Effects of chilling tolerance induced by spermidine pretreatment on antioxidative activity,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure of indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings

Spermidine（Spd） is known to be involved in the regulation of plant responses to chilling stress and counteract the adverse effect of stress conditions.Antioxidant activities,endogenous hormones and ultrastructure change under chilling stress were investigated in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.12-d-old seedlings were subjected to exogenous Spd（1 mmol L^（-1）） and then a chilling stress（6℃,4 d） was induced,followed by a subsequent recovery（25℃,4 d）.Results showed that malondialdehyde（MDA） and proline content were enhanced significantly,whereas shoot fresh and dry weights decreased during chilling stress and after recovery;chlorophyll content of chilling-stressed seedlings increased slightly but declined after recovery;additionally,total soluble sugar,sucrose,fructose and starch contents increased significantly during chilling stress,and only soluble sugar and fructose contents were observed in increase after recovery;chilling stress-induced increases in superoxide dismutase（SOD）,peroxidase（POD） and catalase（CAT） activities,but declined after recovery,and the level of ascorbate peroxidase was lower during chilling stress and after recovery;however,endogenous indole-3-acetic acid（IAA）,zeatin riboside（ZR）,gibberellic acid（GA_3）,and abscisic acid（ABA） levels were induced decreased compared with Spd pretreatment.The microscopic analysis revealed that chilling stress-induced destruction of the chloroplast envelope during chilling stress and increased the number of plastoglobuli along with aberrations in thylakoid membranes after recovery.In contrast,exogenous Spd protected rice seedlings from chilling-induced injuries in terms of lower malondialdehyde,proline and carbohydrates accumulation coupled with increased endogenous hormones metabolism.After recovery,Spd pretreatment chilling-exposed seedlings showed higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and normal physiological function of chloroplasts.These results suggest that Spd could promote effectively chilling tolerance which might be largely attributable to the integrity of cell structure and normal metabolism of endogenous hormones in indica-japonica hybrid rice seedlings.

Studies on the Growth Habits and Characteristics of Two Polyploid Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice with Powerful Heterosis

Based on a series of polyploid indica-japonica hybrid plant lines obtained from a new breeding strategy of using double predominance of wide cross and polyploidization to breed super flee, two polyploid indica-japonica hybrids, PSR073 and PSR120 were studied in their growth periods to show the powerful heterosis in a larger scale and to study the characteristics of polyploid indica-japonica hybrids more elaborately. The leaf age, tiller growth, flowering habits, and agronomic traits of them were observed to analyze their growth habits and characteristics. The results showed that the.agronomic traits of PSR073 and PSR120, such as the plant height, panicle length, grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight, all acquired obvious predominance of polyploidy, and that the seed setting rate was more than 83%. No significant difference was observed between the two tetraploids and common diploids in the leaf age, tiller growth, and flowering habits. It was concluded that the characteristics of the two powerful heterosis polyploid hybrids were different from those of the polyploid rice reported earlier. Wide cross and polyploidization had no negative effects on their growth habits and characteristics; on the contrary these had powerful heterosis. This had provided theoretic and practical evidences for their application to agricultural production.

Developmental Analysis of Genetic Behavior of Brown Rice Width in indica-japonica Hybrids

The developmental genetic behaviors of brown rice width （BRW） have been studied in indica-japonica hybrid rice （Oryza sativa L.）, in which seven indica male sterile lines and five japonica restorer lines were applied, by using the developmental genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of triploid in cereal crops. The BRW of indica-japonica hybrid rice was co-determined by gene expression of tdploid endosperm, cytoplasm, diploid maternal plant and their genotype × environmental interaction effects. Unconditional analysis showed that the endosperm additive and matemal additive effects were predominant for the development of BRW from early- to late-stage of the grain development, but the endosperm dominant effect together with matemal effect and cytoplasmic effect became the major factor determing the BRW at the ripening stage. Moreover, conditional analysis found that there were new onset and offset of gene expression at different developmental stages of BRW in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Maternal and cytoplasm general heritabilities and their interaction heritabilities were more important compared to other components of heritability for BRW at all the five developmental stages.

