Incompatible thermal deformation of interlayers and corresponding damage mechanism of high-speed railway track structure

In the service period,the instability of ballastless track bed are mostly related to the damage of interlayers which are mainly resulted from the incompatible thermal deformation of interlayers.The temperature field within the ballastless track bed shows significant non-uniformity due to the large difference in the materials of various structure layers,leading to a considerable difference in the force bearing of different structure layers.Unit Ballastless Track Bed(UBTB)is most significantly affected by temperature gradient.The thermal deformation of interlayers within UBTB follows the trend of ellipsoid-shape buckling under the effect of the temperature gradient,resulting in a variation of the contact relationship between structure layers and a significant periodic irregularity on the rail.When the train travels on the periodically irregular rail,the structure layers are locally contacted,and the contact zone moves with the variation of the wheel position.This wheel-followed local contact greatly magnifies the interlayer stress,causes interlayer damage,and leads to a considerable increase in the bending moment of the track slab.Continuous Ballastless Track Bed(CBTB)is most significantly affected by the overall temperature variation,which may cause damage to the joint in CBTB.Under the combined action of the overall temperature rise and the temperature gradient,the interlayer damage continuously expands,resulting in bonding failure between structural layers.The thermal force in the continuous track slabs will cause the up-heave buckling and the sudden large deformation of the track slab,and the loss of constraint boundary of the horizontal stability.For the design of a ballastless track structure,the change of bearing status and structural damage related to the incompatible thermal deformation of interlayers should be considered.

Outcomes of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in end-stage liver disease patients co-infected with hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus(HBV)are eligible for liver transplantation(LT)in Africa and Southeast Asia,particularly China.However,the outcome of HIV-HBV coinfected patients referred for ABO-incompatible LT(ABOi-LT)is unknown.AIM To clarify the outcome of ABOi-LT for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with endstage liver disease(ESLD).METHODS We report on two Chinese HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD who underwent A to O brain-dead donor LT and reviewed the literature on HIV-HBV coinfected patients treated with ABO-compatible LT.The pretransplantation HIV viral load was undetectable,with no active opportunistic infections.Induction therapy consisted of two sessions of plasmapheresis and a single dose of rituximab in two split doses,followed by an intraoperative regimen of intravenous immunoglobulin,methylprednisolone,and basiliximab.Post-transplant maintenance immunosuppressive agents consisted of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil,and prednisone.RESULTS At the intermediate-term follow-up,patients showed undetectable HIV viral load,CD4(+)T cell counts greater than 150 cells/μL,no HBV recurrence,and stable liver function.A liver allograft biopsy showed no evidence of acute cellular rejection.Both patients survived at 36-42 mo of follow-up.CONCLUSION This is the first report of ABOi-LT in HIV-HBV recipients with good intermediate-term outcomes,suggesting that ABOi-LT may be feasible and safe for HIV-HBV coinfected patients with ESLD.

ABO incompatible renal transplants:Good or bad?

ABO incompatible kidney transplantation(ABOi-KT) was previously considered to be an absolute contraindication for patients with end-stage kidney disease(ESKD) due to hyperacute rejection related to blood type barrier. Since the first successful series of ABOi-KT was reported, ABOi-KT is performed increasingly all over the world. ABOi-KT has led to an expanded donor pool and reduced the number of patients with ESKD awaiting deceased kidney transplantation(KT). Intensified immunosuppression and immunological understanding has helped to shape current desensitization protocols. Consequently, in recent years, ABOi-KT outcome is comparable to ABO compatible KT(ABOc-KT). However, many questions still remain unanswered. In ABOi-KT, there is an additional residual immunological risk that maylead to allograft damage, despite using current diverse but usually intensified immunosuppressive protocols at the expense of increasing risk of infection and possibly malignancy. Notably, in ABOi-KT, desensitization and antibody reduction therapies have increased the cost of KT. Reassuringly, there has been an evolution in ABOiKT leading to a simplification of protocols over the last decade. This review provides an overview of the history, outcome, protocol, advantages and disadvantages in ABOi-KT, and focuses on whether ABOi-KT should be recommended as a therapeutic option of KT in the future.

