Research on the Construction of Drug Inspection Evaluation Indicator System

Objective To study a way to establish a drug inspection evaluation system in China.Methods Through literature research,behavioral event interviews,Delphi expert interviews,and other methods,the theory of“threedimensional quality structure model”was used to extract,screen,and construct a set of evaluation indicator system for drug inspection,including 3 first-level indicators,11 second-level indicators,and 47 third-level indicators.Results and Conclusion An effective management tool to evaluate the quality of drug inspection has not yet been formed in China.According to the requirements of laws,regulations,and departmental rules,combined with the mature drug inspection mechanism of international drug regulatory agencies or organizations and the international quality management theory,some management tools are put forward to improve the quality system of drug supervision.

Desertification Assessment Indicator System in China

Based on the definition of desertification adopted by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,particularly in Africa, first,the patterns of desertification in China are introduced.Second,desertification assessment indicator system that used in China is presented.It includes:(1)climate classification;(2)classification of land use;(3)classification of desertification patterns which include wind erosion,water erosion,salinization,and grassland degradation;(4)grading index of desertification that includes grading index of desertification caused by wind erosion,desertification caused by water erosion,desertification caused by salinization,indicators of grassland degradation classification.At last,some detailed factors that can be used as indicators in desertification assessment are discussed.

Indicator system and evaluation framework for sustainable development

An indicator system of sustainable development was established and an evaluation framework for sustainable development was drawn in this study.

Construction of composite indicator system based on simulation data mining

The indicator system is the foundation and emphasis in the effectiveness evaluation of system of systems(SoS). In the past, indicator systems were founded based on qualitative methods, and every indicator was mainly determined by the expert with experience. This paper proposed a brand-new method to construct indicator systems based on the repeated simulation of the scenario space, and calculated by quantitative data. Firstly, the selection of key indicators using the Gini indicator importance measure(IIM)is calculated by random forests(RFs). Then, principal component analysis(PCA) is applied when we use the selected indicators to construct the composite indicator system of SoS. Furthermore,a set of rulesare is developed to verify the practicability of the indicator system such as correlation, robustness, accuracy and convergence. Experiment shows that the algorithm achieves good results for the construction of composite indicators of So S.

The Indicator System Based on BP Neural Network Model for Net-mediated Public Opinion on Unexpected Emergency

Because unexpected emergency owns the characteristics of explosive,uncertain evolution direction and group diffusion,more and more researchers concentrate on and try to control it. In addition,considering the force of network,the information of the unexpected emergency will be spread and enlarged rapidly on internet. It is a new viewpoint using the indicator system to estimate the heat degree of net-mediated public opinion on unexpected emergency,which can reveal the underlying reasons about the formation of the heat degree. Moreover,we use BP(Back Propagation) neural network method instead of traditional subjective weight assignment to calculate the weights of the indicators which can make evaluation results more accurate and objective.

Modeling Indicator Systems for Evaluating Environmental Sustainable Development Based on Factor Analysis

Indicator systems of environmental sustainable development in the Poyang Lake Basin are established from 51 elementary indexes by factor analysis, which is composed of four steps such as the factor model, the parameter estimation, the factor rotation and the factor score. Under the condition that the cumulative proportion is greater than 85%, 5 explicit factors of environmental sustainable development as well as its factor score by region are carried out. The result indicates some impact factors to the basin environmental in descending sort order are volume of water, volume of waste gas discharge,volume of solid wasters.the degree to comprehensive utilization of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes, the emission volume of waste gas, waste water and solid wastes. It is helpful and important to provide decision support for constituting sustainable development strategies and evaluate the sustainable development status of each city.

Establishment and Application of Assessment Indicator System of Agricultural Catastrophe Vulnerability

To give play to the role of agricultural catastrophe risk fund in spreading agricultural catastrophe risk,we select natural conditions,economic conditions,social conditions,as the external vulnerability assessment indicators;select commodity rate of agricultural products,substitutability of agricultural products,the extent of agricultural products being related to the national economy and the people's livelihood,as the internal vulnerability assessment indicators.We assign weight to indicators using Analytic Hierarchy Process,and establish assessment indicator system of agricultural catastrophe vulnerability,to analyze the compensation for losses of different agricultural products arising from agricultural catastrophe in different regions.And we take the case of rice in Sichuan Province,to demonstrate the role this indicator system.

A procedural study of building up a performance evaluation indicator system of intellectual property protection

The intellectual property protection, whether judicial or administrative, is evaluated through a performance evaluation indicator system. To building up such a system, we must follow certain working procedures which usually consist of four steps： to determine the performance objectives, to design the structure of indicator system, to specify the indicators and to set up the weight of indicators. Each step plays a different role in performance evaluation indicator system and has its own impact on the realization of performance evaluation objectives respectively. So the scientifically building up a performance evaluation indicator system is the key to determine whether the intellectual property is protected well or not.

