An improved positioning model of deep-seafloor datum point at large incidence angle

The inhomogeneous sound speed in seawater causes refraction of sound waves,and the elimination of the refraction effect is essential to the accuracy of underwater acoustic positioning.The raytracing method is an indispensable tool for effectively handling problems.However,this method has a conflict between localization accuracy and computational quantity.The equivalent sound speed profile(ESSP)method uses a simple sound speed profile(SSP)instead of the actual complex SSP,which can improve positioning precision but with residual error.The residual error is especially non-negligible in deep water and at large beam incidence angles.By analyzing the residual error of the ESSP method through a simulation,an empirical formula of error is presented.The data collected in the sailing circle mode(large incidence angle)of the South China Sea are used for verification.The experiments show that compared to the ESSP method,the improved algorithm has higher positioning precision and is more efficient than the ray-tracing method.

Measurements of the Electrical Incidence Angle Modifiers of an Asymmetrical Photovoltaic/Thermal Compound Parabolic Concentrating-Collector

Reflector edges, sharp acceptance angles and by-pass diodes introduce large variations in the electrical performance of asymmetrical concentrating photovoltaic/thermal modules over a short incidence angle interval. It is therefore important to quantify these impacts precisely. The impact on the electrical performance of the optical properties of an asymmetrical photovoltaic/thermal CPC-collector was measured in Maputo, Mozambique. The measurements were carried out with the focus on attaining a high resolution incidence angle modifier in both the longitudinal and transversal directions, since large variations were expected over small angle intervals. A detailed analysis of the contribution of the diffuse radiation to the total output was also carried out. The solar cells have an electrical efficiency of 18% while the maximum measured electrical efficiency of the collector was 13.9 % per active glazed area and 20.9 % per active cell area, at 25 °C. Such data make it possible to quantify not only the electrical performance for different climatic and operating conditions but also to determine potential improvements to the collector design. The electrical output can be increased by a number of different measures, e.g. removing the outermost cells, turning the edge cells 90°, dividing each receiver side into three or four parts and directing the tracking, when used, along a north-south axis.

An improved algorithm based on equivalent sound velocity profile method at large incident angle

With the development of ultra-wide coverage technology,multibeam echo-sounder(MBES)system has put forward higher requirements for localization accuracy and computational efficiency of ray tracing method.The classical equivalent sound speed profile(ESSP)method replaces the measured sound velocity profile(SVP)with a simple constant gradient SVP,reducing the computational workload of beam positioning.However,in deep-sea environment,the depth measurement error of this method rapidly increases from the central beam to the edge beam.By analyzing the positioning error of the ESSP method at edge beam,it is discovered that the positioning error increases monotonically with the incident angle,and the relationship between them could be expressed by polynomial function.Therefore,an error correction algorithm based on polynomial fitting is obtained.The simulation experiment conducted on an inclined seafloor shows that the proposed algorithm exhibits comparable efficiency to the original ESSP method,while significantly improving bathymetry accuracy by nearly eight times in the edge beam.

Vortex dynamics and entropy generation in separated transitional flow over a compressor blade at various incidence angles

The transition process within a Laminar Separation Bubble(LSB)that formed on a compressor blade surface was investigated using Large Eddy Simulations(LESs)at a Reynolds number of 1.5×10;and incidence angles of 0°,+3°,and+5°.The vortex dynamics in the separated shear layers were compared at various incidence angles and its effects on the loss generation were clarified through entropy analysis.Results showed that transition onset,which was accurately identified by the Linear Stability Theory(LST),was significantly promoted at the increased incidence angle.As such,the development of LSB was suppressed and the relative role of viscous instability played in the transition process was weakened.At the incidence angle of 0°,two-dimensional spanwise vortices detached from the blade surface and roiled up periodically,which were further stretched and eventually evolved into large-scale hairpin vortices.As time passed,the fully developed hairpin vortices broke down into small-scale eddies.Meanwhile,the flow near the wall reversely ejected into the outer separated shear layers and a sweeping process happened subsequently,forcing the separated shear layers to reattach and accelerating the generation of turbulent fluctuations.By comparison,the strength of vortex rolling-up was weakened at higher incidence angles,and the vortex pairing and breakdown of large-scale vortices were less pronounced.Therefore,the level of turbulent fluctuations that generated in the separated shear layers was reduced.Detailed entropy analysis showed that the turbulent dissipation effect related to the Reynolds shear stresses determined the largest amount of positive entropy generation,which declined to a lower level as the incidence angle increased from 0°to+5°.Correspondingly,the profile loss was reduced by 50.4%.

