Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

Chinese decentralization and income inequality between urban and rural residents--An empirical study based on the dual dimensions of internal and external budget

The paper firstly explains the mechanism of decentralization on income inequality from two theoretical dimensions of internal and external budget.Based on the re-measurement of income Gini coefficient and Chinese decentralization level,this paper establishes panel data model from national and regional perspective to empirically investigate the impact of Chinese decentralization on income inequality between urban and rural residents.Firstly,the promotion of budgetary income decentralization is conductive to reduce income inequality of urban and rural residents whether it is from the national or sub regional.Second,although the promotion of budgetary expenditure decentralization exacerbates the urban-rural income inequality in the national level,it could obviously reduce the urban-rural income inequality in the midwest with relatively low level of budgetary expenditure decentralization.Thirdly,the impact of extra-budgetary decentralization on income inequality is consistent,no matter in the whole country,in eastern or in western regions.This means that the extra-budgetary income decentralization makes the income inequality between urban and rural residents worse while the extra-budgetary expenditure decentralization reduces the income inequality between urban and rural residents with different degrees.Fourthly,the transfer payment,years of schooling and urban unemployment rate are conductive to narrow the income inequality between urban and rural residents while the impacts of economic development,urbanization and opening degree are obviously different in different regions.The above conclusions can not only be used for reference to further perfecting and reshaping the fair efficiency mechanism of Chinese decentralization,but also indicates the direction of the new fiscal and tax system reform.

再分配视域下河北省人口老龄化与城乡收入不平等的关系分析

再分配作为调节收入分配的重要工具,在实现共同富裕目标中发挥着重要作用。河北省作为人口大省,日益加重的人口老龄化对经济社会发展、城乡收入等产生了重要影响。研究发现:一方面,河北省人口老龄化拉大了城乡收入差距,加剧了城乡收入不平等,尤其是在二线城市和大规模城市中,人口老龄化引致的城乡收入不平等效应更加明显;另一方面,经济增长作为“做大蛋糕”和“分好蛋糕”的原动力,能够有效“对冲”人口老龄化对城乡收入分配不公的负面影响,而人口老龄化倒逼技术进步又在一定程度上加剧了城乡收入不平等。因此,河北省不仅要做大“财富蛋糕”,更要使全体社会成员共享“经济蛋糕”,以此加速推进共同富裕进程。

城乡融合视域下农村低收入人口和欠发达地区发展帮扶机制优化研究——深入学习党的二十届三中全会精神

解决农村低收入人口和欠发达地区问题是迈向共同富裕的中国式现代化新征程中的时代命题,城乡融合发展为其重塑治理空间并注入强劲发展动能。新阶段推进农村低收入人口和欠发达地区发展帮扶机制优化是弱势群体帮扶和落后地区开发的政策延续、面向高质量发展要求的现实回应与国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要组成,应正确把握精准帮扶与普惠支持、政府引导与市场化运作等重要关系,优化农村低收入人口和欠发达地区帮扶机制:完善测度指标体系,加强动态监测预警;发挥政府与市场协同作用,提高资源配置效率;增进农村低收入人口内生动力,激发欠发达地区发展活力;健全激励约束机制,提升发展帮扶工作绩效管理水平;强化党建引领,促进区域战略协同联动,以期提升农村低收入人口可行能力、实现欠发达地区可持续发展和深入推进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化。

银行管制放松对城乡收入差距的影响

文章利用2003—2020年中国31省的面板数据,系统考察了银行管制放松对城乡收入差距的影响,并在此基础上探寻银行管制放松扩大城乡收入差距的渠道机制。结果显示,银行管制放松会显著扩大城乡收入不平等,该结论在进行一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。进一步分析发现,银行管制放松显著地提高城镇居民的收入份额,并降低了农村居民的收入份额,构成了银行管制放松加剧城乡收入差距的直接影响机制。中介机制检验结果证实,银行管制放松会提高城乡信贷非均衡性、加剧农村资金外流、提升技能溢价,从而扩大了城乡收入差距。据此,文章的研究为全面认识银行管制放松影响和深化收入分配改革提供新的视角,对于合理推动中国银行体系市场化改革具有一定的政策启示。

