Evaluation of the Efficacy of Alanyl-Glutamine for Nutritional Support in Septicemia

Objective:To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of alanyl-glutamine(Ala-Gln)in the nutritional support of sepsis.Methods:120 cases of sepsis patients admitted to the hospital in the past three years were selected and grouped by randomization method,Group A was treated with Ala-Gln,and Group B was treated with conventional nutritional support therapy,and the therapeutic effects were compared.Results:Before treatment,there was no difference in nutritional indexes,immune function indexes,and inflammatory factors between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the nutritional indexes of Group A were higher than those of Group B,the immune function indexes were higher than those of Group B,and the inflammatory factors were lower than those of Group B(P<0.05).Except for mortality,the regression of group A was better than that of group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ala-Gln can improve the nutritional indexes of septicemia patients during the treatment period,enhance their immune function,reduce the inflammatory response of the body,and promote the regression of the disease.

Study on Female Sexual Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Chinese Women

Objective To investigate the female sexual dysfunction(FSD)in type 2 diabetes patients,by comparing the sexual function between type 2 diabetic women and non-diabetic women with Female Sexual Function Index(FSFI).Methods 215 type 2 diabetic women and 107 age-matched non-diabetes women were enrolled with similar backgrounds.Their sexual functions were evaluated with FSFI.Metabolic parameters such as body mass index,blood lipid profile,hemoglobin AlC,plasma glucose were also collected.Results Total score of FSFI of the type 2 diabetic women were significantly lower than that of the non-diabetic controls(18.27±8.96 vs.23.02±5.78,P=0.000).Scores of the FSFI domains(desire,arousal,lubrication,orgasm,satisfaction,pain)of the type 2 diabetic group were also lower than those of the control group.According to the FSD criterion(FSFI〈25)available in China,the percentage of FSD in the type 2 diabetic group was significantly higher than that of the control group(79.2%vs.55.0%,P〈0.001).These trends seemed more prominent in pre-menopause subgroups.The logistic regression analysis indicated that age and diabetes were independent risk factors of FSD.Body Mass Index(BMI)also had influence in the diabetes group.Conclusion Findings from this study showed that there are more FDS in Chinese type 2 diabetic women than in their non-diabetic counterparts,especially in pre-menopause participants.

Combination therapy using evening primrose oil and electrical stimulation to improve nerve function following a crush injury of sciatic nerve in male rats

Peripheral nerve injuries with a poor prognosis are common.Evening primrose oil（EPO） has beneficial biological effects and immunomodulatory properties.Since electrical activity plays a major role in neural regeneration,the present study investigated the effects of electrical stimulation（ES）,combined with evening primrose oil（EPO）,on sciatic nerve function after a crush injury in rats.In anesthetized rats,the sciatic nerve was crushed using small haemostatic forceps followed by ES and/or EPO treatment for 4 weeks.Functional recovery of the sciatic nerve was assessed using the sciatic functional index.Histopathological changes of gastrocnemius muscle atrophy were investigated by light microscopy.Electrophysiological changes were assessed by the nerve conduction velocity of sciatic nerves.Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the remyelination of the sciatic nerve following the interventions.EPO ＋ ES,EPO,and ES obviously improved sciatic nerve function assessed by the sciatic functional index and nerve conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve at 28 days after operation.Expression of the peripheral nerve remyelination marker,protein zero（P0）,was increased in the treatment groups at 28 days after operation.Muscle atrophy severity was decreased significantly while the nerve conduction velocity was increased significantly in rats with sciatic nerve injury in the injury ＋ EPO ＋ ES group than in the EPO or ES group.Totally speaking,the combined use of EPO and ES may produce an improving effect on the function of sciatic nerves injured by a crush.The increased expression of P0 may have contributed to improving the functional effects of combination therapy with EPO and ES as well as the electrophysiological and histopathological features of the injured peripheral nerve.

Progress in the Study of the Left Atrial Function Index in Cardiovascular Disease:A Literature Review

Some studies have shown that left ventricular structure and function play an important role in the risk stratifi cation and prognosis of cardiovascular disease.The clinical application of left atrial function in cardiovascular disease has gradually attracted attention in the cardiovascular fi eld.There are many traditional methods to evaluate left atrial function.Left atrial function related indexes measured by echocardiography has been identifi ed as a powerful predictor of cardiovascular disease in recent years,but they have some limitations.The left atrial function index has been found to evaluate left atrial function more effectively than traditional parameters.Furthermore,it is a valuable predictor of the risk stratifi cation and prognosis in patients with clinical cardiovascular disease such as heart failure,atrial fi brillation,hypertension,and coronary heart disease.