Assessing the active-passive approach at variant incidence angles for microwave brightness temperature downscaling

The Terrestrial Water Resources Satellite(TWRS)campaign is a planned Chinese candidate satellite mission,and a one-dimensional synthetic aperture technology will be used,resulting in variant incidence angles for collecting synchronous active-passive observations at L-band,which would make brightness temperature(T_(b))downscaling especially challenging when aiming to improve the spatial resolution of soil moisture measurements.In this study,two active-passive T_(b) downscaling algorithms,the time-series regression(TSR)and spectral analysis(SA)algorithms,are assessed comprehensively based on airborne experimental datasets.The results with data collected during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002(SMEX02)showed that both approaches could provide a reliable downscaled T_(b) at the same incidence angle.Based on the ground and airborne active-passive observations under variant incidence angles from the Soil Moisture Experiment in the Luan River(SMELR)it can be shown that the linear relationship between T_(b) andσis still robust under the case of variant incidence angles,and T_(b)(both h-and v-pol)is better correlated toσvv for most cases thanσhh.Both downscaling approaches can be applied to active-passive observations under varying incidence angles.Moreover,SA method performed better than the TSR method according to the lower RMSE values and higher correlation.

Characterizing a liquid crystal spatial light modulator at oblique incidence angles using the self-interference method

The phase modulation characteristics of a reflective liquid crystal （LC） spatial light modulator （SLM） under oblique incidence are studied by using our proposed self-interference method. The experimental setup of the method is very simple and has good robustness to mechanical vibrations. By changing the gray value of the combined grayscale loaded on the LC-SLM, different sheared fringe patterns, generated by the interference between the constant phase-modulated beam and the ＋1-order diffracted beam of the blazed grating, can be obtained. The amount of phase modulation of the LC-SLM is obtained by subtracting the phase of the two side lobes in the frequency domain. By turning the turntable where the SLM is mounted, the phase modulation characteristics at different incident angles can be measured. The experimental results show that the phase modulation curves do not change significantly with the small angle. When the angle is large （i.e. larger than 10°）, the phase modulation curves become different, especially for the high gray levels. With the increase of the incident angle, the phase modulation depth is reduced. The results indicate that the incident angle plays an important role in the performance of the phase modulation of an LC-SLM.

Improving attosecond pulse reflection by large angle incidence for a periodic multilayer mirror in the extreme ultraviolet region

The improvement of attosecond pulse reflection by large angle incidence for a periodic multilayer mirror in the extreme ultraviolet region has been discussed. Numerical simulations of both spectral and temporal reflection characteristics of periodic multilayer mirrors under various incident angles have been analyzed and compared. It was found that the periodic multilayer mirror under a larger incidence angle can provide not only higher integrated reflectivity but also a broader reflection band with negligible dispersion, making it possible to obtain better a reflected pulse that has a higher pulse reflection efficiency and shorter pulse duration for attosecond pulse reflection. In addition, by increasing the incident angle, the promotion of attosecond pulse reflection capability has been proven for periodic multilayer mirrors with arbitrary layers.

Three-Dimensional Study of the Effect of the Angle of Incidence of a Magnetic Field on the Electrical Power and Conversion Efficiency of a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell under Multispectral Illumination

A three-dimensional approach to the effect of magnetic field incidence angle on electrical power and conversion efficiency is performed on a front-illuminated polycrystalline silicon bifacial solar cell. A solution of the continuity equation allowed us to present the equations of photocurrent density, photovoltage and electric power. The influence of the angle of incidence of the magnetic field on the photocurrent density, the photovoltage and the electric power has been studied. The curves of electrical power versus dynamic junction velocity were used to extract the values of maximum electrical power and dynamic junction velocity and to calculate those of conversion efficiency. From this study, it is found that the conversion efficiency values increase with the angle of incidence of the magnetic field.