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩关系研究

基于2010—2021年湖南武陵山片区县域面板数据,综合运用泰尔系数、Tapio脱钩模型和Granger因果关系检验,研究旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的脱钩关系。结果显示:研究期内,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平和城乡收入差距分别表现出波动增长和持续缩小的演化态势;受新冠疫情影响,旅游发展水平大于片区均值的县域单元数量有所减少。2019年前,湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距的主要脱钩类型为强脱钩;新冠疫情时期,弱负脱钩类型的县域单元数量急剧上升。湖南武陵山片区的旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距存在长期均衡关系,且存在旅游发展水平向城乡收入差距的单向Granger因果关系。据此,建议加强县域间的横向联系,建立健全旅游利益联结机制,发挥旅游强县的示范引领作用,以促进湖南武陵山片区旅游发展水平与城乡收入差距脱钩。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

旅游发展对城乡收入差距的非线性影响——基于湖南省革命老区的实证检验

基于互联网OTA平台景区销售数据综合测算县域旅游发展水平,采用面板门槛回归模型探究2019—2021年湖南省革命老区县域旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响及区域异质性。结果表明:旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响呈现“扩大-缩小-扩大”的“N型”趋势双重门槛效应;在同一发展时期,旅游发展对农村居民的增收效应要略高于城镇居民;县域经济发展水平直接作用于旅游发展对城乡收入差距的影响,经济发达县旅游发展更利于缓解城乡收入差距;县域旅游发展水平差异导致其对城乡收入差距的影响也具有差异性,旅游发达县旅游发展对城乡收入差距的抑制作用更明显。据此,地方政府应因地制宜制定旅游发展规划,积极探索多元化产业振兴机制并培育壮大特色产业,发挥旅游联动效应,促进城乡协调发展。

我国城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素研究——基于省际面板数据的空间杜宾模型

基于空间杜宾模型,利用我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)1978—2022年的面板数据,研究省际城乡收入分配差距空间格局及影响因素。结果显示,我国省际城乡收入分配差距存在空间上的依赖性和异质性。由于经济发展突出的二元性与“晋升锦标赛”下激烈的区域竞争环境,产业就业结构与城乡结构对邻近地区有显著的短期空间溢出效应。各地区须优化产业布局、加强区域协作、深化制度改革、促进乡村产业振兴,通过就业承载力的全面提升,缩小城乡收入分配差距。

数字创新创业赋能城乡共同富裕的实证检验

文章基于2012—2021年中国30个省份的面板数据,实证检验数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的影响及作用机制。结果表明,数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕具有显著促进作用。异质性分析结果表明,相较于数字创新,数字创业对城乡共同富裕的促进效应更强;数字创新创业对城乡共同富裕的促进作用在西部、东北地区更加显著。作用机制检验结果表明,数字创新创业通过优化居民收入结构、提升技术创新能力,促进城乡共同富裕。因此,应激发乡村数字创新创业活力,促进城乡共同富裕;提升乡村企业技术创新水平,优化乡村居民收入结构;实施差异化发展策略,缩小城乡群体数字鸿沟。

土地流转与劳动力转移的要素互动对城乡收入差距的影响

要素流动对于破解城乡融合发展难题,建立均衡增长和良性循环的城乡关系具有重要影响。基于2005—2020年31个省级宏观面板数据,考察土地制度综合配套改革下土地流转与劳动力转移的互动关系及对城乡收入差距的影响与作用机制。研究发现:土地流转与劳动力转移之间具有显著的正向互动效应。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动有助于缩小城乡收入差距。土地流转与劳动力转移的互动,通过促进城市化水平、提高产业高级化程度,间接缩小城乡收入差距。此外,土地流转与劳动力转移的互动对城乡收入差距的影响具有异质性,对工资性收入差距存在显著的负向影响。为进一步缩小城乡收入差距,需要推动土地和户籍制度联动改革,扩大人地要素的权利开放程度,强化城乡土地、劳动力要素的流动性,完善土地流转和劳动力市场,引导农村转移劳动力参与土地流转。

