Algorithms for Increasing of the Effectiveness of the Making Decisions by Intelligent Fuzzy Systems

There are considered rule-based intelligent systems using fuzzy inference. Comparative analysis of different approaches and algorithms of making decisions on the base of fuzzy logic is given. Using of the parallel calculations can reduce the time of making decision in case of large-scale systems. Effectiveness of parallel calculations depends on the grouping of the rules and variables. Building of the graph of the dependence of the rules and the graph of dependence of the linguistic variables are suggested. On the base of the developed groups of rules and defuzzification of the linguistic variables we suggest to reduce the time of making decision and therefore to increase the effectiveness of the decision making with using of parallel calculations for each group.

Effects of Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride on increasing the fluidity of brain cell membrane and scavenging free radicals in model rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND: The fluidity of cell membrane can be affected by various factors. Many experiments have confirmed that the ischemia/reperfusion of organic tissue can increase the contents of free radicals, which lead to high rigidity and low fluidity of cell membrane, and the conditions can be changed by Chuanxiongqin. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect and mechanism of Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride on the fluidity of brain cell membrane in rat models of ischemia/reperfusion. DESIGN: A completely randomized controlled animal trial. SETTINGS: Institute of Brain Sciences; Department of Physiology, Medical College, Datong University. MATERIALS: Twenty male grade Ⅰ Wistar rats of 170-220 g were randomly divided into model group (n =10) and control group (n =10). Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride (molecular mass was 172.2) was purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (batch number: 0817-9803); Spin labelers: 5-doxyl-stearlic acid methylester (5DS), 16-doxyl-stearlic acid methylester (16DS), xanthine, xanthine oxidase (XOD) and 5,5-dimeth-1-pyrroline- N-oxide (DMPO) from Sigma Company; Bruker ESP 300 electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer by Bruker Company (Germany). METHODS: The experiments were carried out in the State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University from June 2001 to July 2002. In the model group, rats were made into models of cerebral ischemia by 30-minute ligation and 2-hour reperfusion of common carotid arteries; The rats in the control group were not made into models. The order parameter (S) and rotational correlation time (τc) were detected with the ESR spectrometer by means of spin labeling. The greater the S and τc, the smaller the fluidity. Meanwhile, the clearance rate of free radicals was detected with ESR spin trapping. The measurement data were compared using the t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The S, τc and clearance rates of O2 · and OH· free radicals were compared between the model group and control group. RESULTS: The S and τc in the model group [0.738 4±0.003 5; (8.472±0.027)×10-10 s/circle] were obviously different from those in the control group [0.683 9±0.008 3; (7.945±0.082)×10-10 s/circle, t =5.731, 5.918, P < 0.05], which suggested that ischemia/reperfusion injury decreased the fluidity of brain cell membrane. After adding Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride, there were no obvious differences between the model group [0.688 5±0.030 5; (7.886±0.341)×10-10 s/circle] and control group (P > 0.05), indicating that Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride could recover the fluidity of brain cell membrane after ischemia/reperfusion injury close to the level in the normal control group. Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride could directly scavenge the O2 · and OH· free radicals, and the maximal clearance rates were 83.92% and 44.99% respectively. CONCLUSION: Chuanxiongqin hydrochloride increases the fluidity of membrane of ischemia-injured brain cell by scavenging both O2 ·and OH· free radicals.

Effect of Increasing CO_2 on the Stratospheric Level of CO and O_3

Production and destruction processes of carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) are examined in the light of increasing amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). It is found that doubling of CO2 will increase the stratospheric concentration of CO and will have positive effect on O3 concentration.

Revealing the scientific connotation of compatibility of Chinese medicine medica based on self-assembly technology

Chinese materia medica(CMM) compatibility is one core content in the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), and elaborating the scientific connotation of CMM compatibility is of great significance to promote the modernization of TCM. Self-assembly is the combination of active ingredients into aggregates through noncovalent bonds, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, ionic interactions, and hydrophobic interactions. The complex properties and special structures of CMM components create the basis for selfassembly. The self-assembled materials formed after CMM compatibility is an important part of the material basis for the efficacy of TCM, which can help explain the scientific connotations of CMM compatibility. This review summarizes the self-assembly phenomenon from the perspective of drug pair combinations in recent decades and explains the scientific connotation of CMM compatibility about the material basis, pharmacodynamic changes, and mechanism of action, providing new ideas and methods for the study of TCM.