Characteristics of the electromagnetic wave propagation in magnetized plasma sheath and practical method for blackout mitigation

“Magnetic window”is considered as an effective method to solve the communication blackout issue.COMSOL software package based on the finite element method is utilized to simulate the propagation of right-handed circularly polarized wave in the magnetized plasma sheath.We assume a double Gaussian model of electron density and an exponential attenuation model of magnetic field.The propagation characteristics of right-handed circularly polarized wave are analyzed by the observation of the reflected,transmitted and loss coefficient.The numerical results show that the propagation of right-handed circularly polarized wave in the magnetized plasma sheath varies for different incident angles,collision frequencies,non-uniform magnetic fields and non-uniform plasma densities.We notice that reducing the wave frequency can meet the propagation conditions of whistle mode in the weak magnetized plasma sheath.And the transmittance of whistle mode is less affected by the variation of the electron density and the collision frequency.It can be used as a communication window.

Frequency selective surface with better polarization independency for arbitrary incident angle

This paper investigates the frequency-selective property of a planar layer consisting of period arrays both theoretically and experimentally for different polarizations at arbitrary incident angle. The novel element is designed by loading the rectangular microstrip element with L-shaped conducting patch at its two ends. Based on the spectral-domain method, the frequency response including angle effect and polarization effect of the frequency selective surface （FSS） structure are analysed and the plots of the frequency versus transmission coefficient are obtained. As a result of the numerical analysis, it is shown that if the source polarization is changed, polarization-independence of previous FSS design can be achieved only for normal incidence, which limits most FSS applications. But in our proposed structure, the better polarization-independency for arbitrary incident angle can be achieved. It is observed that the simulated result comes very close to the experimental result.

Half space object classification via incident angle based fusion of radar and infrared sensors

In this paper,we introduce an incident angle based fusion method for radar and infrared sensors to improve the recognition rate of complex targets under half space scenarios,e.g.,vehicles on the ground in this paper.For radar sensors,convolutional operation is introduced into the autoencoder,a“winner-take-all(WTA)”convolutional autoencoder(CAE)is used to improve the recognition rate of the radar high resolution range profile(HRRP).Moreover,different from the free space,the HRRP in half space is more complex.In order to get closer to the real situation,the half space HRRP is simulated as the dataset.The recognition rate has a growth more than 7%com-pared with the traditional CAE or denoised sparse autoencoder(DSAE).For infrared sensor,a convolutional neural network(CNN)is used for infrared image recognition.Finally,we com-bine the two results with the Dempster-Shafer(D-S)evidence theory,and the discounting operation is introduced in the fusion to improve the recognition rate.The recognition rate after fusion has a growth more than 7%compared with a single sensor.After the discounting operation,the accuracy rate has been improved by 1.5%,which validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The largest negative refractive angles in uniaxial bicrystals

Using the Maxwell＇s equations, we carry out theoretical analysis on the maximum incident and refractive angles at which negative refraction can be realized at the interfaces associated with conventional uniaxial media. In the numerical analysis, the largest incident and refractive angles at which refraction arises are obtained by optimizing directions of the optical axis of the uniaxial bicrystal. Meanwhile, the optical parameters of the ordinary uniaxial bicrystals （including homogeneity- junction and heterogeneity-junction） are given, and some representative laser wavelengths, the largest incident and refractive angles are obtained. The relation between the largest incident angles （or refractive angles） and refractive index is also discussed.

Influence of Approach Channel on Wave Propagation with Varying Incident Angles

The variation of the amplitude of waves with varying incident angles when waves propagate through a typical approach channel is discussed by a numerical calculation method, the result of which shows that the influence of the channel on wave propagation is obvious. When the wave propagation direction is in coincidence with the channel axis, the wave amplitude ratio will decrease with the increase of propagation distance. When the incident angle is 15 - 30 , there appears an area of larger wave amplitude ratio on the side slope facing the waves, but at the another side, the wave amplitude ratio is generally small, indicating that the channel has a shielding effect. When waves propagate across the channel perpendicularly, the wave amplitude ratio can be calculated with the shallow water coefficient.

