Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

The Exploration to the Historical Origin of Differences between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In order to understand the historical origins of encircling the cities from the rural areas implemented by the Communist Party of China and the current dual structures of urban and rural development, urban-rural differences are analyzed from the four aspects of production mode, management mode, culture and social division of labor. Industrial development in modern times has promoted the modernization of urban production in China. But the rural areas still maintain their traditional self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, the process of modernization of city politics is promoted by more economic elements of capitalism and the formation of Chinese bourgeoisie. During the management of urban modernization, rural areas still adopt the traditional self-management mode. In the aspect of culture, city is the center of development, having large population, developed traffic, and prosperous culture. But the village is lack of information and its culture is relatively backward. In modern times, affected by the foreign capitalist, urban area has become the center of modern productivity. After separating from agriculture, handicraft industry has transferred into urban areas and the social division of labor in both urban and rural areas has shown great changes. Thus, a new pattern of "Urban Industry, Rural Agriculture" has formed.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

A comparative study on the extracurricularreading environment of urban and rural children in Chongqing Reservoir Area

Purpose: So far, there have been few studies that discussed children’s reading environment in China’s poverty-stricken areas, this study aims to explore differences existed in extracurricular reading environment between urban and rural children in Chongqing Reservoir Area with empirical evidence.Design/methodology/approach: Using a questionnaire survey, empirical data was collected from 105 participants. Then proposed hypotheses and the reliability of the observation variables were respectively examined with ANOVA and factor analysis. The statistical analysis software SPSS19.0 was used to analyze the data.Findings: Our results showed that 1) differences did exist in school and social reading environment between urban and rural children in Chongqing Reservoir Area; 2) differences in family reading environment between urban and rural children in Chongqing Reservoir Area were not obviously observed.Research limitations: The empirical data were collected from only one county of Chongqing Reservoir Area, which may have partially affected the generalization of our conclusions. In addition, the response rate of questionnaires was comparatively low due to a relatively limited research period. Practical implications: This study would provide some reference for governments, libraries, schools and families to consider how to jointly narrow the gap in the extracurricular reading circumstance between urban and rural children in Chongqing Reservoir Area.Originality value: This is one of the first studies to explore similarities and differences in extracurricular reading environment between urban and rural children in Chinese povertystricken areas, which will help research communities to gain a deeper understanding of children’s reading environment in Chinese Reservoir Area.

我国乡村老龄化现状及其对粮食生产的影响与应对

根据2020年最新人口普查数据,我国乡村老龄化率为17.72%,先于城市步入中度老龄化社会。我国乡村老龄化整体呈现出老年抚养比增速快、低龄老人务农比例高等特征,与国际主要发达国家相比我国乡村老龄人口就业占比相对较高。分区域看,粮食主产区乡村老龄化增幅更多、老年抚养比更重、老龄就业比重更高;全国乡村老年抚养比28.13%,但粮食主产省份达31.28%。通过定性梳理乡村老龄化对农户参与粮食种植及其粮食生产行为效率等的影响,提出积极应对乡村老龄化、保障粮食安全的思路与对策建议。

再分配视域下河北省人口老龄化与城乡收入不平等的关系分析

再分配作为调节收入分配的重要工具,在实现共同富裕目标中发挥着重要作用。河北省作为人口大省,日益加重的人口老龄化对经济社会发展、城乡收入等产生了重要影响。研究发现:一方面,河北省人口老龄化拉大了城乡收入差距,加剧了城乡收入不平等,尤其是在二线城市和大规模城市中,人口老龄化引致的城乡收入不平等效应更加明显;另一方面,经济增长作为“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”的原动力,能够有效“对冲”人口老龄化对城乡收入分配不公的负面影响,而人口老龄化倒逼技术进步又在一定程度上加剧了城乡收入不平等。因此,河北省不仅要做大“财富蛋糕”,更要使全体社会成员共享“经济蛋糕”,以此加速推进共同富裕进程。

城乡融合视域下农村低收入人口和欠发达地区发展帮扶机制优化研究——深入学习党的二十届三中全会精神

解决农村低收入人口和欠发达地区问题是迈向共同富裕的中国式现代化新征程中的时代命题,城乡融合发展为其重塑治理空间并注入强劲发展动能。新阶段推进农村低收入人口和欠发达地区发展帮扶机制优化是弱势群体帮扶和落后地区开发的政策延续、面向高质量发展要求的现实回应与国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成,应正确把握精准帮扶与普惠支持、政府引导与市场化运作等重要关系,优化农村低收入人口和欠发达地区帮扶机制:完善测度指标体系,加强动态监测预警;发挥政府与市场协同作用,提高资源配置效率;增进农村低收入人口内生动力,激发欠发达地区发展活力;健全激励约束机制,提升发展帮扶工作绩效管理水平;强化党建引领,促进区域战略协同联动,以期提升农村低收入人口可行能力、实现欠发达地区可持续发展和深入推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化。