Sexual dysfunctions and their treatment in liver diseases

Sexual dysfunction(SD)is a prevalent but very commonly ignored aspect in the treatment of liver diseases and cirrhosis.The etiology of SD is multifactorial and therefore treatment strategies are complex,especially in females.Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are useful and effective in erectile dysfunction in males but in females,no single drug is available for SD,therefore multimodal treatment is required depending upon the cause.The foremost and fundamental requirement in both genders is to be stress-free and have adequate control of liver diseases.Improved quality of life is helpful in improving SD and vice versa is also true.Therefore,patients suffering from liver diseases should come forward and ask for treatment for SD,and physicians should actively enquire about SD while history taking and evaluating these patients.SD results in deterioration of quality of life,and both are modifiable and treatable aspects of liver diseases,which are never addressed actively,due to social taboos and fears of SD treatment in the presence of liver diseases.The diagnosis of SD does not require costly investigations,as the diagnosis can be established based on validated questionnaires available for both genders,therefore detailed targeted history taking using questionnaires is essential.Data are emerging in this area but is still at an early stage.More studies should be dedicated to SD in liver diseases.

Relationship between Female Sexual Function and Depression or Anxiety in Japan

Background: Sexual dysfunction is sexual complaints or disorders. There are various causes, but the onset leads to deterioration of relationships and quality of life with partners. There is still a deep-rooted awareness that sexuality is a secret in Japan. Aim: This study aims to clarify the relationship between female sexual function and depression or anxiety. Method: Four hundred and fifty-eight Japanese healthy women who worked in four randomly selected medical institutions in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan from March to May 2012 were asked to agree to a consent form of their own free will and participate in self-reported questionnaires. For their evaluation, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI;Rosen et al. 2000, which includes the six domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, pain, and satisfaction) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6;Kessler, 2002, which includes the following six items: felt nervous, hopeless, restless or fidgety, worthless, depressed, and felt that everything was an effort) was used. Moreover, participants’ characteristics showed age, marriage, menopause, annual income, and drinking. In addition, JMP16.2 and R 4.2.0 was used to perform Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Steel-Dwass test, Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation, and Cronbach’s alpha. This study was approved by the university and the medical institutional review board (IRB). Results: 178 women were included in the final analysis, and the median (IQR, interquartile range) was 39 (32 - 48) years old, and the mean ± SD (standard deviation) was 40.2 ± 10.4 years old. The median (IQR) and mean ± SD of FSFI Total Score were 22.0 (9.3 - 26.6) and 19.2 ± 9.6. The median (IQR) and the mean ± SD of K6 Total Score were 3 (0 - 7) and 4.2 ± 4.5. 16% of all women with a K6 Total Score of 10 and more, and 5% of all women with a K6 Total Score of 13 and more considered a serious mental illness. There was no clear association between female sexual function and depression or anxiety in all health worker participants between FSFI Total Score and K6 Total Score by Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient (ρ). However, there was a moderate correlation between the K6 Total Score and the FSFI Total Score in health worker participants with a K6 Total Score of 11 or more (n =19, ρ = ?0.62, P = 0.005). Moreover, there was a weak correlation between them in both married and drinking women or married and non-menopausal women. In the Mann-Whitney U test where few participants had morbid depression, significant relationships were found in the association between a sexual function with high depression or anxiety, whereas the low group had a K6 cut-off value of 11. Conclusion: Female sexual morbidity for high depression or anxiety should be managed with interventions. Especially, the intervention for decreasing female sexual function in the K6 Total Score of 11 or more will be needed, and a randomized study is required for more evidence.

Impact of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy on vascular parameters and sexual function in patients with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction

