Fault diagnosis in neutral point indirectly grounded system basedon information fusion

In neutral point indirectly grounded systems, phase-to-ground fault is putting new demands on fault diagnosis technology. Information fusion is applied to detect the phase-to-ground fault, which integrates several sources of information, including line current, line voltage, zero sequence current and voltage, and quintic harmonic wave component. This method is testified through the simulation of Matlab. Simulation results show that the precision and reliability of the detection has been greatly increased.

Grounding Systems for Power Supply Facilities

The goal of this work is creation of optimal grounding model at the substation 10/0.4 kV of the urban power distribution network. The electric current can pose a major threat to the man’s life and health. In addition to pose a threat for health, the rise of the short circuit, as a consequence of insulation faults, poses a threat to retirement of electric systems and fire risks. The reliable grounding system design has significant implications for protection of human being as well as for electrical facility protection. The set objective was performed on the base of analytical and software-based methods. Analytical method gives a qualitative indication at each step in analysis. It also allows evaluating the values effect on the result, but the method is not susceptible of tolerable accuracy, that is why analytical method serves as initial approximation in differentiating. Specified estimation can be performed in such software package as MATLAB or ETAP. Software-based estimation is based on the finite element method (FEM), the main advantage of which is the ability to create different forms of grounding and allows obtaining distribution graphs of the step potential on the earth’s surface and touch potential. The calculation results in comparison of analytical and software-based methods taking into account the grounding optimization. There are conclusions on the most effective ground network.

考虑土体非线性山-谷耦合复杂场地空间相关多点地震动模拟

采用考虑局部场地非线性地震波散射效应的空间相关多点地震动模拟方法,对山-谷耦合场地的地震动进行定量模拟分析。非线性地震波散射效应基于有限元-间接边界元耦合法和等效线性土体模型进行计算。结果表明,山体的存在会增大沉积内的地震动反应,对短周期的地震波的放大效应更为显著,增幅可达50%。相较于单一沉积谷地地形的沉积谷地外部,山-谷耦合场地中山体地震响应有所减小。相比线性模型,考虑土体非线性时,沉积谷地地震动强度较线性时的结果有所降低,反应谱峰值位置也会发生改变,但山体影响更为显著。不同山体形状对谷地影响不同,对于谷地内部分点位影响的差别可达40%。该研究为山-谷耦合场地工程结构抗震设防提供了部分理论依据和计算方法。

TN系统低压变频回路电动机散热风扇的配电保护设计

TN系统0.4 kV低压变频配电回路电动机散热风扇容量小、配套供电电缆截面小,特点突出,对其配电保护设计进行探讨,特别是长距离配电时回路的间接接触防护。采用断路器或熔断器作为保护元器件时,根据计算最小接地故障电流的近似公式,可反推出最大的防护配电距离,为电气设计人员提供设计参考依据。

Amplification of in-plane seismic ground motion by group cavities in layered half-space (Ⅱ): with saturated poroelastic soil layers

As the continuation study on amplification of in-plane seismic ground motion by underground group cavities in layered half-space, this study extends to the case of poroelastic half-space with dry poroelastic and saturated poroelastic soil layers. The influence of poroelastic layers on the amplification of seismic ground motion is studied both in frequency domain and time domain using indirect boundary element method （IBEM）. It is shown that for the example of a saturated poroelastic site in Tianjin under the excitation of Taft wave and E1 Centro wave, the amplification of seismic ground motion in poroelastic case is slightly smaller than that in the elastic case, and the amplification of PGA （peak ground acceleration） and its PRS （peak response spectrum）.. can be increased up to 38.8% and 64.6%; the predominant period of response spectra in poroelastic case becomes shorter to some extent compared with that in the elastic case. It is suggested that the effect of underground group cavities in poroelastic half-space on design seismic ground motion should be considered.

Amplification of in-plane seismic ground motion by group cavities in layered half-space (Ⅰ)

Amplification of in-plane seismic ground motion by underground group cavities in layered half-space is studied both in frequency domain and time domain by using indirect boundary element method （IBEM）, and the effect of cavity interval and spectrum of incident waves on the amplification are studied by numerical examples. It is shown that there may be large interaction between cavities, and group cavities with certain intervals may have significant amplification to seismic ground motion. The amplification of PGA （peak ground acceleration） and its PRS （peak response spectrum） can be increased up to 45.2% and 84.4%, for an example site in Tianjin, under the excitation of Taft wave and E1 Centro wave; and group cavities may also affect the spectra of the seismic ground motion. It is suggested that the effect of underground group cavities on design seismic ground motion should be considered.