Differential Gene and Protein Expression in Soybean at Early Stages of Incompatible Interaction with Phytophthora sojae

Soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. Using genetic resistance is an important and major component in the integrated pest management of this disease. To understand molecular mechanisms of root and stem rot resistance in soybeans, the gene and protein expression in hypocotyls and stems of variety Suinong 10 carrying resistance genes Rps1a and Rps2 was investigated by using mRNA differential display reverse transcription PCR and two-dimensional electrophoresis at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after inoculation with P. sojae race 1. The results of the comparison of gene and protein expression showed that at least eight differential fragments at the transcriptional level were related to metabolic pathway, phytoalexin, and signal transduction in defense responses. Sequence analyses indicated that these fragments represented cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase gene, ATP b gene coding ATP synthase b subunit and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene which upregulated at 0.5 h post inoculation, blue copper protein gene and UDP-N-acetyl-a-D-galactosamine gene which upregulated at 2 h post inoculation, TGA-type basic leucine zipper protein TGA1.1 gene, cyclophilin gene, and 14-3-3 protein gene which upregulated at 4 h post inoculation. Three resistance-related proteins, a-subunit and b-subunit of ATP synthase, and cytochrome P450-like protein, were upregulated at 2 h post inoculation. The results suggested that resistance-related multiple proteins and genes were expressed in the recognition between soybean and P. sojae during zoospore germination, penetration and mycelium growth of P. sojae in soybean.

Incompatible numerical manifold method for fracture problems

The incompatible numerical manifold method （INMM） is based on the finite cover approximation theory, which provides a unified framework for problems dealing with continuum and discontinuities. The incompatible numerical manifold method employs two cover systems as follows. The mathematical cover system provides the nodes for forming finite covers of the solution domain and the weighted functions, and the physical cover system describes geometry of the domain and the discontinuous surfaces therein. In INMM, the mathematical finite cover approximation theory is used to model cracks that lead to interior discontinuities in the process of displacement. Therefore, the discontinuity is treated mathematically instead of empirically by the existing methods. However, one cover of a node is divided into two irregular sub-covers when the INMM is used to model the discontinuity. As a result, the method sometimes causes numerical errors at the tip of a crack. To improve the precision of the INMM, the analytical solution is used at the tip of a crack, and thus the cover displacement functions are extended with higher precision and computational efficiency. Some numerical examples are given.

PLASTIC LIMIT ANALYSIS OF INCOMPATIBLE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

This paper describes an incompatible finite element model satisfying the consistency condition of energy to solve the numerical precision problem of finite element solution in perfectly plastic analysis. In this paper the reason and criterion of the application of the model to plastic limit analysis are discussed, and an algorithm of computing plastic limit load is given.

MIXED COMPATIBLE ELEMENT AND MIXED HYBRID INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT VARIATIONAL METHODS IN DYNAMICS OF VISCOUS BAROTROPIC FLUIDS

This paper presents and proves the mixed compatible finite element variationalprinciples in dynamics of viscous barotropic fluids. When the principles are proved, itis found that the compatibility conditions of stress can be naturally satisfied. The gene-rallzed variational principles with mixed hybrid incompatible finite elements are alsopresented and proved, and they can reduce the computation of incompatible elements indynamics of viscous barotropic flows.

Effectiveness of the Combination of Solution-Focused Therapy and Narrative Therapy in Marital Adjustment among Incompatible Iranian Women

The present study aims to examine the effectiveness of the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy in marital adjustment of incompatible women. This research is a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study design with a nonequivalent control group. The statistical population comprises all the incompatible women who referred to the counseling clinics of Neyshabour in May 2016 (1500 admission per month). The research sample consists of 24 incompatible women who were selected through Randomand available sampling method. For data collection, Marital Adjustment Scale by Spinner was applied. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test and with the aid of SPSS-22 software. The findings demonstrated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy is significantly effective in marital adjustment of incompatible women (P < 0.05). Thus, it can be stated that the combination of solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can help to promote adjustment among incompatible women.

