In this paper,the global and local linear independence of any compactly supported distributions by using time domain spaces,and of refinable vectors by invariant linear spaces are investigated.
Rationality condition is imposed in Arrow's General Possibility Theorem in order for social choice to be independent of the path of choice. In this Paper, emphasis is laid on the analysis of the relevance of path ...Rationality condition is imposed in Arrow's General Possibility Theorem in order for social choice to be independent of the path of choice. In this Paper, emphasis is laid on the analysis of the relevance of path independence and rationality condition. Two kinds of Path independence, i.e., Plott's path independence and Bandyopadhyay's sequential path independence, are shown, and their meanings with respect to the problem are investigated.展开更多
Field dependence/independence in Language Acquisition are discussed by many language learners.In this article,we will mainly focus on talking about the cognitive style,including the concept of Field-dependence/indepen...Field dependence/independence in Language Acquisition are discussed by many language learners.In this article,we will mainly focus on talking about the cognitive style,including the concept of Field-dependence/independence,their character istics and differences and functions in language acquisition.展开更多
Both independence and independence-separation problems on chessboard graphs have been studied in detail, with hundreds of papers in the broader independence category, and several on the independence-separation problem...Both independence and independence-separation problems on chessboard graphs have been studied in detail, with hundreds of papers in the broader independence category, and several on the independence-separation problem variant for chessboard graphs. In this paper, the inde-pendence-separation problem is considered on the d-dimensional rook’s graph. A lower bound of k, for , is found for the independence-separation number on the d-dimensional rook’s graph, denoted by . For the case where , it is found that when n is odd and , . Conjecture and discussion are added.展开更多
In this paper, the nonnull moments and the distributions of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the equality of diagonal blocks with blockwise independence under certain alternatives have derived.
The world’s energy is in the "third major transformation period" from fossil energy to new energy, and all countries in the world have formulated energy development strategies. Through advanced deployment, ...The world’s energy is in the "third major transformation period" from fossil energy to new energy, and all countries in the world have formulated energy development strategies. Through advanced deployment, the United States is about to achieve "energy independence" relying on "unconventional oil and gas revolution". China’s energy development is faced with four challenges:(1) The population base and economic development scale determine the "totally huge amount" of energy consumption;(2) the "coal rich but oil and gas insufficient" resource structure determines the "unclean" energy consuming structure;(3) the increasing dependence on imported oil and gas determines the "unsafe" energy supply;and(4) the unconventional oil and gas endowment makes it impossible to achieve energy independence by copying the American model. From the perspective of the world energy trend and the unique situation of China’s energy, we put forward a "three-step" strategy for China to achieve "energy independence": From 2020 to 2035, "energy supply security" will be addressed by "cleaning coal, stabilizing oil and gas production and vigorously developing new alternative energy";from 2035 to 2050, the vision of "production independence" will be realized by relying on "domestic production and overseas oil and gas mining rights";from 2050 to 2100, "intelligent energy and new energy" will help China realize "energy independence". The two important signs of China’s "energy independence" are that domestic production accounts for more than 90% of the domestic consumption and clean energy production accounts for more than 70%, and energy security realizes "independence and self-control" and "long-term security". The strategic significance of "energy independence" is to ensure national energy security, drive the development of relevant major industries, achieve energy management reform, and implement the environmental protection goal of zero carbon emissions. The "energy independence" of China is a strategic mission, it might be fulfilled in the future with the growth of the state’s power, even when the domestic energy production does not catch up with the domestic consumption. Perhaps the world’s new technological revolution will exceed expectations, and China’s "energy independence" dream will eventually come true.展开更多
Recently Zheng & Hwang established a series of independence theorems concerning with planar effective elastic properties. It is manifested that the estimation of the effective elastic properties of microcracked so...Recently Zheng & Hwang established a series of independence theorems concerning with planar effective elastic properties. It is manifested that the estimation of the effective elastic properties of microcracked solids through the generalized self-consistent method (GSCM) contradicts with these independence theorems. In this paper it is shown that such contradiction is actually caused by the approximate algorithm adopted, while the exact solution of GSCM is consistent with these rigorously established independence theorems. Since only an approximate algorithm in GCSM is available in dealing with problems involving non-circular inclusions or holes, an intrinsic GSCM is proposed, which can be performed based on an approximate algorithm and the corresponding estimations are consistent with the independence theorems.展开更多
According to Chomsky,the grammar of Language is a device that generates all of the grammatical sequences of Language and none of the ungrammatical ones.However,as the foundation of Universal Grammar,independence of gr...According to Chomsky,the grammar of Language is a device that generates all of the grammatical sequences of Language and none of the ungrammatical ones.However,as the foundation of Universal Grammar,independence of grammar is strongly criticized by many other linguists.This paper aims at reviewing the literature and illustrating different ideas towards Universal Grammar.展开更多