Previous published studies have shown an improvement of penile hemodynamic parameters after low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy(Li-ESWT).However,the clinical significance of these findings remains unclear,and definitive selection criteria for Li-ESWT based on preexisting comorbidities have yet to be established.This was an observational study of 113 patients with ED,evaluated between January 2019 and December 2021 in Andrology Unit at the Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation,University of Foggia(Foggia,Italy).Penile dynamic Doppler was performed to evaluate vascular parameters and 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction(IIEF-5)questionnaire was administered to assess the severity of ED.This was repeated 1 month after treatment.Patients with a peak systolic velocity(PSV)<30 cm s−1 were considered eligible for Li-ESWT.Our protocol consisted of 8 weekly sessions with 1500 strokes distributed in 5 different locations along the penis.After treatment,a significant mean(±standard deviation[s.d.])PSV increase of 5.0(±3.4)cm s−1 was recorded and 52/113(46.0%)patients reached a PSV>30 cm s−1 at posttherapeutic penile dynamic Doppler.A clinically significant IIEF-5 score improvement was observed in 7 patients,21 patients,and 2 patients with mild-to-moderate,moderate,and severe pretreatment ED,respectively.No different outcomes were assessed based on smoking habits,previous pelvic surgery,or use of oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor(PDE5i).On the other side,only 1(6.7%)in 15 patients with diabetes mellitus showed an IIEF-5 score improvement after Li-ESWT.Shockwave treatment determined a significant increase in PSV and correlated IIEF-5 improvement in ED patients.This advantage seemed particularly evident for moderate ED and was not affected by smoking habits,previous pelvic surgery,and use of PDE5i.Conversely,diabetic patients did not benefit from the treatment.

Dynamic cluster member selection method for multi-target tracking in wireless sensor network

Multi-target tracking(MTT) is a research hotspot of wireless sensor networks at present.A self-organized dynamic cluster task allocation scheme is used to implement collaborative task allocation for MTT in WSN and a special cluster member(CM) node selection method is put forward in the scheme.An energy efficiency model was proposed under consideration of both energy consumption and remaining energy balance in the network.A tracking accuracy model based on area-sum principle was also presented through analyzing the localization accuracy of triangulation.Then,the two models mentioned above were combined to establish dynamic cluster member selection model for MTT where a comprehensive performance index function was designed to guide the CM node selection.This selection was fulfilled using genetic algorithm.Simulation results show that this method keeps both energy efficiency and tracking quality in optimal state,and also indicate the validity of genetic algorithm in implementing CM node selection.

Combination of olfactory ensheathing cells and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promotes sciatic nerve regeneration

Olfactory ensheathing cells(OECs)are promising seed cells for nerve regeneration.However,their application is limited by the hypoxic environment usually present at the site of injury.Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have the potential to regulate the pathological processes that occur in response to hypoxia.The ability of OECs to migrate is unknown,especially in hypoxic conditions,and the effect of OECs combined with exosomes on peripheral nerve repair is not clear.Better understanding of these issues will enable the potential of OECs for the treatment of nerve injury to be addressed.In this study,OECs were acquired from the olfactory bulb of Sprague Dawley rats.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes(0–400μg/mL)were cultured with OECs for 12–48 hours.After culture with 400μg/mL exosomes for 24 hours,the viability and proliferation of OECs were significantly increased.We observed changes to OECs subjected to hypoxia for 24 hours and treatment with exosomes.Exosomes significantly promoted the survival and migration of OECs in hypoxic conditions,and effectively increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression,protein levels and secretion.Finally,using a 12 mm left sciatic nerve defect rat model,we confirmed that OECs and exosomes can synergistically promote motor and sensory function of the injured sciatic nerve.These findings show that application of OECs and exosomes can promote nerve regeneration and functional recovery.This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Air Force Medical University,China(approval No.IACUC-20181004)on October 7,2018;and collection and use of human umbilical cord specimens was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Linyi People’s Hospital,China(approval No.30054)on May 20,2019.

Electroacupuncture and moxibustion promote regeneration of injured sciatic nerve through Schwann cell proliferation and nerve growth factor secretion

Using electroacupuncture and moxibustion to treat peripheral nerve injury is highly efficient with low side effects. However, the electroacupuncture-and moxibustion-based mechanisms underlying nerve repair are still unclear. Here, in vivo and in vitro experiments uncovered one mechanism through which electroacupuncture and moxibustion affect regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. We first established rat models of sciatic nerve injury using neurotomy. Rats were treated with electroacupuncture or moxibustion at acupoints Huantiao （GB30） and Zusanli （ST36）. Each treatment lasted 15 minutes, and treatments were given six times a week for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral testing was used to determine the sciatic functional index. We used electrophysiological detection to measure sciatic nerve conduction velocity and performed hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine any changes in the gastrocnemius muscle. We used immunohistochemistry to observe changes in the expression of S100—a specific marker for Schwann cells—and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect serum level of nerve growth factor. Results showed that compared with the model-only group, sciatic functional index, recovery rate of conduction velocity, diameter recovery of the gastrocnemius muscle fibers, number of S100-immunoreactive cells,and level of nerve growth factor were greater in the electroacupuncture and moxibustion groups. The efficacy did not differ between treatment groups. The serum from treated rats was collected and used to stimulate Schwann cells cultured in vitro. Results showed that the viability of Schwann cells was much higher in the treatment groups than in the model group at 3 and 5 days after treatment. These findings indicate that electroacupuncture and moxibustion promoted nerve regeneration and functional recovery; its mechanism might be associated with the enhancement of Schwann cell proliferation and upregulation of nerve growth factor.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells versus adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for peripheral nerve regeneration