In Situ Measurement of the Undisturbed Ground Temperature for Ground Source Heat Pump System

The undisturbed ground temperatures are important for design of the ground heat exchangers in ground source heat pump （GSHP） systems. In this paper, the undisturbed ground temperatures measured in two different methods are presented. The investigation was carried out in two cases. The temperature measured with the direct method is assumed to give the correct undisturbed ground temperature profile. The temperature measured with indirect method overestimates the undisturbed ground temperature by 2.1℃ and 1.7~C. This difference is mainly caused by the circulation pump and ambient air to the fluid. Therefore, the results that are decreased about 2℃ as compared with the indirect measured are recommended to estimate the undisturbed ground temperature in situ measuring. A smaller pump or deeper borehole or mild weather would result in a more correct temperature. Because the undisturbed ground temperature is affected by many factors. Whether or not these conclusions are correct to other areas, this would need further investigation.

First Surface-based Estimation of the Aerosol Indirect Effect over a Site in Southeastern China

The deployment of the U.S. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement mobile facility in Shouxian from May to December 2008 amassed the most comprehensive set of measurements of atmospheric, surface, aerosol, and cloud variables in China. This deployment provided a unique opportunity to investigate the aerosol-cloud interactions, which are most challenging and, to date, have not been examined to any great degree in China. The relationship between cloud droplet effective radius （CER） and aerosol index （AI） is very weak in summer because the cloud droplet growth is least affected by the competition for water vapor. Mean cloud liquid water path （LWP） and cloud optical depth （COD） significantly increase with increasing AI in fall. The sensitivities of CER and LWP to aerosol loading increases are not significantly different under different air mass conditions. There is a significant correlation between the changes in hourly mean AI and the changes in hourly mean CER, LWP, and COD. The aerosol first indirect effect （FIE） is estimated in terms of relative changes in both CER （FIEcER） and COD （FIEcoD） with changes in AI for different seasons and air masses. FIEcoD and FIEcER are similar in magnitude and close to the typical FIE value of - 0.23, and do not change much between summer and fall or between the two different air mass conditions. Similar analyses were done using spaceborne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. The satellite-derived FIE is contrary to the FIE estimated from surface retrievals and may have large uncertainties due to some inherent limitations.

基于电压-时间型重合器的配电网单相接地故障自动隔离技术研究

提出了利用选线装置与电压-时间型线路重合器相配合,实现单相接地故障自动隔离与非故障区段自动恢复供电的新技术。讨论了选线装置与电压-时间型线路重合器的配合工作方式,通过第一次重合闸确定故障区段,通过第二次重合闸隔离故障区段。该技术能够快速选出故障线路并隔离该故障区段,有利于故障快速消除,提高系统运行的安全性、可靠性,同时为快速准确的故障定位创造条件。现场的实际运行充分验证了该技术的正确性与可行性。

高速移动列车荷载作用下成层地基-轨道耦合系统的动力响应

为研究层状地基-轨道耦合系统在高速移动列车荷载作用下的动力响应问题,建立了求解层状地基-轨道动力相互作用的2.5维间接边界元方法。方法选取垂直轨道方向的截面,在频率-波数域内进行边界单元的离散和求解,然后通过傅里叶变换方法求得时间-空间域内的动力响应。方法具有降维、自动满足辐射条件的优点。文中通过与已有结果的比较验证了方法的正确性,并以均匀半空间地基、基岩上单一土层地基和多层土地基情况为模型进行了数值计算分析。研究表明成层地基与均匀半空间地基情况轨道和地基振动响应存在本质差异;成层地基列车移动临界速度的确定需考虑成层地基中面波的频散和多模态特性。

炸药地面接触爆炸下土中感生地冲击的实用计算方法

为了分析炸药地面接触爆炸下空气冲击波引起的感生地冲击,利用数值模拟结果以及试验数据,对根据一维平面波理论和特征线解法得到的空气冲击波为突加三角形荷载的感生地冲击的理论计算公式进行修正,提出了炸药地面接触爆炸下土中感生地冲击的实用计算方法,分析了炸药地面接触爆炸下土中感生地冲击的传播规律以及本文建立的实用计算公式的特点。与试验数据以及数值模拟结果对比表明,提出的计算方法基本反映了炸药地面接触爆炸下土中感生地冲击的传播特性。