Non-executive directors are now very well established in Chinese business. The uniform and final criterion of weighting the independence of non-executive directors is not available. It will be valuable to draw an anal...Non-executive directors are now very well established in Chinese business. The uniform and final criterion of weighting the independence of non-executive directors is not available. It will be valuable to draw an analogy with the criterion of weighting the independence of non-executive directors in the UK, where over a dozen different criterions are applied.展开更多
Daddy- Long- Legs written by Jane Webster in 1912 has been always well received since it was published. In the novel, Miss Webster portrays a female image Judy who remained positive although she grew up in asylum and ...Daddy- Long- Legs written by Jane Webster in 1912 has been always well received since it was published. In the novel, Miss Webster portrays a female image Judy who remained positive although she grew up in asylum and bore the brunt of distressing time. She tried her best to improve her ideas and personality and become a writer and paid back to Daddy- Long-Legs.As a result, she got real love from Daddy- Long-Legs and she also became a typical representative of independent females. The author of the paper aims making more teenagers take Judy as an example and learn from her. What’s more, we can gradually develop our own independent spirit.展开更多
It is known that conditional independence is a quite basic assumption in many fields of statistics. How to test its validity is of great importance and has been extensively studied by the literature. Nevertheless, all...It is known that conditional independence is a quite basic assumption in many fields of statistics. How to test its validity is of great importance and has been extensively studied by the literature. Nevertheless, all of the existing methods focus on the case that data are fully observed, but none of them seems having taken into account of the scenario when missing data are present. Motivated by this, this paper develops two testing statistics to handle such a situation relying on the idea of inverse probability weighted and augmented inverse probability weighted techniques. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed statistics are also derived under the null hypothesis. The simulation studies indicate that both testing statistics perform well in terms of size and power.展开更多
This article investigates the algebraic differential independence concerning the Euler Γ-function and the function F in a certain class F which contains Dirichlet L-functions,L-functions in the extended Selberg class...This article investigates the algebraic differential independence concerning the Euler Γ-function and the function F in a certain class F which contains Dirichlet L-functions,L-functions in the extended Selberg class, or some periodic functions. We prove that the EulerΓ-function and the function F cannot satisfy any nontrivial algebraic differential equations whose coefficients are meromorphic functions Ø with ρ(Ø) < 1.展开更多
In 2018, US President Donald Trump repeatedly and publicly criticized the US Federal Reserve for raising interest rates too quickly, breaking the long-established precedent for presidents to refrain from intervening i...In 2018, US President Donald Trump repeatedly and publicly criticized the US Federal Reserve for raising interest rates too quickly, breaking the long-established precedent for presidents to refrain from intervening in monetary policy and putting the independence of the Federal Reserve into question. However, this is only the latest development of a longer process: since the financial crisis, the Federal Reserve has been gradually losing its independence, in a quiet and perhaps permanent way. There are several reasons for this trend: the Federal Reserve’s performance during the financial crisis undermined its credibility, the consolidation of political factors arranged against its independence, and the consequences of the financial crisis weakened the economic foundation for its independence. Trump’s rise to power has only strengthened these factors, bringing an additional loss of independence, which will have a profound impact on the economy, society, and politics.展开更多
Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that...Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that rank reversal can not deny the reasonableness of AHP and the axioms of independences of irrelevant alternatives.展开更多
In recent years, in our country, a new upsurge of learning foreignlanguage has appeared along with the deepening of reform and theflourishing of construction of China’s socialist modernization. Englishis mostly learn...In recent years, in our country, a new upsurge of learning foreignlanguage has appeared along with the deepening of reform and theflourishing of construction of China’s socialist modernization. Englishis mostly learned here because it has now become a popular language inthe world, people in many countries often communicate with each otherin English. Many native English-speakers come to China as teachers,展开更多
The paper presents and examines the economic policies that Zimbabwe has employed since its attainment of political independence from Great Britain in 1980.The liberation struggle was undertaken mainly to free the coun...The paper presents and examines the economic policies that Zimbabwe has employed since its attainment of political independence from Great Britain in 1980.The liberation struggle was undertaken mainly to free the country from capitalism and replace it with the socialist ideology which was assumed to be an all-inclusive economic policy.We apply a theoretical economic policy analysis approach to assess the impact of the country’s policies used since 1980 on the growth and development of the financial sector.The research data used in the study were mainly drawn from monetary policy statements(MPS)and national budgets for the period under investigation.The economic policies used were found to be very good in theoretical principle but their politicization,nepotism,corruption,and lack of financial back-up led to inconsistencies and their negative impact on growth and development prospects of the financial sector since the year 1980.展开更多