Genetic Analysis of Leucine Content in Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genetic control of leucine content in indica-japonica hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) was studied in 35 crosses of F1 and F2 generations, which were derived from crossing 7 male sterile indica rice lines with 5 restorer japonica rice lines along with their parents. Two genetic models and their corresponding statistical methods for quantitative traits of triploid seeds in cereal crops were used for the analysis. The first was the unconditional genetic model, which refers to the analysis of cumulative measurements (from flowering to a specific time) along the developmental stages, while the second was the conditional genetic model, which relates to analysis from one developmental stage to another stage (t - 1→t). The results showed that leucine content of indica-japonica hybrid rice was controlled by the expression of triploid endosperm effect (endosperm additive effect and endosperm dominant effect), cytoplasm effect, diploid maternal plant effect (maternal additive effect and maternal dominant effect) and their environmental interaction effects. Of these effects, endosperm dominant effect and maternal dominant effect were more important at the earlier stages, while endosperm additive effect and maternal additive effect were more important at the later stages of rice grain development under both unconditional and conditional genetic analyses. Due to the high heritabilities, which came from endosperm, maternal and cytoplasm effects for leucine content at different developmental stages, selection for leucine content of indica-japonica hybrid rice would be more efficient at early generations in breeding programs.

The Breeding of New Indica-japonica Intersubspecific Hybrid Rice Combination Chunyou 84

Chunyou 84 is an indica-japonica hybrid rice combination developed from Chunjiang 16A, a late japonica CMS line with early anthesis time, and C84, an indi-ca-japonica intermediate type restorer line with wide compatibility. It has the charac-teristics of high yield potential, high seed production, excel ent agronomic characters, good resistance and wide adaptability. It was registered and released by Zhejiang Provincial Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in March, 2013. The breeding proce-dure, characteristics, major techniques of cultivation and seed production of Chunyou 84 were introduced in this paper.

A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between the Indica-Japonica RAPD Differentiation of Parents and Heterosisin Dian Type Hybrid Rice

The relationship between the indica-japonica differentiation of parents and heterosis of hybrid in rice was studied with 10 sterile lines, 10 maintainer lines of the sterile lines, 38 restorer lines of Dian type hybrid rice and 40 hybrids derived from the sterile lines and restorer lines. The results indicated that there was a parabolic correlation between the indica-japonica differentiation of parents detected by RAPD markers and heterosis of hybrid rice. When certain indica-japonica differentiation of parents exists, the percentage of combinations with positve heterosis and the mean heterosis of hybrids were high. But that didn't mean too much difference of parents could lead to stronger hetesosis, that meant overdiffernt parents seldom bring positve het-erotic hybrids. Suitable difference of percent of indica alleles of parents of stronger heterotic hybrid was 12 -16%.

Two sequence alterations,a 136 bp InDel and an A/C polymorphic site,in the S5 locus are associated with spikelet fertility of indica-japonica hybrid in rice

The rice indica/japonica hybrid shows strong heterosis.However,such inter-subspecific hybrid can＇t be directly used in rice production due to its low spikelet fertility.The S5 locus was proved to be associated with fertility of indica/japonica hybrid and its S5n allele from wide-compatibility variety （WCV） is capable to overcome fertility barrier.In the present study,we reported the causal sites in the S5 locus responsible for compatibility of indica/japonica hybrid.Fine-mapping of the S5 locus using the 11 test-cross families pinpoints a candidate S5 locus encoding aspartic protease （Asp）.Intragenic recombination within the Asp gene happened in a number of recombinants,resulting in chimeric S5j-S5n alleles.Just like S5n,the chimeric S5j-S5n allele displayed higher spikelet fertility when combined with the S5i allele.In the complementary test,however,the S5n allele from WCVs failed to enhance fertilities of the indica/japonica hybrids.Compared to both indica and japonica varieties,all nine WCVs from different resources are characterized with a 136 bp deletion in the Asp N-terminus,which probably renders the S5n allele non-functional.Furthermore,an A/C polymorphic site is detected 1,233 bp downstream of the Asp start codon.The heterozygous A/C site of the Asp gene in indica/japonica hybrid is believed to be the casual factor to cause partial sterility.The functional makers based on the two polymorphic sites will be broadly used in developing wide-compatibility rice varieties.