Adjustable polarization-independent wide-incident-angle broadband far-infrared absorber

To promote the application of far-infrared technology,functional far-infrared devices with high performance are needed.Here,we propose a design scheme to develop a wide-incident-angle far-infrared absorber,which consists of a periodically semicircle-patterned graphene sheet,a lossless inter-dielectric spacer and a gold reflecting film.Under normal incidence for both TE-and TM-polarization modes,the bandwidth of 90%absorption of the proposed far-infrared absorber is ranging from 6.76 THz to 11.05 THz.The absorption remains more than 90%over a 4.29-THz broadband range when the incident angle is up to 50◦for both TE-and TM-polarization modes.The peak absorbance of the absorber can be flexibly tuned from 10%to 100%by changing the chemical potential from 0 eV to 0.6 eV.The tunable broadband far-infrared absorber has promising applications in sensing,detection,and stealth objects.

Effects of proton irradiation at different incident angles on InAlAs/InGaAs InP-based HEMTs

InP-based high electron mobility transistors（HEMTs） will be affected by protons from different directions in space radiation applications. The proton irradiation effects on InAlAs/InGaAs hetero-junction structures of InP-based HEMTs are studied at incident angles ranging from 0 to 89.9° by SRIM software. With the increase of proton incident angle, the change trend of induced vacancy defects in the InAlAs/InGaAs hetero-junction region is consistent with the vacancy energy loss trend of incident protons. Namely, they both have shown an initial increase, followed by a decrease after incident angle has reached 30°. Besides, the average range and ultimate stopping positions of incident protons shift gradually from buffer layer to hetero-junction region, and then go up to gate metal. Finally, the electrical characteristics of InP-based HEMTs are investigated after proton irradiation at different incident angles by Sentaurus-TCAD. The induced vacancy defects are considered self-consistently through solving Poisson＇s and current continuity equations. Consequently, the extrinsic transconductance, pinch-off voltage and channel current demonstrate the most serious degradation at the incident angle of 30？, which can be accounted for the most severe carrier sheet density reduction under this condition.

Royal Crown Shaped Polarization Insensitive Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for C-, X-, and Ku-Band Applications

This study proposed a new royal crown-shaped polarisation insensitive double negative triple band microwave range electromagnetic metamaterial absorber(MA).The primary purpose of this study is to utilise the exotic characteristics of this perfect metamaterial absorber(PMA)for microwave wireless communications.The fundamental unit cell of the proposed MA consists of two pentagonal-shaped resonators and two inverse C-shaped metallic components surrounded by a split ring resonator(SRR).The bottom thin copper deposit and upper metallic resonator surface are disjoined by an FR-4 dielectric substrate with 1.6 mm thickness.The CST MW studio,a high-frequency electromagnetic simulator has been deployed for numerical simula-tion of the unit cell in the frequency range of 4 to 14 GHz.In the TE mode,the offered MA structure demonstrated three different absorption peaks at 6.85 GHz(C-band),8.87 GHz(X-band),and 12.03 GHz(Ku-band),with 96.82%,99.24%,and 99.43%absorptivity,respectively.The electric field,magnetic field,and surface current distribution were analysed using Maxwell’s-Curl equations,whereas the angle sensitivity was investigated to comprehend the absorption mechanism of the proposed absorber.The numerical results were verified using the Ansys HFSS(high-frequency structure simulator)and ADS(advanced design system)for equivalent circuit models.Moreover,the proposed MA is polarisation and incident angle independent.Hence,the application of this MA can be extended to a great extent,including airborne radar applications,defence,and stealth-coating technology.