Background: The ability to climb stairs (ascending and descending stair without using a handrail) and rise from a chair (rising from chairs without using an elbow rest) are among the most important measures of physica...Background: The ability to climb stairs (ascending and descending stair without using a handrail) and rise from a chair (rising from chairs without using an elbow rest) are among the most important measures of physical function for ADL evaluation for the independent living, and assessed by the questioners on many epidemiological studies in elderly. But little is known about the relationship between the self-reported performance level of the tasks and lower leg strength and power in very elderly people. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between the self-reported performance level of two tasks and the lower leg function in community-dwelling 80-year-old population. Methods: Out of 994 persons who were 80 years old living in Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, 607 individuals (236 men and 371 women) underwent a physical fitness test that included measurements of leg extensor power and knee extensor strength. The ability to climb up stair and to rise from a chair was assessed by self- reported questionnaire which was ranked in three levels. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the measurements. Results: The cut-off points for the leg extensor power of subjects who could completely perform the stair-climbing and chair-rising functions were determined to be approximately 8.6 watt/kg body mass for men and 5.6 watt/kg body mass for women. In addition, the cut-off points for the knee extensor strength of subjects who could completely perform the stair-climbing and chair-rising functions were determined to be approximately 0.97 kg/kg body mass for men and 0.84 kg/kg body mass for women. Conclusions: From a practical viewpoint, the present study suggested that the cut-off points of leg extensor power and knee extensor strength can be used as targets in simple self-reported questionnaires to help in screening for mobility in 80-year-old展开更多
The increasing number of the elderly in Indonesia as a result of the success of development has led to increasing problems in the elderly group whose natural life journey will experience an old age with all its limita...The increasing number of the elderly in Indonesia as a result of the success of development has led to increasing problems in the elderly group whose natural life journey will experience an old age with all its limitations, especially in the health problems of the elderly who suffer from disabilities compared to younger people. The situation is also added that the elderly usually suffer from a variety of physiological disorders that are chronic, and biological aspect, psychological aspect, socio economic aspect will experience setback. The empowerment of elderly group is an effort to give power or strength so that elderly have independence, especially in aspects of intellectual ability, and aspects Physical, the empowerment of the elderly is done by improving ability through education. This study aims to analyze the influence of empowerment of the elderly group through health education on the independence of Activitiey Daily Living (ADL). The research design used quasi-experiment with the approach of pre post test group design without comparison (control), while the data analysis used t-test. The results of the study before being carried out empowerment through health education on the independence of the average value of independence were 9.9506 (SD 4.66074) and the result after being carried out empowerment through health education became 13.2716 (SD.4.61523) Research Results showed statistically significant influence on empowering the elderly group through health education to independence of the ADL with a p-value of 0.04. Based on this, it is recommended that empowerment for the elderly should be determined in Posbindu activities. The effect of empowering the elderly group through more effective health education can influence the level of independence by providing a guidebook (module) which is equipped with interesting pictures about the procedures for fulfilling the needs of daily activities, finished providing educational guidebooks. The guidebook is given to the elderly group can be read repeatedly so that it affects the elderly memory in a longer period of time.展开更多
Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance variables, such as board independence and ownership structure are considered mechanisms useful to reduce information asymmetries between competing parties of the firms. Th...Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance variables, such as board independence and ownership structure are considered mechanisms useful to reduce information asymmetries between competing parties of the firms. This paper aims at investigating both the relationship between board independence and the quality of voluntary financial disclosure and how previous relationship is moderated by the level of ownership concentration. The analysis has been conducted on a sample of Italian non-financial listed companies. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between board independence and the quality of voluntary financial disclosure provided by companies. In addition, the findings reveal that ownership concentration plays a relevant moderating role in previous relationship. The results highlight the necessity to consider the interaction effects of different governance mechanisms, when studying corporate governance effectiveness.展开更多
The independence number of a graph G is the maximum cardinality among all independent sets of G. For any tree T of order n ≥ 2, it is easy to see that . In addition, if there are duplicated leaves in a tree, then the...The independence number of a graph G is the maximum cardinality among all independent sets of G. For any tree T of order n ≥ 2, it is easy to see that . In addition, if there are duplicated leaves in a tree, then these duplicated leaves are all lying in every maximum independent set. In this paper, we will show that if T is a tree of order n ≥ 4 without duplicated leaves, then . Moreover, we constructively characterize the extremal trees T of order n ≥ 4, which are without duplicated leaves, achieving these upper bounds.展开更多
文摘In this paper,the global and local linear independence of any compactly supported distributions by using time domain spaces,and of refinable vectors by invariant linear spaces are investigated.