城乡医保统筹对缩小城乡居民收入差距的有效性研究

缩小城乡居民收入差距是实现共同富裕的基础,基于我国城乡医保制度改革的视角,使用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据构造多期双重差分模型,评估医保统筹制度对城乡居民收入差距影响的政策效果。研究结果表明:医保统筹政策相对于“新农合”与“城居保”制度显著缩小了城乡居民的收入差距,政策针对农村的低学历、中低收入以及中老年群体产生更明显的效果。机制分析进一步证明统筹医保制度可以通过降低农村居民医疗支出负担、提升其健康水平等渠道缩小城乡居民收入差距。因此,推进医疗保险统筹改革,在制度设计上应该更有针对性地向农村居民群体倾斜,提升受益公平性,为迈向共同富裕提供制度性保障。

城乡建设用地增减挂钩节余指标跨省域调剂的扶贫效应

允许城乡建设用地增减挂钩节余指标跨省域调剂的政策突破了土地资源在空间上的限制,提升了土地资源在全国范围内的配置效率。本文着眼于探究该政策的扶贫效应及其机制,以农民收入作为扶贫效应的代表,运用双重差分(DID)方法,研究了该政策对“三区三州”原贫困县农村人均可支配收入的影响。实证研究结果表明,实施该政策的原贫困县农村人均可支配收入显著提高。进一步研究表明,该政策通过推动城镇化和促进产业结构升级两个方面,增强了地区的“造血”能力,取得了实质性的扶贫效果。这一发现强调了政策对地方经济的积极影响,为深入理解土地资源配置与扶贫关系提供了重要的实证支持。

中国中等收入群体规模测度与变动趋势分析

中等收入群体规模的壮大,是共同富裕的重要标志。在梳理相关研究,尝试将官方数据按还原法进行处理后,以多种方法按绝对标准和相对标准测算和比较了中国整体、城乡之间及地区之间中等收入群体的规模差异和变化,发现在考察期内伴随经济增长按绝对标准的中等收入群体规模大幅提升,而按相对标准的中等收入群体规模总体呈现先下降后上升的趋势,与基尼系数变动方向相反并呈现规律性;对城乡分别考察发现中等收入群体绝大部分集中于城镇,近些年城乡差距较为稳定,甚至有缩小态势;通过比较分析各省区数据发现省际差异明显,中等收入群体规模与各省区生产总值呈明显正相关;三大地区比较也差别明显,但相互间分配格局有改善趋势;据此所做趋势预测表明,通过艰苦努力至2035年全国中等收入群体比重有望大幅提升。

公共教育扩张政策与教育收益率的城乡差异

基于2019年中国家庭收入调查数据,通过教育收益率的因果性和异质性测量,实证评估了公共教育扩张政策的个体增收效应和收入分配效应。研究结果如下:(1)利用描述性统计法分析发现,公共教育扩张政策对城镇劳动力受教育程度的提升作用高于农村,因而教育功能具有“城市偏向型”的特征;(2)利用工具变量法纠正内生性问题后,发现公共教育扩张政策对非农户籍具有更强的个体增收效应,农村劳动力的教育收益率高于城镇,大学教育收益率高于义务教育阶段,揭示了公共教育扩张政策的个体增收效应具有“农村导向型”的特征;(3)利用无条件分位数回归及其处理效应模型发现,义务教育改革和高校扩招具有缩小城乡劳动力组内工资收入差距的收入分配功能。

旅游发展对城乡收入差距的非线性影响——基于湖南省革命老区的实证检验

基于互联网OTA平台景区销售数据综合测算县域旅游发展水平,采用面板门槛回归模型探究2019—2021年湖南省革命老区县域旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响及区域异质性。结果表明:旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响呈现“扩大-缩小-扩大”的“N型”趋势双重门槛效应;在同一发展时期,旅游发展对农村居民的增收效应要略高于城镇居民;县域经济发展水平直接作用于旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响,经济发达县旅游发展更利于缓解城乡收入差距;县域旅游发展水平差异导致其对城乡收入差距的影响也具有差异性,旅游发达县旅游发展对城乡收入差距的抑制作用更明显。据此,地方政府应因地制宜制定旅游发展规划,积极探索多元化产业振兴机制并培育壮大特色产业,发挥旅游联动效应,促进城乡协调发展。

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

我国城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型

基于空间杜宾模型,利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)1978—2022年的面板数据,研究省际城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素。结果显示,我国省际城乡收入分配差距存在空间上的依赖性和异质性。由于经济发展突出的二元性与“晋升锦标赛”下激烈的区域竞争环境,产业就业结构与城乡结构对邻近地区有显著的短期空间溢出效应。各地区须优化产业布局、加强区域协作、深化制度改革、促进乡村产业振兴,通过就业承载力的全面提升,缩小城乡收入分配差距。

数字创新创业赋能城乡共同富裕的实证检验

文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省份的面板数据,实证检验数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的影响及作用机制。结果表明,数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕具有显著促进作用。异质性分析结果表明,相较于数字创新,数字创业对城乡共同富裕的促进效应更强;数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的促进作用在西部、东北地区更加显著。作用机制检验结果表明,数字创新创业通过优化居民收入结构、提升技术创新能力,促进城乡共同富裕。因此,应激发乡村数字创新创业活力,促进城乡共同富裕;提升乡村企业技术创新水平,优化乡村居民收入结构;实施差异化发展策略,缩小城乡群体数字鸿沟。