Modelling of Wideband Concentric Ring Frequency Selective Surface for 5G Devices

Frequency selective surfaces(FSSs)play an important role in wireless systems as these can be used as filters,in isolating the unwanted radiation,in microstrip patch antennas for improving the performance of these antennas and in other 5G applications.The analysis and design of the double concentric ring frequency selective surface(DCRFSS)is presented in this research.In the sub-6 GHz 5G FR1 spectrum,a computational synthesis technique for creating DCRFSS based spatial filters is proposed.The analytical tools presented in this study can be used to gain a better understanding of filtering processes and for constructing the spatial filters.Variation of the loop sizes,angles of incidence,and polarization of the concentric rings are the factors which influence the transmission coefficient as per the thorough investigation performed in this paper.A novel synthesis approach based on mathematical equations that may be used to determine the physical parameters ofDCRFSSbased spatial filters is presented.The proposed synthesis technique is validated by comparing results from high frequency structure simulator(HFSS),Ansys electronic desktop circuit editor,and an experimental setup.Furthermore,the findings acquired from a unit cell are expanded to a 2×2 array,which shows identical performance and therefore proves its stability.

Audible Threshold of Early Reflections with Different Orientations and Delays

Early reflection is an important component in an enclosedsound field. Due to the precedence effect, the early reflection maynot be the dominant factor in sound source localization;however,it still has obvious influences on spatial position, loudness, timbre,and etc. Till now, there have sparse studies on evaluation of theaudible threshold of early reflections with lacking of general andquantitative results. This work investigated the audible thresholdof early reflection with a simplified sound field model undervarious experimental conditions including the combination ofeight incidence angles and five time delays. Three-down-one-upadaptive strategy with three-interval three-alternativeforced-choice (3I-3AFC) paradigm was used due to its efficiencyand robustness. Results indicate that (1) the audible threshold ofearly reflections decreases monotonically with increasing timedelay relative to the direct sound. Furthermore, a linear equationbetween early reflection threshold and time delay is establishedwith correlation coefficient higher than 0.9;(2) When the directsound and the reflection locate in the same half-plane, the audiblethreshold of early reflections decreases with increasing angledeviation between the direct sound and the reflection. Moreover,a front-back symmetry of early reflection threshold is observedfor stimuli below 5 kHz;(3) Considerable variations in earlyreflection threshold are found among individuals, especially atlarge angle deviation and time delay of early reflections relativeto the direct sound.

Retrieval of Sea Surface Wind Speed by One-Dimensional Synthetic Aperture Microwave Radiometer

One-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometers have higher spatial resolution and record measurements at multiple incidence angles.In this paper,we propose a multiple linear regression method to retrieve sea surface wind speed at an incidence angle between 0°65°.We assume that a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer operates at frequencies of 6.9,10.65,18.7,23.8 and 36.5 GHz.Then,the microwave radiative transfer forward model is used to simulate the measured brightness temperatures.The sensitivity of the brightness temperatures at 0°65°to the sea surface wind speed is calculated.Then,vertical polarization channels(VR),horizontal polarization channels(HR)and all channels(AR)are used to retrieve the sea surface wind speed via a multiple linear regression algorithm at 0°65°,and the relationship between the retrieval error and incidence angle is obtained.The results are as follows:(1)The sensitivity of the vertical polarization brightness temperature to the sea surface wind speed is smaller than that of the horizontal polarization.(2)The retrieval error increases with Gaussian noise.The retrieval error of VR first increases and then decreases with increasing incidence angle,the retrieval error of HR gradually decreases with increasing incidence angle,and the retrieval error of AR first decreases and then increases with increasing incidence angle.(3)The retrieval error of AR is the lowest and it is necessary to retrieve the sea surface wind speed at a larger incidence angle for AR.

Approximate Calculation of Oblique Wave Transmission from A Single-Row of Rectangular Piles

Transmissions of oblique incident wave from a row of rectangular piles are analyzed theoretically. The incident angle of plane wave is taken as g = 90° , there then is the transmission coefficient ｜T｜ = 1 （This is a paradox）. In this paper, by means of the approximate relation between the transmitted and incident wave angle found from the shape of a slit, the paradoxical phenomenon is removed. On the basis of the continuality of the pressure and flux and the analysis of flow resistance at the row of rectangular piles, formulas of reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained. The transmission and reflection coefficients predicted by the present model quite agree with those of laboratory experiments in previous references