Relationship of Parental Indica-Japonica Indexes with Yield and Grain Quality Traits of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Taking the main parents （10 male sterile lines and 10 restorer lines） and their 100 combinations of japonica hybrid rice in northern China as materials, the relationships of parental indica-japonica indexes determined by the methods of the Cheng’s index as well as simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers with yield and grain quality traits of hybrid rice were studied. For the parents, the Cheng’s index （Chi） ranged from 13.5 to 19.3 and the indica index in SSR markers （ADi） were from 0.12 to 0.38. The classification of parents by Chi was not completely consistent with that by ADi. The Chi of male parent was more closely related to hybrid traits than that of female parent, as contrasted to ADi. At the same time, the difference between parents （PD） in Chi was more closely related to hybrid traits than that in ADi. The indica-japonica indexes of parents and their difference between parents appeared quadratic relationship to hybrid traits with the critical extremum. The directions of the correlation of indica-japonica indexes of parents and their differences with hybrid yield traits were on the opposition to those with hybrid grain quality traits. Therefore, the female parent should match the male parent moderately in indica-japonica index to obtain the optimum of hybrid traits, high yield as well as good quality.

颈椎前路Hybrid手术和颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病临床疗效分析

目的:分析颈椎前路Hybrid手术和颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术(EODL)治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效,探讨多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者手术方式的选择。方法:对2017年7月—2020年7月在首都医科大学附属北京中医医院手术治疗的70例多节段脊髓型颈椎病患者进行回顾性分析,根据手术方式不同,分为前路组35例和后路组35例,前路组患者行Hybrid手术[颈椎前路椎间盘切除融合术(ACDF)联合人工颈椎间盘置换术(ACDR)],后路组患者行EODL。记录2组患者住院时间、手术时间、术中出血量和术后引流量,通过日本骨科协会(JOA)评分、JOA改善率、颈椎残障功能指数(NDI)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和术后满意度评分进行疗效评价,统计2组患者术后并发症发生情况。结果:与后路组比较,前路组患者术中出血量、术后引流量、住院时间和手术时间均明显减少(P<0.01),术前各项评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时,与后路组比较,前路组患者JOA评分和JOA改善率明显升高(P<0.01),NDI评分和VAS评分明显降低(P<0.01)。与术前比较,末次随访时2组患者JOA评分明显升高(P<0.01),NDI和VAS评分均明显降低(P<0.01)。按术后满意度评分评价,2组患者术后满意度均较高。2组患者术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:颈椎前路Hybrid手术和EODL在治疗多节段脊髓型颈椎病方面均取得了较为满意的疗效。Hybrid手术具有出血量少和手术时间短等优点,临床上应根据患者实际情况选择最适宜的术式。

Genetic and physical fine- mapping of the Sc locus conferring indica-japonica hybrid sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Hybrid sterility is a major hindrance to utiliz-ing the heterosis in indica-japonica hybrids. To isolate a gene Sc conferring the hybrid sterility, the locus was mapped us-ing molecular markers and an F2 population derived from a cross between near isogenic lines. A primary linkage analysis showed that Sc was linked closely with 4 markers on chro-mosome 3, on which the genetic distance between a marker RG227 and Sc was 0.07 cM. Chromosome walking with a rice TAC genomic library was carried out using RG227 as a starting probe, and a contig of ca. 320 kb covering the Sc locus was constructed. Two TAC clones, M45E14 and M90J01 that might cover the Sc locus, were partially se-quenced. By searching the rice sequence databases with se-quences of the TACs and RG227 a japonica rice BAC se-quence, OSJNBb0078P24 was identified. By comparing the TAC and BAC sequences, six new PCR-based markers were developed. With these markers the Sc locus was further mapped to a region of 46 kb. The results suggest that the BAC OSJNBb0078P24 and TAC M45E14 contain the Sc gene. Six ORFs were predicted in the focused 46-kb region.