Studies have confirmed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） can be used for treatment of several nervous system diseases. However, isolation of bone marrow-derived MSCs （BMSCs） is an invasive and painful process and the yield is very low. Therefore, there is a need to search for other alterative stem cell sources. Adipose-derived MSCs （ADSCs） have phenotypic and gene expression profiles similar to those of BMSCs. The production of ADSCs is greater than that of BMSCs, and ADSCs proliferate faster than BMSCs. To compare the effects of venous grafts containing BMSCs or ADSCs on sciatic nerve injury, in this study, rats were randomly divided into four groups： sham （only sciatic nerve exposed）, Matrigel （MG; sciatic nerve injury ＋ intravenous transplantation of MG vehicle）, ADSCs （sciatic nerve injury ＋ intravenous MG containing ADSCs）, and BMSCs （sciatic nerve injury ＋ intravenous MG containing BMSCs） groups. Sciatic functional index was calculated to evaluate the function of injured sciatic nerve. Morphologic characteristics of nerves distal to the lesion were observed by toluidine blue staining. Spinal motor neurons labeled with Fluoro-Gold were quantitatively assessed. Compared with sham-operated rats, sciatic functional index was lower, the density of small-diameter fibers was significantly increased, and the number of motor neurons significantly decreased in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Neither ADSCs nor BMSCs significantly improved the sciatic nerve function of rats with sciatic nerve injury,increased fiber density, fiber diameters, axonal diameters, myelin sheath thickness, and G ratios （axonal diameter/fiber diameter ratios） in the sciatic nerve distal to the lesion site. There was no significant difference in the number of spinal motor neurons among ADSCs, BMSCs and MG groups. These results suggest that neither BMSCs nor ADSCs provide satisfactory results for peripheral nerve repair when using MG as the conductor for engraftment.

Sustained delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor mediated by bioactive methacrylic anhydride hydrogel accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration after crush injury

Neurotrophic factors,currently administered orally or by intravenous drip or intramuscular injection,are the main method for the treatment of peripheral nerve crush injury.However,the low effective drug concentration arriving at the injury site results in unsatisfactory outcomes.Therefore,there is an urgent need for a treatment method that can increase the effective drug concentration in the injured area.In this study,we first fabricated a gelatin modified by methacrylic anhydride hydrogel and loaded it with vascular endothelial growth factor that allowed the controlled release of the neurotrophic factor.This modified gelatin exhibited good physical and chemical properties,biocompatibility and supported the adhesion and proliferation of RSC96 cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.When injected into the epineurium of crushed nerves,the composite hydrogel in the rat sciatic nerve crush injury model promoted nerve regeneration,functional recovery and vascularization.The results showed that the modified gelatin gave sustained delivery of vascular endothelial growth factors and accelerated the repair of crushed peripheral nerves.

Validation of a novel animal model for sciatic nerve repair with an adipose-derived stem cell loaded fibrin conduit

Despite the regenerative capabilities of peripheral nerves, severe injuries or neuronal trauma of critical size impose immense hurdles for proper restoration of neuro-muscular circuitry. Autologous nerve grafts improve re-establishment of connectivity, but also comprise substantial donor site morbidity. We developed a rat model which allows the testing of different cell applications, i.e., mesenchymal stem cells, to improve nerve regeneration in vivo. To mimic inaccurate alignment of autologous nerve grafts with the injured nerve, a 20 mm portion of the sciatic nerve was excised, and sutured back in place in reversed direction. To validate the feasibility of our novel model, a fibrin gel conduit containing autologous undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells was applied around the coaptation sites and compared to autologous nerve grafts. After evaluating sciatic nerve function for 16 weeks postoperatively, animals were sacrificed, and gastrocnemius muscle weight was determined along with morphological parameters（g-ratio, axon density ＆ diameter） of regenerating axons. Interestingly, the addition of undifferentiated adipose-derived stem cells resulted in a significantly improved re-myelination, axon ingrowth and functional outcome, when compared to animals without a cell seeded conduit. The presented model thus displays several intriguing features： it imitates a certain mismatch in size, distribution and orientation of axons within the nerve coaptation site. The fibrin conduit itself allows for an easy application of cells and, as a true critical-size defect model, any observed improvement relates directly to the performed intervention. Since fibrin and adipose-derived stem cells have been approved for human applications, the technique can theoretically be performed on humans. Thus, we suggest that the model is a powerful tool to investigate cell mediated assistance of peripheral nerve regeneration.