Stress wave propagation and incompatible deformation mechanisms in rock discontinuity interfaces in deep-buried tunnels

Complex weak structural planes and fault zones induce significant heterogeneity,discontinuity,and nonlinear characteristics of a rock mass.When an earthquake occurs,these characteristics lead to extremely complex seismic wave propagation and vibrational behaviors and thus pose a huge threat to the safety and stability of deep buried tunnels.To investigate the wave propagation in a rock mass with different structural planes and fault zones,this study first introduced the theory of elastic wave propagation and elastodynamic principles and used the Zoeppritz equation to describe wave field decomposition and develop a seismic wave response model accordingly.Then,a physical wave propagation model was constructed to investigate seismic waves passing through a fault,and dynamic damage was analyzed by using shaking table tests.Finally,stress wave attenuation and dynamic incompatible deformation mechanisms in a rock mass with fault zones were explored.The results indicate that under the action of weak structural planes,stress waves appear as a complex wave field decomposition phenomenon.When a stress wave spreads to a weak structural plane,its scattering may transform into a tensile wave,generating tensile stress and destabilizing the rock mass;wave dynamic energy is absorbed by a low-strength rock through wave scattering,which significantly weakens the seismic load.Wave propagation accelerates the initiation and expansion of internal defects in the rock mass and leads to a dynamic incompatible deformation.This is one of the main causes for large deformation and even instability within rock masses.These findings provide an important reference and guide with respect to stability analysis of rock mass with weak structural planes and fault zones.

The critical role of therapeutic plasma exchange in ABO-incompatible liver transplantation

Background:The shortage of donor liver restricts liver transplantation(LT).Nowadays,donor liver with ABO blood group incompatibility between donor and recipient has become an option to expand the source of donor liver.Although it is now possible to perform ABO-incompatible(ABO-I)LT,antibody-mediated rejection(AMR)has been recognized as the primary cause of desperate outcomes after ABO-I LT.Anti-A/B antibody is the trigger of immune response to ABO-I LT graft injury.Therapeutic plasma ex-change(TPE)can quickly reduce the titer of plasma antibodies and effectively inhibit humoral immunity.Data sources:We searched PubMed and CNKI databases using search terms“therapeutic plasma ex-change”,“ABO-incompatible liver transplantation”,“ABO-I LT”,“liver transplantation”,“LT”,“antibody-mediated rejection”,and“AMR”.Additional publications were identified by a manual search of references from key articles.The relevant publications published before September 30,2020 were included in this review.Results:Different centers have made different attempts on whether to use TPE,when to use TPE and how often to use TPE.However,the control standard of lectin revision level is always controversial,the target titer varies significantly from center to center,and the standard target titer has not yet been estab-lished.TPE has several schemes to reduce antibody titers,but there is a lack of clinical trials that provide standardized procedures.Conclusions:TPE is essential for ABO-I LT.Hence,further research and clinical trials should be conducted to determine the best regimen for TPE to remove ABO antibodies and prevent AMR.

Incompatible Nodulation of <i>Bradyrhizobium elkanii</i>Strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 with <i>Rj</i>3 Gene-Harboring Soybean Cultivars

Bradyrhizobia are known symbiotic partners of soybean. However, some soybean cultivars restrict nodulation by some Bradyrhizobium bacterial strains. These restrictions are related to compatibility between the Rj genes of soybean cultivars and nodulation types of inoculated bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine nodulation incompatibility of Type B strains with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 from Myanmar and specific strain Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA33, which are incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars, and B. japonicum USDA110 were used as inoculants to check compatibility or incompatibility with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Nitrogen fixation activity was measured by the acetylene reduction method. Ethylene concentration (reduction of acetylene) was determined by flame ionization gas chromatography. According to the inoculation test results, USDA110 was compatible with all soybean cultivars because it formed effective nodules (Figure S1 in Appendix) and possessed nitrogenase activity. Similarly, B. elkanii strains BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were highly compatible with non-Rj and Rj4-gene harboring soybean cultivars because they had the ability to form functional nodules and possessed nitrogenase activity. Inversely, BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars because they produced ineffective nodules. Consequently, the ratio of ineffective nodule number to total nodule number was >0.5. Therefore, nodule formation by the newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 was restricted by the Rj3 soybean cultivars potentially making them useful as specific strains to detect the Rj3 gene in soybean cultivars.