文摘Rationality condition is imposed in Arrow's General Possibility Theorem in order for social choice to be independent of the path of choice. In this Paper, emphasis is laid on the analysis of the relevance of path independence and rationality condition. Two kinds of Path independence, i.e., Plott's path independence and Bandyopadhyay's sequential path independence, are shown, and their meanings with respect to the problem are investigated.
文摘Field dependence/independence in Language Acquisition are discussed by many language learners.In this article,we will mainly focus on talking about the cognitive style,including the concept of Field-dependence/independence,their character istics and differences and functions in language acquisition.
文摘Both independence and independence-separation problems on chessboard graphs have been studied in detail, with hundreds of papers in the broader independence category, and several on the independence-separation problem variant for chessboard graphs. In this paper, the inde-pendence-separation problem is considered on the d-dimensional rook’s graph. A lower bound of k, for , is found for the independence-separation number on the d-dimensional rook’s graph, denoted by . For the case where , it is found that when n is odd and , . Conjecture and discussion are added.
文摘In this paper, the nonnull moments and the distributions of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the equality of diagonal blocks with blockwise independence under certain alternatives have derived.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41902151)
文摘The world’s energy is in the "third major transformation period" from fossil energy to new energy, and all countries in the world have formulated energy development strategies. Through advanced deployment, the United States is about to achieve "energy independence" relying on "unconventional oil and gas revolution". China’s energy development is faced with four challenges:(1) The population base and economic development scale determine the "totally huge amount" of energy consumption;(2) the "coal rich but oil and gas insufficient" resource structure determines the "unclean" energy consuming structure;(3) the increasing dependence on imported oil and gas determines the "unsafe" energy supply;and(4) the unconventional oil and gas endowment makes it impossible to achieve energy independence by copying the American model. From the perspective of the world energy trend and the unique situation of China’s energy, we put forward a "three-step" strategy for China to achieve "energy independence": From 2020 to 2035, "energy supply security" will be addressed by "cleaning coal, stabilizing oil and gas production and vigorously developing new alternative energy";from 2035 to 2050, the vision of "production independence" will be realized by relying on "domestic production and overseas oil and gas mining rights";from 2050 to 2100, "intelligent energy and new energy" will help China realize "energy independence". The two important signs of China’s "energy independence" are that domestic production accounts for more than 90% of the domestic consumption and clean energy production accounts for more than 70%, and energy security realizes "independence and self-control" and "long-term security". The strategic significance of "energy independence" is to ensure national energy security, drive the development of relevant major industries, achieve energy management reform, and implement the environmental protection goal of zero carbon emissions. The "energy independence" of China is a strategic mission, it might be fulfilled in the future with the growth of the state’s power, even when the domestic energy production does not catch up with the domestic consumption. Perhaps the world’s new technological revolution will exceed expectations, and China’s "energy independence" dream will eventually come true.