Saikosaponin a increases interleukin-10 expression and inhibits scar formation after sciatic nerve injury

Nerve scarring after peripheral nerve injury can severely hamper nerve regeneration and functional recovery.Further,the anti-inflammatory cytokine,interleukin-10,can inhibit nerve scar formation.Saikosaponin a（SSa） is a monomer molecule extracted from the Chinese medicine,Bupleurum.SSa can exert anti-inflammatory effects in spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury.However,it has not been shown whether SSa can play a role in peripheral nerve injury.In this study,rats were randomly assigned to three groups.In the sham group,the left sciatic nerve was directly sutured after exposure.In the sciatic nerve injury（SNI） ＋ SSa and SNI groups,the left sciatic nerve was sutured and continuously injected daily with SSa（10 mg/kg） or an equivalent volume of saline for 7 days.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results demonstrated that at 7 days after injury,interleukin-10 level was considerably higher in the SNI ＋ SSa group than in the SNI group.Masson staining and western blot assay demonstrated that at 8 weeks after injury,type I and III collagen content was lower and nerve scar formation was visibly less in the SNI ＋ SSa group compared with the SNI group.Simultaneously,sciatic functional index and nerve conduction velocity were improved in the SNI ＋ SSa group compared with the SNI group.These results confirm that SSa can increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor,interleukin-10,and reduce nerve scar formation to promote functional recovery of injured sciatic nerve.

EXTENSION OF SOLUTIONS TO RIEMANN BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS AND ITS APPLICATION

In this paper, solutions of Riemann boundary value problems with nodes are extended to the case where they may have singularties of high order at the nodes. Moreover, further extension is discussed when the free term of the problem involved also possesses singularities at the nodes. As an application, certain singular integral equation is discussed.

The solution of minimum reliability index for modified weak point of arbitrary curved beam under pure bending

This paper is based on the fundamental loading model of pure bending and the analytical model of a circular beam element with arbitrary initial deflection. The L.W. Guo solution is modified and generalized according to the elastic theory, and the analytical solution for the stress of the beam element with arbitrary initial deflection under pure bending is derived. Using yield theory of edge strength, an expression for the safety margin of one point in the arbitrary curved beam under pure bending （ACPB） is built. This paper modifies the model for weak points of service structures and establishes a foundation for safe design and inspection of imperfect structures. Also, according to the theory of the method of advanced first-order second-moment（AFOSM） , this paper derives an expression for the reliability index of one point in ACPB. Lastly, it modifies the solution for weak points by solving the minimal reliability index.

OPTIMIZING THE DESIGN PARAMETER OF MINE DYNAMIC SYSTEM

The main contests of mire optimization design includes: mine field size, borizon and level height, mumber, shaft form and development disposal and so on. In this paper, based on mine dynamic analysis, the index function model of mine different development stage is built up,applying dynamic programming method to find the solution of system’s optimum value,which makes the optimized result of mine dynamic design parameter more comprehensive, sysematical and reasonable. Through theory analysis research and practical validation, the obtained design parameters are reasonable and accurate.

Surgical Management of Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Women: Outcome and Quality of Life Assessment

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) or Acne inversa sometimes referred to as Verneuil’s disease, is a rare and debilitating condition arising in the intertriginous folds that bear apocrine glands (axillae, groin, perineum, pubis, ano-genital area). It has a deleterious impact on the life of affected persons who tend to be more depressive and poorly socially and sexually connected because of pain, malodor and stigmatization. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in Henri Mondor Hospital in Créteil, France, in order to assess the effectiveness of surgery as a radical treatment and also assess the factors related to recurrence and the surgical and sexual satisfaction in women operated for severe HS of perineum and genitalia. Results: Fifty-five women were included. We got a recurrence rate of 23.6%. 66.7% of recurrence occurred after localized excision. 83% of patients were satisfied with surgery results and would undergo a revision surgery or recommend it. The factors significantly associated with recurrence were overweight (p = 0.0046), location in groin (p = 0.0040), localized excision (p = 0.02), total excision (p = 0.009), healing via secondary intention (p = 0.001) and disability due to HS (p = 0.006). Assessment of sexual response thanks to the FSFI showed an alteration of all the domains of sexual response but the composite index of 18.51 was below the threshold to diagnose pathologic sexual condition.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Female Sexual Dysfunction in Beijing, China