Studies of the intestinal absorption of the alkaloids in the Wu-tou decoction combined with different incompatible medicinal herbs in a Caco-2 cell culture system using UPLC-MS/MS

In this study, seven alkaloids were detected in Wu-tou decoction using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-MSn）. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Pinelliae Rhizoma in different ratios with Wu-tou decoction （2：1, 1：1, 1：2） by measuring the therapeutic effects in Wu-tou decoction of main seven alkaloids including benzoylaconitine （BA）, benzoylmesaconitine （BM）, benzoylhypaconitine （BH）, hypaconitine （HA）, fuziline （FU）, niaolin （NE） and deoxyaconitine （DA）. The permeability of aconitum alkaloids extract through a Caco-2 cell monolayer was analyzed in the absence and presence of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, and Pinelliae Rhizoma, respectively. The results showed that Pinelliae Rhizoma could reduce the absorption of the alkaloids and increase the excretion of the alkaloids, which would attenuate the therapeutic effects of Wu-tou decoction. Therefore, Pinelliae Rhizoma is an incompatible herb of Wu-tou decoction because of the inhibition of the absorption of alkaloids in the intestine. And that Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus and Fritillariae rhunbergii Bulbus showed the effects to improve the permeability of the alkaloids in Wu-tou decoction. These effects of these two herbs were similar, but the former was stronger than the latter, which most likely is due to the fact that the compositions of these two traditional Chinese medicines are similar. The in vitro data suggests that the compounds such as fritillary presented in alkaloids in the formula maybe improve the therapeutic function caused by the increased bioavailability of alkaloids in intestine.

Scheduling a Bounded Parallel-Batching Machine with Incompatible Job Families and Rejection

We study a scheduling problem with incompatible job families and rejection on a parallel-batching machine,where the objective is to minimize the makespan of all accepted jobs plus the total penalty of all rejected jobs.We provide a polynomial-time algorithm for the case where all jobs have identical release dates and a pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm for the case where the number of distinct release dates is fixed.We also present a 2-approximation algorithm and a polynomial-time approximation scheme for the general problem.

Tackling application limitations of high-safetyγ-butyrolactone electrolytes:Exploring mechanisms and proposing solutions

Developing wide-temperature and high-safety lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)presents significant challenges attributed to the absence of suitable solvents possessing broad liquid range and non-flammability properties.γ-Butyrolactone(GBL)has emerged as a promising solvent;however,its incompatibility with graphite anode has hindered its application.This limitation necessitates a comprehensive investigation into the underlying mechanisms and potential solutions.In this study,we achieve a molecular-level understanding of the perplexing interphase formation process by employing in-situ spectroelectrochemical techniques and density function calculations.Our findings reveal that,even at high salt concentrations,GBL consistently occupies the primary Li^(+)solvation sheath,leading to extensive GBL decomposition and the formation of a high-impedance and inorganic-poor solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer.Contrary to manipulating solvation structures,our research demonstrates that the utilization of filmforming additives with higher reduction potential facilitates the pre-establishment of a robust SEI film on the graphite anode.This approach effectively inhibits GBL decomposition and significantly enhances the battery's lifespan.This study provides the first reported intrinsic understanding of the unique GBLgraphite incompatibility and offers valuable insights for the development of wide-temperature and high-safety LIBs.

A NEW WAY FOR IMPROVEMENT OF WILSON'S INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT AND MULTIVARIATE INCOMPATIBLE ELEMENT

The incompatible elements presented in Ref. [1] are usually called Wilson’s incompatible elements. If we apply the elements to cantilever beam test problem, numerical results will be in agreement exactly with theory solution only when the element shape is regular (rectangular or right hexahedral). If the element shape is irregular, then the accuracy and convergence is no longer held. Various improvement elements have been presented for ten years. Unfortunately, the exact solution of the test problem is never achieved by these improvement elements for irregular elements.

A transformation algorithm for incompatible information systems based on variable precision values

The variable precision rough set （VPRS） model extends the basic rough set （RS） theory with finite uni- verses and finite evaluative measures. VPRS is concerned with the equivalence and the contained relationship between two sets. In incompatible information systems, the inclusion degree and/3 upper （lower） approximation of the inconsistent equivalence class to the decision equivalence classes may be affected by the variable precision. The analysis of an example of incompatible decision table shows that there is a critical point in fl available-values region. In the new/3 range limited at the critical point, the incompatible decision table can be converted to the coordination decision table reliably. The method and its algorithm implement are introduced for the critical value search. The examples of the inconsistent equivalence class transformation are exhibited. The results illustrate that this algorithm is rational and precise.