An Indicator System for Assessing Soil Erosion in the Loess Plateau Gully Regions:A Case Study in the Wangdonggou Watershed,China

The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes.Despite the popularity of the term"eco-efficiency"in business,limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers.Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency,an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study.The indicator system comprises 22 indicators,which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development,resources consumption, environmental pressure.As a promising statistical technique, principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District.The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003.Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends.The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979,which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources.The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997,due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years.Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production,so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability.The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.

Evaluation Indicator System of Low-carbon Landscape in Residential Areas: A Case Study of Garden Plant Landscape

Garden plant landscape is one of the main contents of low-carbon landscape design in residential areas. From the basic theory of garden plant landscaping, we put forth five principles and ideas concerning the building of evaluation indicator system of garden plant landscape, to establish the indicator system with ecological quality, recreational function and aesthetic effect as three layers. According to the characteristics of evaluation system, we use qualitative and quantitative integration method, coupled with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consulting method, to determine the weight of various factors. And we use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to test this indicator system, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the research on evaluation indicator system of low-carbon landscape.

Comparative Study of Eco-city Indicator System in Tianjin-Tangshan Area: A Case Study of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city and Caofeidian Eco-city

On the basis of previous researches on current eco-city indicator system in China, achievements of Caofeidian Eco-city and Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city in the establishment of indicator system were compared, and their differences in indicator construction framework, indicator component ratio and indicator valuation were summarized. It was found through studying the indicator systems that local indicators should stress characteristics of the city on the basis of national standards, and comply with urban construction conditions; and also that indicator system needed balance between macro and micro level, more reasonable value, and further improvement in the construction and management.

The construction of Chinese indicator system on public health field investigation and short-term study hub:experience and implications

Background:The increasing of exchange activities among public health institutes and experts globally calls for a standardized operation to construct public health field investigation and short-term study hub(Field Study Hub).This can funcion as a platform to share experience in public health development in an accurate and comprehensive manner that would benefit global practices.This research aims to establish a supportive indicator system to guide the construction work.Methods:Delphi method including two rounds of surveys were conducted among 82 senior public health experts.A structured questionnaire was designed to collect the opinions of the experts on the necessity of setting and feasibility of measurement for proposed 5 dimensions of 49 indicators and 7 additionally proposed ones.Percentage and score were used to describe the assessments,χ^(2)and t tests to compare differences,Kappa and Cronbach’s alpha values to assess intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities.Significance levelαwas 0.05.Bonferroni adjustment was used in the comparison of experts’judgment basis.Results:The percentages of experts choosing“Very good”or“Good”for necessity and feasibility in rounds 1 and 2 were 73.1-97.6%(85.8%±7.5%),64.6-93.9%(82.8%±6.7%),73.8-100%(91.0%±6.2%)and 72.5-100%(89.2%±7.3%)respectively.The scores of necessity were higher than those of feasibility,and the differences in the dimensions of“Key experience”,“Capacity for logistic support”and the total were statistically significant(t_(11)=2.920,t_(12)=3.035,t_(31)=4.448,t32=2.664,t_(t1)=3.794,t_(t2)=3.007,P<0.05).The fourteen most necessary indicators were identified.The judgment bases of“Theory”and“Experience”were higher than“Knowledge”and“Intuition”statistically significantly(round 2:χTK^(2)=39.020,χEK^(2)=67.692,χTI^(2)=45.823,χEI^(2)=76.515,P<0.0125).The Kappa values exceeded 40 with the maximum as 75 and the Cronbach’s alphas exceeded 0.8000 with the maximum as 0.9732.Conclusions:A set of 5 dimensions of 56 indicators with good necessity and feasibility were developed to technically support and well evaluate the construction of field study hub in public health institutions.This was of high significance because it tended to provide a preliminary baseline for the standardized practice in global health.Also,the present research might serve as a methodological reference for the development of other indicator sets.

Research on Uncertainties in Evaluation Indicator System for Ecological Residential Community

In the process of evaluating,the weights of indicators are firstly determined by AHP and Delphi methods;and the values of indicators are normalized by grey correlative coefficient method.A suit of means were put forward,by which a qualitative and quantitative evaluation indicator system suitable for the situation of China and uncertainties can be established.Both idiographic and operable methods and process were presented.Following the principle of elasticity,hiberarchy and maneuverability,a three-layer evaluation indicator system was established by AHP in Jiuyi ecological residential community,which includes 5 subsystems and 24 indicatiors.The weights of indicators are measured by AHP and expert estimate and their best indicators values up to par were determined by fuzzy mathematics and optimization.The whole evaluation indicator system not only has an active and practical effect on estimating ecological residential community,but also guides ecological residential community planning.