Activation Redistribution Based Hybrid Asymmetric Quantization Method of Neural Networks

The demand for adopting neural networks in resource-constrained embedded devices is continuously increasing.Quantization is one of the most promising solutions to reduce computational cost and memory storage on embedded devices.In order to reduce the complexity and overhead of deploying neural networks on Integeronly hardware,most current quantization methods use a symmetric quantization mapping strategy to quantize a floating-point neural network into an integer network.However,although symmetric quantization has the advantage of easier implementation,it is sub-optimal for cases where the range could be skewed and not symmetric.This often comes at the cost of lower accuracy.This paper proposed an activation redistribution-based hybrid asymmetric quantizationmethod for neural networks.The proposedmethod takes data distribution into consideration and can resolve the contradiction between the quantization accuracy and the ease of implementation,balance the trade-off between clipping range and quantization resolution,and thus improve the accuracy of the quantized neural network.The experimental results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method is 2.02%and 5.52%higher than the traditional symmetric quantization method for classification and detection tasks,respectively.The proposed method paves the way for computationally intensive neural network models to be deployed on devices with limited computing resources.Codes will be available on https://github.com/ycjcy/Hybrid-Asymmetric-Quantization.

基于Hybrid A^(*)算法的变压器声级巡检系统研究与设计

随着国内变电站数目逐步增加,采用固定式声级监测终端对变压器声级检测的方式已经满足不了日常检测的需求。为解决固定式声级监测终端方式成本高、维护复杂、设备利用率低等问题,该文率先提出了一种变压器声级巡检系统,并设计了最优声级巡检路径。通过场地定位传感器生成变压器场地栅格图信息,采用Hybrid A^(*)算法将场地栅格图信息生成符合国标所要求的最优声级巡检路径检测点;针对所开发的变压器声级巡检装置,采用生成的巡检路径对变压器进行声级测定作业,对测定的声级数据进行分析处理。测试结果表明,该文开发的系统与设计算法的变压器声级巡检时间、检测效率以及数据的采集准确性都优于固定式声级监测终端方式,系统完成变压器声级巡检全过程的成功率可达95%。

复杂建设环境下基于Hybrid A^(*)算法的铁路平面线形绿色优化设计

随着“双碳经济下绿色铁路”理念的兴起,将“绿色生态”融入到铁路平面线路优化已成为近年来的研究热点。本文以铁路建设成本与生态破坏成本的协同优化为目标,引入并改进了一种自动驾驶导航算法(Hybrid A^(*)算法),以适应复杂的铁路设计问题,同时考虑最小曲线半径、最大曲线半径、最短曲线长度、最短夹直线长度、缓和曲线长度等铁路线形约束。研究结果表明:(1)改进后算法以离散网格方式整合外部环境因素,实现渐进式全局探索,获取接近全局最优的铁路线路设计结果;(2)该方法在复杂外部环境约束下,无需预设水平交点位置和数量,可自动生成符合线路-环境耦合约束的优化平面线路方案。

Hybrid model for BOF oxygen blowing time prediction based on oxygen balance mechanism and deep neural network