空沟对层状饱和地基中列车移动荷载的隔振性能研究

基于Biot流体饱和多孔介质理论,建立含空沟层状饱和地基–轨道耦合动力系统,研究了空沟对移动列车荷载引起层状饱和地基振动的隔振问题。方法首先将系统分解为含空沟层状饱和地基和轨道两个子结构,然后采用2.5维间接边界元方法(IBEM)求解含空沟层状饱和地基在移动均布竖向线荷载作用下的动力响应,同时求解轨道在移动列车荷载和均布竖向线荷载共同作用下的动力响应,最后通过令轨道竖向位移与层状饱和地基表面轨道中心处竖向位移相等实现两者的耦合。文中通过与已有结果的比较验证了方法的正确性,并以均质饱和地基和饱和基岩上单一饱和土层地基为模型进行了数值计算分析,研究了饱和地基参数和隔振沟参数对隔振效果的影响。数值结果表明,层状饱和地基中空沟的隔振效果优于均质饱和地基中空沟的隔振效果;且饱和地基中空沟的隔振效果优于相应单相弹性地基中空沟的隔振效果;另外,空沟深度、饱和土孔隙率和基岩与饱和土层刚度比等也对空沟的隔振效果有着重要影响。

层状半空间中洞室群对地震动的时域放大作用

采用间接边界元法和频域变换方法研究了层状半空间中洞室群对地震动的出平面时域放大作用,并以天津地区典型场地为例分析了洞室间距和入射地震动频谱对放大作用的影响。研究表明,洞室群对地震动的放大作用非常大,与自由场相比,地表加速度峰值放大32.1%,地表加速度反应谱峰值放大85.2%,洞室群对地震动的频谱也有明显影响;洞室间距越小,洞室之间的相互影响越大,对地震动的放大作用越大。研究对于地铁沿线设计地震动的估计具有参考价值。

地被菊间接体细胞胚发生途径的转基因受体体系的研究

采用三步培养法建立了地被菊花品种‘玉人面’间接体细胞胚发生途径的转基因受体体系。试验以地被菊花品种‘玉人面’茎段(节间)为外植体,研究了生长调节剂、光照强度等因子对其间接体细胞胚诱导和分化的影响,同时进行了抗生素敏感性试验。结果表明:胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+KT2.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA0.5 mg.L-1,诱导15 d后,将获得的黄绿色致密颗粒状胚性愈伤组织转入胚性愈伤组织分化培养基MS+KT2.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D 1.0 mg.L-1+NAA0.5 mg.L-1中,诱导15 d后再转入MS+KT2.0 mg.L-1+NAA0.5 mg.L-1的分化培养基中培养20 d,光照强度为1 000～2 000 lx,胚性愈伤组织诱导率、分化率分别为95.3%、92.7%,平均每个外植体分化的芽数为17.8个,获得的再生芽的稳定性为99.5%。抗生素敏感性试验表明:地被菊花品种‘玉人面’间接体细胞胚发生途径的转基因受体体系中,卡那霉素选择压为20 mg.L-1;头孢霉素在胚性愈伤组织诱导时的选择压为300 mg.L-1,在胚性愈伤组织分化培养时选择压为100 mg.L-1。

地基动力特性对地铁列车振动荷载诱发振动的影响

结合"分区契合"技术,采用间接边界元方法研究了地铁列车振动诱发的层状地基振动问题。方法首先将模型划分为含隧道的层状半空间和轨道下垫层两个区域。然后求解振动荷载作用于垫层表面时轨道下垫层区的自由波场,同时在两个区域的边界上分别施加单位虚拟荷载来模拟两个区域内的散射波场。最后契合两个区域,由边界条件求得虚拟荷载的幅值,进而求得地基的动力响应。文中进行了数值计算,着重分析了土层厚度、基岩与土层刚度比等地基动力特性参数对地表振动的影响,同时针对天津一典型地基和其等效单层土地基进行了比较研究,得出了一些有益的结论。