The Construction of Evaluation Indicator System for Low-carbon Village and Practice Research in Yuanjiang County

Low-carbon village is a new eco-development model in the context of low-carbon economy,the inevitable trend for achieving coordinated development between man and nature,and the inevitable choice for achieving sustainable development.This paper has built a low-carbon village evaluation system with 3 levels and 20 indicators.On this basis,taking Yuanjiang County as empirical research object,we use distance function model method to analyze and evaluate the low carbonization of village in Yuanjiang County,in order to provide a reference for the lowcarbon village evaluation.

Establishment of Comprehensive Evaluation Indicator System for Sustainable Development of Microcredit and Empirical Analysis

We establish the comprehensive evaluation indicator system for sustainable development of micro-credit,constituted by the profitability ratio,financial constitution ratio,loan quality ratio and operating efficiency ratio.Taking the case of micro-credit of China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation,we measure the current situation of sustainable development of micro-credit.As far as we are concerned,the composite index of sustainable development of micro-credit shows the growth trend on the whole.Finally,in order to further improve the sustainable development of microcredit,provide farmers with better financial services and enable more farmers to benefit from micro-credit,we put forth the following recommendations:strengthening technological innovation to reduce costs and improve operating efficiency and profitability of the micro-credit;strengthening risk control to improve the quality of loans;providing all-around non-financial services to lay the foundation for the sustainable development of microcredit;setting an appropriate level of interest rates to improve the profitability of the institutions.

A study of CALIS evaluation indicator system for digital resources and its practical application considerations

Based on our theoretical studies and practical experience related to the digital resource evaluation activities,which were undertaken jointly by CALIS and Peking University Library,this paper discusses the targeted object,content,the structure and the attributes of CALIS evaluation indicator system for digital resources.We also offer a detailed guideline for professional practice in terms of using this particular indicator system to evaluate the viability and the collection strength of a given digital library.

Impact of GMP on pharmaceutical industry in China based on indicator system evaluation

To evaluate the impact of GMP on Chinese pharmaceutical industry in a quantitative system, we referred to theories on policy evaluation and industrial organization, and conducted literature review, key person interview, multi-round Delphi and field investigation. We set up the principles to construct our indicator system, reviewed based on the policy objectives of the new GMP for drugs systematically, and analysed the influence path of the new GMP for pharmaceutical manufacturers. We proposed a three-dimensional ＂structure-conduct-performance＂ evaluation indicator system. Our evaluation indicator system is accepted by experts and relevant personnel, indicating the three-dimensional evaluation indicator system is feasible to evaluate the impact of the new GMP in Chinese pharmaceutical industry.

Development and Application of Integrated Indicators for Assessing Healthcare Waste Management Systems in Kenyan Hospitals

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is an important aspect of healthcare delivery globally because of its hazardous and infectious components that have potential for adverse health and environmental impacts. The paper introduces a set of indicators for assessing HCWM systems in hospitals. These indicators are: HCWM policies and standard operating procedures, management and oversight, logistics and budget support, training and occupational health and safety, and treatment, disposal and waste treatment equipment housing. By plotting a mark on a continuum which is defined as good and poor on the extremes and is connected with all other marks in a spoke arrangement, it’s possible to describe a baseline for HCWM in any specific hospital. This baseline can be used to improve awareness of the actors and policy-makers, compare the same hospital at a different point in time, to compare observations by different evaluators and to track improvements. Results suggest that in Kenya, the application of such indicators is useful for evaluating which priorities should be addressed to improve outcomes in HCWM systems. Systematic sampling technique was used to identify and collect data by use of observational checklist, interviews, visual verification and review of documents and a HCWM assessment tool. The objective is to suggest an integrated management tool as a method to identify prevailing problems with a HCWM system. The method can be replicated in other contexts worldwide, with a focus on the developing world. The integrated indicators focus on management of HCW and not its potential impact on human health and environment, an area recognized to be critical for future research.

Battery Management System with State ofCharge Indicator for Electric Vehicles

Aim To research and develop a battery management system(BMS)with the state of charge(SOC)indicator for electric vehicles (EVs).Methods On the basis of analyzing the electro-chemical characteristics of lead-acid. battery, the state of charge indicator for lead-acid battery was developed by means of an algorithm based on combination of ampere-hour, Peukert's equation and open-voltage method with the compensation of temperature,aging,self- discharging,etc..Results The BMS based on this method can attain an accurate surplus capa- city whose error is less than 5% in static experiments.It is proved by experiments that the BMS is reliable and can give the driver an accurate surplus capacity,precisely monitor the individual battery modules as the same time,even detect and warn the problems early,and so on. Conclusion A BMS can make the energy of the storage batteries used efficiently, develop the batteries cycle life,and increase the driving distance of EVs.