The amount of oxygen blown into the converter is one of the key parameters for the control of the converter blowing process,which directly affects the tap-to-tap time of converter. In this study, a hybrid model based on oxygen balance mechanism (OBM) and deep neural network (DNN) was established for predicting oxygen blowing time in converter. A three-step method was utilized in the hybrid model. First, the oxygen consumption volume was predicted by the OBM model and DNN model, respectively. Second, a more accurate oxygen consumption volume was obtained by integrating the OBM model and DNN model. Finally, the converter oxygen blowing time was calculated according to the oxygen consumption volume and the oxygen supply intensity of each heat. The proposed hybrid model was verified using the actual data collected from an integrated steel plant in China, and compared with multiple linear regression model, OBM model, and neural network model including extreme learning machine, back propagation neural network, and DNN. The test results indicate that the hybrid model with a network structure of 3 hidden layer layers, 32-16-8 neurons per hidden layer, and 0.1 learning rate has the best prediction accuracy and stronger generalization ability compared with other models. The predicted hit ratio of oxygen consumption volume within the error±300 m^(3)is 96.67%;determination coefficient (R^(2)) and root mean square error (RMSE) are0.6984 and 150.03 m^(3), respectively. The oxygen blow time prediction hit ratio within the error±0.6 min is 89.50%;R2and RMSE are0.9486 and 0.3592 min, respectively. As a result, the proposed model can effectively predict the oxygen consumption volume and oxygen blowing time in the converter.

Regulatable Orthotropic 3D Hybrid Continuous Carbon Networks for Efficient Bi-Directional Thermal Conduction

Vertically oriented carbon structures constructed from low-dimen-sional carbon materials are ideal frameworks for high-performance thermal inter-face materials(TIMs).However,improving the interfacial heat-transfer efficiency of vertically oriented carbon structures is a challenging task.Herein,an orthotropic three-dimensional(3D)hybrid carbon network(VSCG)is fabricated by depositing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes(VACNTs)on the surface of a horizontally oriented graphene film(HOGF).The interfacial interaction between the VACNTs and HOGF is then optimized through an annealing strategy.After regulating the orientation structure of the VACNTs and filling the VSCG with polydimethylsi-loxane(PDMS),VSCG/PDMS composites with excellent 3D thermal conductive properties are obtained.The highest in-plane and through-plane thermal conduc-tivities of the composites are 113.61 and 24.37 W m^(-1)K^(-1),respectively.The high contact area of HOGF and good compressibility of VACNTs imbue the VSCG/PDMS composite with low thermal resistance.In addition,the interfacial heat-transfer efficiency of VSCG/PDMS composite in the TIM performance was improved by 71.3%compared to that of a state-of-the-art thermal pad.This new structural design can potentially realize high-performance TIMs that meet the need for high thermal conductivity and low contact thermal resistance in interfacial heat-transfer processes.

Ag-integrated mixed metallic Co-Fe-Ni-Mn hydroxide composite as advanced electrode for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Direct growth of redox-active noble metals and rational design of multifunctional electrochemical active materials play crucial roles in developing novel electrode materials for energy storage devices.In this regard,silver(Ag)has attracted great attention in the design of efficient electrodes.Inspired by the house/building process,which means electing the right land,it lays a strong foundation and building essential columns for a complex structure.Herein,we report the construction of multifaceted heterostructure cobalt-iron hydroxide(CFOH)nanowires(NWs)@nickel cobalt manganese hydroxides and/or hydrate(NCMOH)nanosheets(NSs)on the Ag-deposited nickel foam and carbon cloth(i.e.,Ag/NF and Ag/CC)substrates.Moreover,the formation and charge storage mechanism of Ag are described,and these contribute to good conductive and redox chemistry features.The switching architectural integrity of metal and redox materials on metallic frames may significantly boost charge storage and rate performance with noticeable drop in resistance.The as-fabricated Ag@CFOH@NCMOH/NF electrode delivered superior areal capacity value of 2081.9μA h cm^(-2)at 5 mA cm^(-2).Moreover,as-assembled hybrid cell based on NF(HC/NF)device exhibited remarkable areal capacity value of 1.82 mA h cm^(-2)at 5 mA cm^(-2)with excellent rate capability of 74.77%even at 70 mA cm^(-2)Furthermore,HC/NF device achieved maximum energy and power densities of 1.39 mW h cm^(-2)and 42.35 mW cm^(-2),respectively.To verify practical applicability,both devices were also tested to serve as a self-charging station for various portable electronic devices.

p-d Orbital Hybridization Engineered Single-Atom Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis

