用户的隐私泄露等原因,导致用户的参与积极性不高,因此需要一种有效的手段,用于在保证用户隐私安全的同时,还能促进用户积极地参与到任务中。针对上述问题,结合本地化差分隐私保护技术,提出了一种基于综合评分的双边拍卖隐私激励机制(Privacy Incentive Mechanism of Bilateral Auction with Comprehensive Scoring, BCS),这种激励机制包括拍卖机制、数据扰动和聚合机制以及奖励和惩罚机制3个部分。拍卖机制综合考虑了各种因素对用户完成感知任务的影响,在一定程度上提高了任务的匹配程度;数据扰动和聚合机制在隐私保护和数据精度之间做出权衡,在保证数据质量的同时做到了对用户隐私的良好保护;奖励和惩罚机制奖励诚信度和活跃度高的用户,激励用户积极参与感知任务。实验结果表明,BCS可以在提高平台收益和任务匹配率的同时保证感知数据的质量。
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.72173085 and 71973094)support from a China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2023M743896).
文摘This paper investigates the effect of environmental policy on income inequality.It focuses on the central environmental protection inspection led by the central government in China.Using a diference-in-diferences approach,it finds evidence that environmental regulation decreased the per capita income and enlarged the gap between urban and rural income while showing an insignificant effect on employment.Although the policy can reduce pollution levels and bring environmental benefits in aggregate,the findings of this study suggest that the regulations appear to have reduced the proportion of manufacturing industry and hindered general innovation and investment from entrepreneurs,which resulted in greater inequality.Rural residents suffered more from environmental regulation due to relatively high migration costs and their disadvantaged human resources on the aspects of health,education level,and skills.The local government's execution incentive can also play a key role in the effectiveness of environmental policy.Regions with lower GDP growth targets and younger government leaders were affected significantly with regard to the income growth of local residents and the urban-rural income gap.
基金Project supported by the Research Council of Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and the Norwegian Resarch Network (UNINETT)
文摘In this paper we introduce a framework for using quality as an incentive to promote proper application level congestion control. Through integrating a joint-source channel coder and feedback-based congestion control scheme, we are able to construct accurate and efficient quality incentives. The framework is applicable in all network architectures where end-to-end congestion control may be used, and is as such not specific to either best-effort or traffic class-based architectures. The concept is presented along with preliminary simulations that highlight the resulting rate control accuracy. We also discuss how to implement some well-known congestion control schemes within our framework.
文摘We examined the local community incentive programs to improve traditional forest management in three forested villages in Baneh city, Kurdistan province in the northern Zagros forests of western Iran. Zagros forests cover 6.07 million ha and support rich plant and animal diversity. Changes in local community social and economic sys-tems and the inefficiency of traditional forest management led to a criti-cal situation in the stability of forest regeneration in recent decades. Due to a shortage of productive and arable lands and resulting unemployment and poverty, people overexploited the Zagros forests. Outside interven-tion in traditional forest management creates conflicts between local peoples and forest management organizations. To achieve sustainable forest management, including forest resources conservation and im-provement of natural resource based livelihoods of communities, it is desirable to implement Forestry Incentive Programs （FIP） based on the important functions of forests. Detailed information on the so-cio-economics of communities, the effect of forests on local livelihoods, and lists of products extracted from the forest were obtained from a sur-vey of local communities though questionnaire, interview and observa-tion. We studied 276 households in three villages and completed 76 ques-tionnaires by householders in the quantitative analysis. Sampling was performed by simple random sampling （SRS）. The needs of rural com-munities, such as livestock husbandry, mainly arise from the characteris-tics and environmental features of villages. We identified the driving forces, pressures, status, impacts and responses （DPSIR） to design incen-tive programs, by DPSIR analysis and interaction analysis. Evaluation of local community benefits from forests showed that in order to improve forest management, 319 dollars per year would be needed by each family as an incentive in 2010 to prevent lopping and firewood collecting, the main causes of forest degradation.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:71573038).
文摘Since 2008,China has provided ITC(investment tax credit)and TID(taxable income deduction)for firms who engage in investment or business related to reducing pollution emissions and saving energy.This paper examines both incidence and effects of these tax incentives.Using a unique panel dataset mainly from the NTSD(the National Tax Statistics Dataset of China)over 2007-2011,we find that they are generally not popular.SOEs are the main beneficiaries,while regional characteristics have no impact on taxpayers’attitude to ITC or TID.The mechanism behind may be that the incentives hurt interests of firms and local governments.Their effects on taxpayers’activities including capital,employment,and production are not remarkable,while growth of coal consumption significantly speeds up.These findings are robust to multiple specifications of using different empirical strategies,samples and variables.However,the results indicate that the tax incentives do serve the purpose of protecting environment by restraining coal consumption in some specific group of firms who are affiliated to the central government.This finding confirms a simple model established in the paper that emphasizes the importance of the government’executive power on tax policies,and relates to the literature finding that local support can remarkably boost the efficiency of tax incentives for environmental protection.