文摘Recently Zheng & Hwang established a series of independence theorems concerning with planar effective elastic properties. It is manifested that the estimation of the effective elastic properties of microcracked solids through the generalized self-consistent method (GSCM) contradicts with these independence theorems. In this paper it is shown that such contradiction is actually caused by the approximate algorithm adopted, while the exact solution of GSCM is consistent with these rigorously established independence theorems. Since only an approximate algorithm in GCSM is available in dealing with problems involving non-circular inclusions or holes, an intrinsic GSCM is proposed, which can be performed based on an approximate algorithm and the corresponding estimations are consistent with the independence theorems.
文摘According to Chomsky,the grammar of Language is a device that generates all of the grammatical sequences of Language and none of the ungrammatical ones.However,as the foundation of Universal Grammar,independence of grammar is strongly criticized by many other linguists.This paper aims at reviewing the literature and illustrating different ideas towards Universal Grammar.
文摘Non-executive directors are now very well established in Chinese business. The uniform and final criterion of weighting the independence of non-executive directors is not available. It will be valuable to draw an analogy with the criterion of weighting the independence of non-executive directors in the UK, where over a dozen different criterions are applied.
文摘Daddy- Long- Legs written by Jane Webster in 1912 has been always well received since it was published. In the novel, Miss Webster portrays a female image Judy who remained positive although she grew up in asylum and bore the brunt of distressing time. She tried her best to improve her ideas and personality and become a writer and paid back to Daddy- Long-Legs.As a result, she got real love from Daddy- Long-Legs and she also became a typical representative of independent females. The author of the paper aims making more teenagers take Judy as an example and learn from her. What’s more, we can gradually develop our own independent spirit.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(17CX02035A)supported by NNSF of China(11601197,11461029,61563018)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2016M600511,2017T100475)NSF of Jiangxi Province(20171ACB21030,20161BAB201024,20161ACB200009)the Key Science Fund Project of Jiangxi provincial education department(GJJ150439)
文摘It is known that conditional independence is a quite basic assumption in many fields of statistics. How to test its validity is of great importance and has been extensively studied by the literature. Nevertheless, all of the existing methods focus on the case that data are fully observed, but none of them seems having taken into account of the scenario when missing data are present. Motivated by this, this paper develops two testing statistics to handle such a situation relying on the idea of inverse probability weighted and augmented inverse probability weighted techniques. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed statistics are also derived under the null hypothesis. The simulation studies indicate that both testing statistics perform well in terms of size and power.
基金by Basic and Advanced Research Project of CQCSTC(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0107)Fundamental Research Funds of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(CQUPT:A2018-125).
文摘This article investigates the algebraic differential independence concerning the Euler Γ-function and the function F in a certain class F which contains Dirichlet L-functions,L-functions in the extended Selberg class, or some periodic functions. We prove that the EulerΓ-function and the function F cannot satisfy any nontrivial algebraic differential equations whose coefficients are meromorphic functions Ø with ρ(Ø) < 1.
文摘In 2018, US President Donald Trump repeatedly and publicly criticized the US Federal Reserve for raising interest rates too quickly, breaking the long-established precedent for presidents to refrain from intervening in monetary policy and putting the independence of the Federal Reserve into question. However, this is only the latest development of a longer process: since the financial crisis, the Federal Reserve has been gradually losing its independence, in a quiet and perhaps permanent way. There are several reasons for this trend: the Federal Reserve’s performance during the financial crisis undermined its credibility, the consolidation of political factors arranged against its independence, and the consequences of the financial crisis weakened the economic foundation for its independence. Trump’s rise to power has only strengthened these factors, bringing an additional loss of independence, which will have a profound impact on the economy, society, and politics.
文摘Rank reversals appearing in AHP are discussed. It is proved with examples that they are in certain degree universal in the process of decision making. The mechanism of rank reversal is expounded. It is believed that rank reversal can not deny the reasonableness of AHP and the axioms of independences of irrelevant alternatives.
文摘In recent years, in our country, a new upsurge of learning foreignlanguage has appeared along with the deepening of reform and theflourishing of construction of China’s socialist modernization. Englishis mostly learned here because it has now become a popular language inthe world, people in many countries often communicate with each otherin English. Many native English-speakers come to China as teachers,
文摘The paper presents and examines the economic policies that Zimbabwe has employed since its attainment of political independence from Great Britain in 1980.The liberation struggle was undertaken mainly to free the country from capitalism and replace it with the socialist ideology which was assumed to be an all-inclusive economic policy.We apply a theoretical economic policy analysis approach to assess the impact of the country’s policies used since 1980 on the growth and development of the financial sector.The research data used in the study were mainly drawn from monetary policy statements(MPS)and national budgets for the period under investigation.The economic policies used were found to be very good in theoretical principle but their politicization,nepotism,corruption,and lack of financial back-up led to inconsistencies and their negative impact on growth and development prospects of the financial sector since the year 1980.