财政政策对城乡不平等的影响——基于涉农贷款增量奖励政策的视角

城乡不平等是我国实现共同富裕面临的主要挑战。2009年,财政部发布了《财政县域金融机构涉农贷款增量奖励资金管理暂行办法》(以下简称涉农贷款增量奖励政策),建立了以财政资金为杠杆的激励机制,引导和激励县域金融机构加大涉农信贷投入,统筹城乡协调发展。利用2004—2018年的省级面板数据和国泰安数据,借助交错型双重差分法估算了涉农贷款增量奖励政策对我国城乡不平等的影响。研究结果表明:(1)涉农贷款增量奖励政策的实施使得城乡收入不平等程度显著下降(泰尔指数下降0.012~0.014,城乡收入比下降11.5%~14.1%),且该效应在欠发达地区更为显著。(2)考虑到政策的动态效应,涉农贷款增量奖励政策实施时间越长,收入差距的缩小幅度越大。(3)涉农贷款增量奖励政策通过提高金融服务可及性、农户固定资产投资水平以及农村劳动力非农就业水平进而缓解城乡收入不平等。(4)涉农贷款增量奖励政策能有效缓解城乡消费不平等。通过实证分析,证实了涉农贷款增量奖励政策有助于缓解城乡收入不平等以及消费不平等,具有一定的政策启示意义。

城乡居民基本养老保险对老年人口健康及其不平等的影响研究

老年健康不平等是当今社会发展不平衡的重要表现。在此背景下,探讨城乡居民基本养老保险对城乡老年人口健康及其不平等的影响,充分把握城乡居民基本养老保险的社会福利效应,聚焦老年健康相关问题,在我国全面推进共同富裕和健康老龄化的战略目标下,具有重要的政策价值和现实意义。本文基于2011—2018年CHARLS多期数据,采用基于倾向得分匹配的双重差分法、集中指数分解法等计量方法,实证检验城乡居民基本养老保险对于城乡老年人口健康及其不平等的影响与作用路径。城乡居民基本养老保险通过提供给制度内老年人一笔相对稳定的养老金收入,提高个体自我感知的经济获得感,显著改善老年人口的心理健康状况。但由于养老金待遇水平较低,城乡居民基本养老保险的绝对收入效应并不显著,无法通过保障老年人健康生活需要改善其生理健康状况。城乡老年群体被证明存在“亲富”的健康不平等,即家庭可支配收入水平更高的城乡老年群体往往具有更高的健康资本,但这种健康不平等在样本调查期内表现出逐年下降的发展趋势。其中,城乡居民基本养老保险通过使制度内低收入城乡老年群体受益,提高其家庭代际经济支持水平,在短期内缓和了城乡老年群体与收入相关的健康不平等。然而,随着时间的推移,由于低水平养老金待遇导致的制度健康效应减弱,以及缴费补贴机制、低统筹层次等制度设计带来的福利分布的“亲富”效应,城乡居民基本养老保险的健康不平等缓和作用将可能随时间演变而逐步削弱,甚至在中长期内表现出加剧健康不平等的发展趋势。因此,有必要进一步优化城乡居民基本养老保险的制度设计,通过提高养老金保障水平,逐步扩大其健康改善效应。同时,通过鼓励低收入群体积极参保、提高城乡居民基本养老保险统筹层次、将基础养老金纳入基本收入保障框架等方式,逐步扩大城乡居民基本养老保险收入再分配力度,实现公平收入、维护城乡老年人口健康公平。此外,仍需关注不同收入老年群体在医疗服务可及性、卫生环境等结构性因素间存在的较大差异而导致的健康差距,通过公共服务、卫生健康等资源的优化配置,提高农村、低收入老年群体的健康福利。

农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响研究

教育差距是中国城乡收入差异最主要的影响因素之一,而高等教育是培养优秀人力资源的重要途径,在提高农民文化水平与劳动技能中,教育资源的投入起到了显著作用,并且有效提高了其劳动生产率,促进农民增收就业,进而缩小城乡人均收入的差异。利用我国2008—2020年的31个省(市)的省级面板数据,运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)探究农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响,利用中介效应模型检验了农村人力资本投入在粮食安全提高的影响下是否能有效缩小城乡收入差距。研究表明:①农村人力资本投入对缩小城乡收入差距起到了显著作用,其中中部地区的作用最大,而东、西部地区相较于中部地区的效果较弱。②在农村人力资本与城乡收入差距产生的效应中,粮食生产起到了积极的中介作用,这一点在中部地区最为明显。据此,提出相应的政策建议,以期为推动农业发展水平进步、农村地区振兴、农民收入切实提高提供参考,最终促进中国经济的快速、均衡和可持续发展。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。