中性点经消弧线圈接地电网选线装置的设计

分析了中性点经消弧线圈接地电网发生单相接地故障时故障线路与非故障线路零序电流的分布特性,设计了基于INTEL80296和复杂可编程逻辑器件(complex programmable logic device)为主控单元的微机选线装置。该装置采用了一种新的接地选线的算法——电流融合算法,该算法将补偿电流与故障零序电流矢量求和,根据故障与非故障线路矢量和分布在不同区间作为选线判据。经现场运行证明,采用融合电流算法的选线装置选线准确性高,对单相高阻接地故障具有极高的灵敏度。

层状横观各向同性地基中埋置刚性基础的平面外动力刚度系数

采用间接边界元方法(IBEM)求解了层状横观各向同性(TI)地基中埋置刚性基础的平面外动力刚度系数。首先将层状TI地基与埋置刚性基础的交界面采用线边界单元离散,然后求解层状TI半空间中斜线均布荷载动力格林影响函数,最后由刚性基础与层状TI地基确立的混合边界条件求得动力刚度系数。通过与各向同性地基中基础动力刚度系数的比较验证了方法的正确性,进而以均质TI地基、单一TI土层地基和多TI土层地基中埋置刚性基础模型为例进行了数值计算分析,讨论了土体的TI性质对动力刚度系数的影响。研究表明层状TI地基与均质TI地基中埋置基础的动力刚度系数有着本质的差异;单一TI土层地基中基础动力刚度系数的峰值频率由TI土层的竖向剪切模量决定,而峰值则由水平剪切模量决定;多TI土层地基中基础的动力刚度系数与其等效单一TI土层地基中基础的动力刚度系数亦有着显著的差异,且这种差异又与土层的排列次序有关。

沉积层序对谷地场地地震反应的影响-SH波入射

采用一种多域间接边界元方法,求解了层状半空间中多层沉积谷地对平面SH波的放大效应问题。该方法将含有多层沉积的层状半空间分解为开口层状半无限空间域和多个沉积层闭合域,进而通过求解层状半空间中斜线均布荷载动力格林函数来模拟开口域内的散射波场,通过求解全空间中均布荷载动力格林函数来模拟各闭合域的散射波场。方法充分发挥半空间格林函数和全空间格林函数在构造开口半无限空间域和闭合域内散射波场方面的优势,具有灵活性强和精度高的优点。文中验证了方法的正确性,并以正常沉积、软夹层沉积和逆序沉积为例进行了数值计算分析,研究了沉积层序对谷地附近地面运动的影响。数值结果表明,沉积层逆序排列时,低波速层对中高频地震动均有很好的"隔震"效果;沉积层序对地面运动的固有频率和卓越频率均有着显著的影响;沉积序列的改变会导致沉积动力特性的改变,进而会影响到沉积谷地与层状场地的动力相互作用机制。

正弦拟合法在中性点非直接接地系统中的应用

叙述了正弦曲线拟合算法的基本概念,结合电力系统现场运行、设计的特点和资料,介绍了正弦曲线拟合的基本概念。阐述了用正弦曲线拟合三采样值计算电流、电压、功率(有功、无功)、功率因数、故障距离等电气量的计算方法以及应注意的问题。通过计算有效值的具体实例,证明了该算法的正确性,具有硬件简单、测量精度高、反应速度快等特点,望在电力系统中发挥作用。

层状饱和地基中地铁列车振动荷载诱发地表振动研究

在作者的层状弹性地基中列车振动荷载诱发地基振动研究基础上,采用间接边界元方法研究了层状饱和地基中地铁列车荷载诱发的地基振动问题。该方法将总波场分解为自由波场和散射波场两部分,自由波场定义为列车振动荷载作用于轨道下垫层材料决定的均匀半无限空间而产生的动力响应,而散射波场定义为因不规则边界存在而引入的附加波场。自由波场通过作者建立的层状饱和场地精确动力刚度矩阵,采用直接刚度法求得,而散射波场则通过作者给出的层状饱和半空间中斜线荷载和斜线孔压动力格林函数,采用在相应边界上施加虚拟的均布荷载和孔隙水压来构造。虚拟荷载和孔隙水压的密度可通过引入相应的边界条件和界面透水条件来确定。最后,叠加自由波场和散射波场可求得总的动力响应。文中进行了数值计算,并着重分析了界面透水边界条件及饱和状态、孔隙率和粘性耦合系数等因素对饱和地基地表振动的影响,并针对天津一典型饱和地基及其等效单层土地基进行了比较研究,得出了一些有益的结论。