The rational design of metal single-atom catalysts(SACs)for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)is challenging.Two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks(2DMOFs)is a unique class of promising SACs.Up to now,the roles of individual metals,coordination atoms,and their synergy effect on the electroanalytic performance remain unclear.Therefore,in this work,a series of 2DMOFs with different metals and coordinating atoms are systematically investigated as electrocatalysts for ammonia synthesis using density functional theory calculations.For a specific metal,a proper metal-intermediate atoms p-d orbital hybridization interaction strength is found to be a key indicator for their NRR catalytic activities.The hybridization interaction strength can be quantitatively described with the p-/d-band center energy difference(Δd-p),which is found to be a sufficient descriptor for both the p-d hybridization strength and the NRR performance.The maximum free energy change(ΔG_(max))andΔd-p have a volcanic relationship with OsC_(4)(Se)_(4)located at the apex of the volcanic curve,showing the best NRR performance.The asymmetrical coordination environment could regulate the band structure subtly in terms of band overlap and positions.This work may shed new light on the application of orbital engineering in electrocatalytic NRR activity and especially promotes the rational design for SACs.

Ground threat prediction-based path planning of unmanned autonomous helicopter using hybrid enhanced artificial bee colony algorithm

Unmanned autonomous helicopter(UAH)path planning problem is an important component of the UAH mission planning system.Aiming to reduce the influence of non-complete ground threat information on UAH path planning,a ground threat prediction-based path planning method is proposed based on artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm by collaborative thinking strategy.Firstly,a dynamic threat distribution probability model is developed based on the characteristics of typical ground threats.The dynamic no-fly zone of the UAH is simulated and established by calculating the distribution probability of ground threats in real time.Then,a dynamic path planning method for UAH is designed in complex environment based on the real-time prediction of ground threats.By adding the collision warning mechanism to the path planning model,the flight path could be dynamically adjusted according to changing no-fly zones.Furthermore,a hybrid enhanced ABC algorithm is proposed based on collaborative thinking strategy.The proposed algorithm applies the leader-member thinking mechanism to guide the direction of population evolution,and reduces the negative impact of local optimal solutions caused by collaborative learning update strategy,which makes the optimization performance of ABC algorithm more controllable and efficient.Finally,simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ground threat prediction path planning method.

Enhancing rock fragmentation prediction in mining operations:A hybrid GWO-RF model with SHAP interpretability

In the mining industry,precise forecasting of rock fragmentation is critical for optimising blasting processes.In this study,we address the challenge of enhancing rock fragmentation assessment by developing a novel hybrid predictive model named GWO-RF.This model combines the grey wolf optimization(GWO)algorithm with the random forest(RF)technique to predict the D_(80)value,a critical parameter in evaluating rock fragmentation quality.The study is conducted using a dataset from Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine,employing six different swarm sizes for the GWO-RF hybrid model construction.The GWO-RF model’s hyperparameters are systematically optimized within established bounds,and its performance is rigorously evaluated using multiple evaluation metrics.The results show that the GWO-RF hybrid model has higher predictive skills,exceeding traditional models in terms of accuracy.Furthermore,the interpretability of the GWO-RF model is enhanced through the utilization of SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)values.The insights gained from this research contribute to optimizing blasting operations and rock fragmentation outcomes in the mining industry.

Dual-ion carrier storage through Mg^(2+) addition for high-energy and long-life zinc-ion hybrid capacitor

Cation additives can efficiently enhance the total electrochemical capabilities of zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs).However their energy storage mechanisms in zinc-based systems are still under debate.Herein,we modulate the electrolyte and achieve dual-ion storage by adding magnesium ions.And we assemble several Zn//activated carbon devices with different electrolyte concentrations and investigate their electrochemical reaction dynamic behaviors.The zinc-ion capacitor with Mg^(2+)mixed solution delivers 82 mAh·g^(-1)capacity at 1 A·g^(-1) and maintains 91%of the original capacitance after 10000 cycling.It is superior to the other assembled zinc-ion devices in single-component electrolytes.The finding demonstrates that the double-ion storage mechanism enables the superior rate performance and long cycle lifetime of ZHCs.