文摘Background: The ability to climb stairs (ascending and descending stair without using a handrail) and rise from a chair (rising from chairs without using an elbow rest) are among the most important measures of physical function for ADL evaluation for the independent living, and assessed by the questioners on many epidemiological studies in elderly. But little is known about the relationship between the self-reported performance level of the tasks and lower leg strength and power in very elderly people. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the relationship between the self-reported performance level of two tasks and the lower leg function in community-dwelling 80-year-old population. Methods: Out of 994 persons who were 80 years old living in Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, 607 individuals (236 men and 371 women) underwent a physical fitness test that included measurements of leg extensor power and knee extensor strength. The ability to climb up stair and to rise from a chair was assessed by self- reported questionnaire which was ranked in three levels. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the measurements. Results: The cut-off points for the leg extensor power of subjects who could completely perform the stair-climbing and chair-rising functions were determined to be approximately 8.6 watt/kg body mass for men and 5.6 watt/kg body mass for women. In addition, the cut-off points for the knee extensor strength of subjects who could completely perform the stair-climbing and chair-rising functions were determined to be approximately 0.97 kg/kg body mass for men and 0.84 kg/kg body mass for women. Conclusions: From a practical viewpoint, the present study suggested that the cut-off points of leg extensor power and knee extensor strength can be used as targets in simple self-reported questionnaires to help in screening for mobility in 80-year-old
文摘The increasing number of the elderly in Indonesia as a result of the success of development has led to increasing problems in the elderly group whose natural life journey will experience an old age with all its limitations, especially in the health problems of the elderly who suffer from disabilities compared to younger people. The situation is also added that the elderly usually suffer from a variety of physiological disorders that are chronic, and biological aspect, psychological aspect, socio economic aspect will experience setback. The empowerment of elderly group is an effort to give power or strength so that elderly have independence, especially in aspects of intellectual ability, and aspects Physical, the empowerment of the elderly is done by improving ability through education. This study aims to analyze the influence of empowerment of the elderly group through health education on the independence of Activitiey Daily Living (ADL). The research design used quasi-experiment with the approach of pre post test group design without comparison (control), while the data analysis used t-test. The results of the study before being carried out empowerment through health education on the independence of the average value of independence were 9.9506 (SD 4.66074) and the result after being carried out empowerment through health education became 13.2716 (SD.4.61523) Research Results showed statistically significant influence on empowering the elderly group through health education to independence of the ADL with a p-value of 0.04. Based on this, it is recommended that empowerment for the elderly should be determined in Posbindu activities. The effect of empowering the elderly group through more effective health education can influence the level of independence by providing a guidebook (module) which is equipped with interesting pictures about the procedures for fulfilling the needs of daily activities, finished providing educational guidebooks. The guidebook is given to the elderly group can be read repeatedly so that it affects the elderly memory in a longer period of time.
文摘Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance variables, such as board independence and ownership structure are considered mechanisms useful to reduce information asymmetries between competing parties of the firms. This paper aims at investigating both the relationship between board independence and the quality of voluntary financial disclosure and how previous relationship is moderated by the level of ownership concentration. The analysis has been conducted on a sample of Italian non-financial listed companies. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between board independence and the quality of voluntary financial disclosure provided by companies. In addition, the findings reveal that ownership concentration plays a relevant moderating role in previous relationship. The results highlight the necessity to consider the interaction effects of different governance mechanisms, when studying corporate governance effectiveness.
文摘The independence number of a graph G is the maximum cardinality among all independent sets of G. For any tree T of order n ≥ 2, it is easy to see that . In addition, if there are duplicated leaves in a tree, then these duplicated leaves are all lying in every maximum independent set. In this paper, we will show that if T is a tree of order n ≥ 4 without duplicated leaves, then . Moreover, we constructively characterize the extremal trees T of order n ≥ 4, which are without duplicated leaves, achieving these upper bounds.