Background： Female sexual dysfunction （FSD） is a highly prevalent and often underestimated problem. However, large-scale, population-based epidemiological surveys of FSD are scarce in China. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and the potential risk factors of FSD across a selection of social groups in Beijing, China, based on the Female Sexual Function Index （FSFI）. Methods： A cross-sectional study based on the multiple-stage cluster sampling was performed with adult women throughout the Dongcbeng and Shunyi districts of Beijing. The Chinese version of FSFI was used, as well as questions on demographic characteristics, the disease-related context, and social relationships. Results： A total of 6000 consecutive women entered this study, with an actual response from 5024 women, corresponding to a response rate of 83.7%. A total of 4697 （78.3%） questionnaires were effective. The prevalence of adult FSD in Beijing was 2973 （63.3%） using a score of 26.55 as the boundary value, whereas the total mean FSFI score was 23.92 ~ 6.37. However, 1423 （30.3%） women did not seek help. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the possible potential risk factors included age （odds ratio [OR] = 1.051 ）, dissatisfaction with the spouse＇s sexual ability （OR = 3.520）, poor marital affection （OR = 2.087）, spouse sexual difficulties （OR = 1.720）, dissatisfaction with married life （OR = 1.476）, living in a rural area （OR = 1.292）, chronic pelvic pain （OR = 1.261）, chronic disease （OR = 1.534）, previous pelvic surgery （OR = 1.605）, vaginal delivery （OR = 2.285）, lower education （OR = 3.449） and postmenopausal （OR = 3.183）. Conclusions： As suggested by the FSFI scores, female sexual problems are highly prevalent in Beijing. Dissatisfaction with the spouse＇s sexual ability, poor marital affection, sexual difficulties of the spouse, dissatisfaction with the marriage, rural life, CPP, and postmenopausal were conceivable risk factors for FSD in Beijing women.

Farmland function evolution in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain:Processes,patterns and mechanisms

Using counties as the basic analysis unit,this study established an evaluation index system for farmland function(FF)from economic,social,and ecological perspectives.The method combining entropy weighting and multiple correlation coefficient weighting was adopted to determine the weights,and the FF indices were calculated for each county.Sub-sequently,the spatio-temporal characteristics of farmland function evolution(FFE)were an-alyzed and the coupled relationships between the sub-functions were explored based on a coupling coordination model.At the same time,the dynamic mechanism of FFE was quanti-tatively analyzed using a spatial econometric regression analysis method.The following ma-jor conclusions were drawn:(1)The farmland economic function generally exhibited a de-clining trend during 1990-2010,and it is essential to point out that it was stronger in under-developed and agriculture-dominated counties,while it continuously weakened in developed areas.Farmland social function decreased in 60.29%of the counties,whereas some counties which were mostly located in north of Zhengzhou and west of Dezhou and Cangzhou,Yantai,and Weihai,clearly increased.A dramatic decline in farmland ecological function occurred around Beijing,Tianjin,and Jinan.Areas located in the northern part of Henan Province and the central part of Shandong Province saw an increase in ecological function.(2)There was a significant spatial difference in the coupling degree and coordination degree of the sub-functions,and the decoupling phenomenon highlighted this.The changes in social func-tion and ecological function lagged behind economic function in developed areas,but these were highly coupled in some underdeveloped areas.(3)FFE in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(HHHP)is resulted from the comprehensive effects of regional basic conditions and external driving factors.Furthermore,the transitions of population and industry under urbanization and industrialization played a decisive role in the evolution intensity and direction of farmland sub-systems,including the economy,society,and the ecology.According to the results men-tioned above,promoting the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agricultureshould be regarded as an important engine driving sustainable development in the HHHP.Taking different regional characteristics of FFE into account,differentiated and diversified farmland use and management plans should be implemented from more developed urban areas to underdeveloped traditional agricultural areas.