New incompatible pair of TCM:Epimedii Folium combined with Psoraleae Fructus induces idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity under immunological stress conditions

Epimedii Folium(EF)combined with Psoraleae Fructus(PF)is a common modern preparation,but liver injury caused by Chinese patent medicine preparations containing EF and PF has been frequently reported in recent years.Zhuangguguanjiewan pills(ZGW),which contain EF and PF,could induce immune idiosyncratic liver injury according to clinical case reports and a nonhepatotoxic dose of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)model.This present study evaluated the liver injury induced by EF or PF alone or in combination and investigated the related mechanism by using the LPS model.Liver function indexes and pathological results showed that either EF or PF alone or in combination led to liver injury in normal rats;however,EF or PF alone could lead to liver injury in LPS-treated rats.Moreover,EF combined with PF could induce a greater degree of injury than that caused by EF or PF alone in LPS-treated rats.Furthermore,EF or PF alone or in combination enhanced the LPS-stimulated inflammatory cytokine production,implying that IL-1β,which is processed and released by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome,is a specific indicator of EF-induced immune idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.Thus,EF may induce liver injury through enhancing the LPS-mediated proinflammatory cytokine production and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.In addition,the metabolomics analysis results showed that PF affected more metabolites in glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolic pathways compared with EF in LPS model,suggesting that PF increased the responsiveness of the liver to LPS or other inflammatory mediators via modulation of multiple metabolic pathways.Therefore,EF and PF combination indicates traditional Chinese medicine incompatibility,considering that it induces idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity under immunological stress conditions.

Mechanism of Incompatible Herb Pairs, Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum L,： Material Basis and Metabolic Profiles of Ginsenosides in Rat Intestinal Bacteria

In traditional Chinese medicine theory, Panax ginseng and Veratrum nigrum L. is an important incompatible herb pair. Studies on the content variation of main components and the influences on the metabolism in rat intestinal bacteria are useful to understand the mechanism of incompatibility of this herb pairs. In this study, the content variation of ginsenosides and their metaboltic profiles in the extracts of P. ginseng and compatibility of P. ginseng with V. nigrum L. （G-V） were investigated using relative quantitative method of electrospray ionization mass spec- trometry （ESI-MS） and UPLC-MSn, respectively. The relative contents of most ginsenosides were reduced in the extract of G-V. Furthermore, ginsenosides Rbt, Rb2, Rc and Rd could be metabolized to Rd, F2 and C-K in rat in- testinal bacteria. The metabolic speeds ofRbl, Rb2 and Re in the G-V extracts at ratios of 10 ： 5, 10 ： 7 and 10 ： 10 and the metabolic rates of ginsenosides Rbb Rb2 and Rc to Rd, Rd to F2 in all compatibility extracts were lower than that in the P ginseng extract. In conclusion, this study illustrated the mechanism of effect-reducing by comparison of the relative contents and metabolic profiles of ginsenosides after compatibility of P ginseng and V. nigrum L.

Sixth hour transcutaneous bilirubin predicting significant hyperbilirubinemia in ABO incompatible neonates

Background:Neonates with ABO hemolytic disease are at greater risk for developing significant hyperbilirubinemia.We aimed to determine whether sixth hour transcutaneous bilirubin(TcB)could predict such a risk.Methods:TcB measurements were obtained at the 6th hour of life in blood group A or B neonates born to blood group O,rhesus factor compatible mothers.Subsequent hyperbilirubinemia was monitored and considered significant if a neonate required phototherapy/exchange transfusion.The predictive role of sixth hour TcB was estimated.Results:Of 144 ABO incompatible neonates,41(OA,24;O-B,17)had significant hyperbilirubinemia.Mean sixth hour TcB was significantly higher among neonates who developed significant hyperbilirubinemia than those who did not(5.83±1.35 mg/dL vs.3.65±0.96 mg/dL,P<0.001).Sixth hour TcB value>4 mg/dL had the highest sensitivity of 93.5%and>6 mg/dL had the highest specifi city of 99%.Area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.898.Conclusion:Sixth hour TcB predicts subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia in ABO incompatible neonates.